Personal final review

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

stratified cell layer

multiple layers of cells

Amphiarthrosis

slightly movable

cartilage joints

slightly movable of cartilage joints

muscle contraction steps

1. calcium is released 2. calcium binds to troponin which binds to tropomyosin to role away binding cite to expose myosin binding site of the actin 3. myosin binds to myosin binding site which allows contraction of muscle 4. ATP is used to detach myosin from myosin binding site 5. everything rolls back into place

axon and stimuli direction

1. dendrite starts the nerve impulse 2. nerve hits the axon hillock (point of no return) 3. stimuli goes through the axon till it gets to to the terminal 4. Ca2 goes into VOLTAGE GATED CHANNELS 5. Ca2 going to synaptic vesicles that hold neurotransmitters 6. neurotransmitters released into synaptic cliff that release Na2 (sodium) to bind ligand gated (opening) 7. transverse to the postsynaptic neuron

endochondral ossification steps

1. development of cartilage model 2. growth of cartilage model 3. development of primary ossification center in diaphysis 4. development of medullary cavity by process of osteoclast 5. development of secondary ossification center 6. formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

intramembranous ossification steps

1. development of ossification center secreted by osteoblast 2. calcification of extra cellular minerals 3. formation of spongy bone 4. development of periosteum

Periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones

Extcitability

Ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electric signals

Ca2+

Calcium

calcium homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable level of calcium in the blood

Epiphysis

End of a long bone

epiphyseal plate

Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies

spongy bone

Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone. located in the epiphysis layer

What are the three skin cell types

Melanocytes - Release melanin which goes to keratinocytes to protect them from UV Langerhans - Macrophages responsible for destroying foreign pathogens Merkel cell - Nerves with tactile function

partial or complete loss of melanocytes

Vitiligo

Extensibility

ability for muscle to be stretched

Elasticity

ability of muscle tissue to return to original shape after contraction

Contractility

ability to contract forcibly when stimulated by an action potential

Inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin

albinism

axis articulates with

atlas

Where does rotation of the head occur?

between atlas and axis

Saddle and condyloid joints

biaxial

plane joint

biaxial and triaxial

osteoprogenitor cells

bone stem cells

medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

Osteoclast

cell that breaks down bone

Osteoblast

cells that build bone

Osteocytes

cells that maintain bone (mature bone)

Lordosis (Vertebrae)

cervical and lumbar

fibrous joints

consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together

Satelite Cells (PNS)

control and regulate the exchange of materials between cell body and surroundings

thoracic vertebrae has what

costal facets

Scwann cells (PNS)

creates myelin sheath in a single segments of a axon

cuboidal epithelium

cube shaped cells

what happen to kidneys and bones with high Ca2 levels in blood

deposition of Ca2 in bones reduce uptake of Ca2 in kidneys

stratified squamous epithelium are found where?

esophagus pharxy rectum

Squamous

flat cells

diarthrosis

freely movable joint

synovial joint

freely movable joint

synarthrosis

immovable joint

What do microvilli do

increase surface area for absorption and secretion

Endosteum

lines the medullary cavity

pivot joints hinge hinge joints

monoaxial and uniaxial

multipolar neuron deals with

movement

what does the neck of the rib articulate with?

nothing

atlas articulates with

occipital condyles of the skull

psuedostratified cell layer

on cell layer of of different positioning of nucleus

which layer contains more blood vessels? papillary or reticular

papillary

Dermis layers

papillary and reticular

what happen to kidneys and bones with low Ca2 levels in blood

release of Ca2 from the bones increase intake of Ca2 in kidneys and stimulation of vitamin D for absorption in the intestines

what happens with low Ca2 (calcium) levels in blood

release of PTH of parathyroid gland inhibits osteoblast stimulates osteoclast

what happens with high Ca2 (calcium) levels in blood

release of calcitonin of thyroid gland inhibits osteoclast stimulates osteoblast

Microglial cells (CNS)

responsible for cleaning up damages nervous cells

epidymal cells (CNS)

responsible for producing cerebral spinal fluid

Astrocytes (CNS)

responsible for providing nutritional and physical support for neurons make up blood brain barrier

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

responsible for wrap axons in a myelin sheath.

which layer contains more nerves? papillary or reticular

reticular (connective tissue)

unipolar neuron deal with

sensation (sensory)

Diaphysis

shaft of bone

simple cell layer

single layer of cells

bipolar neurons deal with

special senses (hearing, vision, taste)

transitional epithelium

starts as rounded but turns more flat like (squamous) when certain organ fills up ex: urinary bladder

which cell layer would you find just keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, stem cells

stratum basale

Skin Layers: Epidermis

stratum corneum stratum lucidum (thick skin) stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale

which cell layer would you find just keratinocytes

stratum corneum straum lacidum stratum granulosum

where does cell layer death begin

stratum granulosum

which cell layer would you find just keratinocytes, and Langerhan cells

stratum spinosum

Colomnar epithelium

tall and thin cell layer column like

Kyphosis (Vertebrae)

thoracic and sacral

cervical vertebrae has what

transverse foramen dens

what does the tubercle of the rib articulate with?

transverse process of vertebra

ball-and-socket joint

triaxial

what does the head of the rib articulate with?

vertebral body

metaphysis

where diaphysis and epiphysis meet