Period IX - Mixed Review 3

Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)

(1996) Defines marriage as man-woman. No state is forced to recognize same-sex marriage

Norman Schwartzkopf

US general in Iraq. Used blitzkreig tactics.

Mohammad Farah Aidid

United States Marine who served in Somalia Eventually joined the Somali National Army. Dictator of Somalia

The Energy Policy Act of 2005

Was passed and gave tax incentives towards renewable energy sources and repealed the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act

Welfare reform measure that mandated state administration of federal aid to the poor.

Monica Lewinsky

White House intern with whom Clinton had a sexual relationship and then lied to a grand jury.

Perestroika

a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Jesse Jackson

an African-American candidate for the Democratic ticket, campaigned for a "rainbow coalition" of minorities and the disadvantaged

START Talks

began in 1982; Strategic Arms Reduction Talks between US and Soviets to reduce nuclear warheads

OPEC

countries in the Middle East that produced and sold oil to the rest of the world

New religious right

denounced abortion, pornography, homosexuality, feminism, and especially affermative action.

Contract with America

developed by Newt Gingrich in 1994; promised to end big government that was too intrusive and too easy with tax payer money; congress was to respect the values and faiths of the American family; called for a balance budget amendment; end welfare; increase military spending; and reduce capital gains tax, term limits, great emphasis on personal responsibility, and a general repudiation of the Democratic party.

Ronald Reagan

first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

three-mile Island

site of a nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania where in accident occurred in 1979

Televangelists

term used to describe ministers who would spread their messages via television networks

9/11 Attacks

the U.S. was attacked by the Al Qaeda which resulted in the War on Terrorism and the Patriot Acts

Ronald Reagan - Details

- Ronald Reagan easily won the presidential election of 1980. Voters troubled by inflation and by the yearlong confinement of Americans in Iran swept the Republican ticket into office. Reagan won 489 electoral votes to 49 for President Jimmy Carter. - 69 days after he took office on January 20, 1981, Reagan was shot by an attempted assassin. - Reagan obtained legislation to stimulate economic growth, curb inflation, increase employment, and strengthen national defense. He embarked upon a course of cutting taxes and Government expenditures, refusing to deviate from it when the strengthening of defense forces led to a large deficit. - Reagan and Bush won 49 states in 1984 election - In 1986 Reagan obtained an overhaul of the income tax code, which eliminated many deductions and exempted millions of people with low incomes. At the end of his administration, the Nation was enjoying its longest recorded period of peacetime prosperity without recession or depression. - Reagan also fought in international affairs, claiming to achieve "peace through strength" and in dramatic meetings with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev; he negotiated a treaty that would eliminate intermediate-range nuclear missiles. He is credited with defeating the Soviet Union

Sandinistas/Contras

- Sandinistas were members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. The Sandinistas lost national elections in 1990. - Contras were counterrevolutionary group in Nicaragua that opposed the Sandinistas; Guerrillas who fought against the Sandinistas

Barry Goldwater

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history He was one of the first well known conservative politicians Wrote "The conscience of a conservative."

PATCO Union

1981, this union staged a strike. He publicly said that the strike was illegal, banned them from being rehired, and made the national guard do it until new hires could be trained

Challenger Explosion

1986- Explosion due to malfunctioning O-Rings- Disaster for NASA and the Nation looked on in Shock

Pan Am Flight 103 - Implications

1988 - commonly referred to as the Lockerbie bombing, was the bombing of a Pan Am transatlantic flight from London's Heathrow Airport to New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport; in 2003 Gaddafi admitted Libya's responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing and paid compensation to the victims' families though he maintained he never personally gave the order for the attack

African Embassy Bombing

1998 Kenya and Tanzania Thought that osama bin laden's group was responsible Clinton orders sanctions against terrorist groups Sudan and Afghanistan Attacks got a lot of scrutiny after saying that a civilian pharmacy was missiled instead of a terrorist group

Barack Obama

2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia

DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals)

A 2012 law that allows people who came to the U.S. as children to request amnesty and work authorization without deportation for up to two years at a time.

Contras

A Nicaraguan rebel group that got financial support from the CIA. The CIA sold weapons to the Iranians. Money from arms sales is then sent to this group. This funding violated the Boland Amendment.

Battle of Mogadishu (1993)

A UN operation went into the capital of Somalia to help and ensure humanitarian aid, yet they were met with resistance by the Somalis. Somalian resistance shot down two American black hawk helicopters, and dragged dead American soldiers through the streets. This caused unrest in Somalia and the U.S..

S&L Crisis

A crisis in which savings and loans were going down so the govt allowed more lenient investment which led to corruption that would cost billions for the Bush administration to back by the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation. almost 1,000 banks failed Government had to spend $200 billion in trying to help the banks get back Reagan wanted tax cuts over several years, but they were only cut the first year.

Saddam Hussein

A dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.

Internet

A global network connecting millions of computers, making it possible to exchange information. This creation revolutionized society.

The Economic Recovery Tax Act

A measure signed by Reagan in 1981 which cut personal income taxes by 25 percent over three years, cut the corporate income tax, capital gains tax, and the gift and inheritance taxes. It offered the wealthy a broad array of other tax concessions.

New Right Movement

A movement which protested ERA, against abortion, social conservatism, opposed many of the women's movement ideas

Rainbow coalition

A non-profit organization formed by Jesse Jackson. The organization pursues social justice, civil rights, and political activism.

Moral Majority

A political group made up of fundamentalist Christians. Although not it did not accomplish much, it did show that Americans were starting to worry about the moral fabric of society.

Anti-Terrorism Act

A set of laws passing December 2001 in response to the September 11 , 2001 attacks. It gave the Canadian government special powers, such as surveillance and detention, for dealing with people, carrying out activities thought to be associated with terrorism.

Boston

A site of a bombing that took place during a 2014 marathon. This is where 3 people were killed and hundreds more were injured.

Brady Bill

Act enacted in 1993 by President Clinton that mandated federal background checks on firearm purchasers in the United States, and imposed a five-day waiting period on purchases.

War on Terrorism

Also known as the Global War on Terrorism, refers to the international military campaign that started after the September 11 attacks on the United States.

al queda

An Islamic terrorist group led by Osama bin Laden.

supply-side economics

An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.Introduced major tax cut for all americans, largest cut coming from the wealthiest Also cut estate and inheritance taxes, and cut corporate tax rates As a result, the annual revenue for the government was cut by over $200 billion

Mandela - Apartheid

Born 1918. 11th President of South Africa. Spent 27 years in prison after conviction of charges while he helped spearhead the struggle against apartheid. Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

George H. W. Bush

Born in Massachusetts, but mostly raised in Texas; WWII carrier pilot who was shot down and rescued by submarines; the father of our only father-son Presidents; was president during Desert Storm; his VP was Dan Quayle.

Panama Invasion (1989)

Bush ordered this to remove the autocratic General Manuel Noriega; the alleged purpose of this was to stop Noriega from using his country as a drug pipeline to the US. Part of the war on drugs.

Tehran Hostage Crisis

In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.

Paris Attacks 2015

In a series of attacks, bombers and shooters terrorized the streets of Paris, France - 130 people were killed - ISIS set off attacks throughout the city -Soccer stadium-suicide bombing Popular areas - Bataclan Theater targeted - Many killed, injured, including the suicide bombers - Raised concerns about the global reach of terrorists

Americans With Disabilities Act (1990)

Landmark law signed by President George H.W. Bush that prohibited discrimination against people with physical/mental handicaps. It was a legislative triumph for champions of equal protections to all.

Lebanon

Late 1982, Reagan sends marines to ______ to be an international force of peacekeepers because of Israels attacks here in 1982. A truck bomb kills 299 and Reagan withdraws all American troops here.

cola cut

Led to a surplus in social security funds, and use that to make up for funding the other programs

Liberals and Conservatives

Liberals believe in government action to achieve equal opportunity and equality for all. It is the duty of the government to alleviate social ills and to protect civil liberties and individual and human rights.Conservatives believe in personal responsibility, limited government, free markets, individual liberty, traditional American values and a strong national defense. Believe the role of government should be to provide people the freedom necessary to pursue their own goals

Afghanistan

Location of a US invasion beginning in 2001 following the 9/11 terrorist attacks

"Don't ask, Don't tell"

Policy affecting homosexuals in the military. Emerged as a compromise between standing prohibition against homosexuals in armed forces and Clinton's push to allow all citizens to serve regardless of sexual orientation. Military authorities were forbidden to ask about a service member's orientation, and gay service personnel could be discharged if they publicly revealed their homosexuality. Repealed by Congress at urging of Obama in 2010, permitting gays to serve openly in uniform.

Whitewater Scandal

Political controversy that began with the real estate dealings of Bill and Hillary Clinton and their associates, in the Whitewater Development Corporation, a failed business venture. It was claimed that Clinton, while governor of AK, pressured an advisor to provide an illegal $300,000 loan.

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's ____ proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that ____ could never be perfected.

Iraq, Iran, and North Korea

President George W. Bush named these three countries the axis of evil.

World Trade Center

Previously an icon for the global economy in New York, became a target for terrorism in 1993 and 2001; Al Queda was solely responsible for the 9/11 attacks here.

Hillary Clinton

Prominent child care advocate and health care reformer in Clinton administration; won U.S. senate seat in 2000. Former first lady who ran for president.

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI or "Star Wars")

Reagan administration plan announced in 1983 to create a missile-defense system over American territory to block a nuclear attack. The plan typified Reagan's commitment to vigorous defense spending even as he sought to limit the size of government in domestic matters.

William Rehnquist

Reagan appointed several conservative supreme court justices. This individual was appointed as Chief Justice

Reagan/Bush Tax Cuts - Implications

The 1981 act, combined with another major tax reform act in 1986, cut marginal tax rates on high-income taxpayers from 70 percent to around 30 percent, and would be the defining economic legacy of Reagan's presidency. The Bush tax cuts were two tax code changes that President Bush authorized during his term. Congress enacted tax cuts to families in 2001 and investors in 2003.

Emmanuel Baptist Church

The church that was targeted in the Charleston Church Shooting. African Americans were targeted by a white supremacist, nine were murdered.

Election of 1984

The election between Republican - Ronald Reagan Democrat - Walter Mondale (with Geraldine Ferraro as VP)

Boland Amendment

The name given to three U.S. legislative amendments between 1982 and 1984, all aimed at limiting U.S. government assistance to the rebel Contras in Nicaragua.

Unabomber

The popular nickname applied to Theodore Kaczynski., a loner(specifically a neo-Luddite) with a grievance against modern technology.

Climate Change

The recent and ongoing rise in global average temperature near Earth's surface. Usually refers to the fact that man is contributing to a dangerous rise in the climate in a short period of time.

Fall of the Berlin Wall

The removal of the wall that separated East and West Germany on November 9, 1989. Symbolized the end of the Cold War. Reagan famously said, "Mr. Gorbachev tear down this wall."

Berlin

The site of a 1986 bombing where 2 US troops and one Turkish citizen was killed outside of a popular American nightclub.

Chernobyl

The site of a nuclear disaster in 1986 in Ukraine. A nuclear reactor had a meltdown and populations had to relocate. The Cold war isolation of Soviet Union contributes because of lack of training and safety standards

Ross Perot

This billionaire was a third-party candidate in the 1992 presidential election won 19 percent of the popular vote. His strong showing that year demonstrated voter disaffection with the two major parties.

USA Patriot Act

This law passed after 9/11 expanded the tools used to fight terrorism and improved communication between law enforcement and intelligence agencies.

Columbine High School Shooting

the worst of 7 school shootings that occurred in 1999, this tragedy occurred when two students in Littleton, CO, brought weapons to school and killed 12 students and wounded many others before killing themselves; the event led to changes in gun control, school safety measures, and continuing debates about media portrayals of violence

Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols

Domestic terrorists responsible for the Oklahoma City attacks in 1995

Reaganomics

Economic policy beneath Ronald Reagan's tax and spending cuts. Said that government policy should aim to increase the supply of goods and services, instead of demand for them. Held that lower taxes and decreased regulation would increase productivity and the tax base by providing more incentive to work.

Donald Trump

Elected president in 2016, cheeto-esque vibes.

Boston Marathon Bombing

Fear of home-grown terrorism became real when two brothers set off two bombs at the finish line of the Boston Marathon killing three and injuring more than 250 people. The young men who did the bombing seemed motivated by extremist Islamic beliefs.

Y2K Scare

Fear that computers would all break down and release nuclear bombs when the clock turned over to 01/01/00. Bridges the gap between the 1990s and 2000s. The paranoid people were still around and government used power to calm people down.

Geraldine Ferraro

First woman to receive a vice presidential appointment and lost

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

Four of the original five conditions on abortions upheld -- Informed consent, 24 hour waiting period, parental consent for a minor, and the imposition of certain reporting info from abortion facilities. Spousal notification was overturned.

Michael Dukakis

He was governor of Massachusetts and George Bush's demorcratic opponet in the election of 1988

Newt Gingrich

He was the Republican speaker in the House. He pushed for more conservative legislation during Clinton's presidency.

No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)

Holds states, schools, and school districts more accountable for their standardized tests scores. The wanted outcome was better tests scores all around and overall a smarter and better population of young people that would positively contribute to a growing America. Enacted by George Bush, had some negative effect on students due to increased testing and cutting funding to schools that performed poorly.

Bombing of World Trade Center

In 1993, a bomb in a parking structure of the World Trade Center Building in New York killed six and injured nearly 1000 people. Officials later arrested militant Muslim extremists who condemned American actions towards Israel and the U.S. involvement in the Persian Gulf War.

Afghanistan Invasion by U.S.S.R.

In December 1979, Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan; this action ended a decade of improving US-Soviet relations. Carter reacted by (1) placing an embargo on grain exports and the sale of high technology to the Soviet Union and (2) boycotting the 1980 Olympics in Moscow.

"Black Monday"

Oct 19.1987 , when the leading stock-market index plunged 508 points, the largest one-day decline in history, which followed the bailouts of many banks as the federal and international trade deficit continued to grow as falling oil prices hurt the economy of the Southwest, slashing real estate values and undermining hundreds of savings and loan institutions.

Manuel Noriega - Invasion of Panama

Ordered by Bush in December 1989 to remove the autocratic General Manuel Noriega. The said purpose of the invasion was to stop Noriega from using the country as a "drug pipeline" to the US.

War in Iraq (2003)

Originally conceived of to remove Saddam Hussein from power, the US invasion became the source of heated political controversy that lasted for years.

Economy Recovery Tax Act (1981)

Passed by Congress, it included a 25 percent decrease in personal income taxes over three years. Part of Reaganomics.

Persian Gulf War (1991)

Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. US emerged the winners, very patriotic time for Americans.

Balkans Crisis

Conflict in which U.S. intervention was required to end "ethnic cleansing" in Bosnia and Kosovo

Iran - Contra Affair

Major political scandal of Reagan's 2nd term revealed in 1986. An illicit arrangement of selling "arms for hostages" with Iran and using money to support contras in Nicaragua, it deeply damaged Reagan's credibility.

Operation Desert Storm

Military operations that started on January 16, 1991, with a bombing campaign, followed by a ground invasion of February 23 and 24, 1991. The ground war lasted 100 hours and resulted in a spectacularly one-sided military victory for the Coalition.

USS Cole Bombing

Navy boat that was bombed off coast of Yemen by Al-Qaeda.

Iran-Contra Scandal

Reagan's administration was embroiled in scandal when it came to light that the United States had sold weapons to Iran and funneled the money to Nicaraguan rebels.

Strategic Defense Initiative - "Star Wars"

Reagan's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (1983), also known as "Star Wars," called for a land- or space-based shield against a nuclear attack. Although SDI was criticized as unfeasible and in violation of the Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, Congress approved billions of dollars for development.

Berlin Wall falls (1989)

Represents an end of communism in eastern Europe.

Election of 1980

Ronald Reagan won over Jimmy Carter because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation. The issues of this election were government spending and traditional values.

John Hinckley Jr.

Shot and killed President Ronald Reagan. Was found not guilty by reason of insanity, prompting nationwide protests against the use of the insanity defense.

Tiananmen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military - thousands were killed

Yemen

Site where USS Cole was bombed

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms

DREAM Act (Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors)

Supposed to provide a path to legal citizenship for young people brought into the country illegally Obama publicly supported the policy Didn't pass congress as a bill Obama used executive authority to make DACA later.