PERSONALITY- WEEK 10-motivation

(Wasserkampf and Kleinert, 2016)- Organismic Integration Theory and exercise in adults

-'Organismic integration theory presents a suitable framework for investigating fluctuations in behavioral regulations' -individuals reasons for engaging in exercise change over time- initially external incentives e.g looking better and becomes personally important and internalised -social environment can impede or facilitate internalization - contexts that support competence, autonomy and relatedness are beneficial -ISSUE- uncertainty in timeline of when behaviour becomes internalised

(Sheldon and Filak, 2008)- essential ingredients in game learning context

-3 basic needs combine to predict wellbeing -found relatedness and competence related to a range of outcomes e.g intrinsic motivation, mood and game performance

(Hagger and Hamilton, 2020)- causality of self-determination theory

-SDT explains how different types of motivation determine the uptake on tasks and effects forms of motivation on intrapersonal outcomes related to wellbeing

(Teixeira et al, 2012)- SDT and physical activity

-SDT has strong value in sport and exercise settings -motivation is crucial for supporting exercise in long term -relationship between autonomous motivation and exercise -intrinsic motivation linked more to long than short term participation e.g actually valuing the outcome

Reeve, 2016- defining motivation

-any internal process that energizes, directs and sustains behaviour -claims it is as simple as wanting change -often requires experience and knowledge to make this change

Causality Orientations Theory

-autonomous orientation -humans inclined towards growth and manifests as the development of autonomous causality orientation -tendency to seek out interesting activities, find value in events and act volitionally- seek out intrinsic motivation

self determination theory- essential ingredients

-autonomy- reason for behaviour comes within- act in line with identity -competence- fundamental to be effective- want to feel competent -relatedness- social interactions- want to be accepted, loved and attached

(Gopalan et al, 2017)- psychological needs

-autonomy- volition and liberty -competence- effectiveness and self-confidence -relatedness- connected to environment

external regulation=

-behaviours lead to reward or avoid of punishment -only doing something because people told you to

indentified regulation

-behaviours lead to valued, contingent outcomes

introjected regulation

-carried out to avoid internal sources of guilt or dissaproval or contingent pride or approval -social approval and media -e.g know should eat salad even if don't want to

(Silva et al, 2014)- SDT interventions

-environment doesn't directly effect motivation but can impact on psychological needs -its a highly applicable model e.g weight management -meta analysis of using SDT interventions- 2/3 showed favourable change to at least one SDT construct -ISSUE- results need to be more specific - hard to pinpoint actual effect on intervention

(Gopalon et al, 2017)- Cognitive evaluation theory

-explain external effects on internal motivation -intrinsic motivation is key- competency and autonomy support this

(Gopalon et al, 2017)- expectancy theory

-extra theory -relationship between amount of effort put into task and outcomes -more effort means better performance and more rewards

Hagger and Chatzisarantis, 2010- causality orientations and intrinsic motivation

-found autonomous orientation offers an almost protection from the effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation -show more intrinsic motivation than controlled

integrated regulation

-fully part of oneself- part of identity

Hurst et al, 2017- introjected regulation and women's body image

-guilt-based regulation of exercise behaviour -introjected is associated with body image and reason for exercising -links appearance goals for exercise to body image - guilt relating to exercise may lead to increased body anxiety -introjected has negative associations than even external pressures -need interventions based at reducing this guilt-based exercising for the approval of society- disrupt negative pathways about body image -ISSUE- hard to know direction of this effect

control orientation

constue events as controlling and pressurizing and focus on rewards, gains and approval

psychological need satisfaction --> .....

internalisation/autonomy/intrinsic motivation -->...... wellness

impersonal orientation

perceptions of incompetence and experiencing behaviour as out of one's control- learned helplessness

(Hagger and Hamilton, 2020)-Organismic integration theory

-how different forms of motivation impact future motivation -autonomous motivations-self endorsed reasons- more likely to persist- aligns with genuine self- optimal functioning -controlled motivations- external reasons- dependent on externalities- often maladaptive -want to internalise controlled motivated so become part of repertoire and are need satisfying -if internalisation occurs LO causality becomes autonomous meaning outcomes are better (social agents need to support this) -intrinsic regulation- autonomous- all by individual -identified regulation- intrinsic but reflects engaging in activities for self endorsed outcomes -external regulation- others or envrionment (linked to introjected regulation)

McClue and Lydon (2018)

-if only chose one, most people chose relatedness -suggests there is a hierarchy to theory

(Hagger and Hamilton, 2020)- Causality Orientations theory

-individual differences in autonomous or controlled -autonomy causality orientation- orient self towards event that supports autonomous motivation- do things for self- linked to adapative functioning e.g self regulation -control causality orientation- external events- social contexts reinforce- linked to Type A personality -Impersonal Causality orientation- beyond personal control- low mastery- avoidance of new action e.g depression

autonomous orientation

-interesting activities, value and volitionally -if dominant, more likely to exhibit adaptive behaviour e.g work ethic and healthy diet

Organismic Integration theory

-internalisation -predisposition to internalise extrinsically driven behaviour so it becomes integrated with one's true self -socialisation into internalisation

Cognitive Evaluation Theory- Deci 1971

-intrinsic motivation -1/3 sessions had monetary reward for puzzle -experimental- more time spent when for money -money removed in last trial, they tried less than originally -incentive initiates behaviour -need other maintenance to carry on this behaviour- if not, probability of maintenance is less- need motive

growth tendencies overall

-intrinsic motivation -internalisation -autonomous motivation (match to theories)

psychological need frustration -->.....

-need substitutes e.g money because true needs not met/ controlling orientation/ rigid behaviour patterns e.g lack of autonomy so overeat to get control -->..... illness

Cognitive Evaluation Theory- Delvue 2017

-performance related pay -more pay the more they'd objectify opponents, objectify referee and anti social behaviour -money acts as stimulus which leads to cognitive re-evaluation of activity- no more intrinsic motivation -humans inclined towards growth-manifests self in innate tendency to engage activity for its own sake

motivation

-psychological forces that drive behaviour -hard to measure and observe thoughts etc -may display same behaviour but different motives

Cognitive Evaluation Theory- Reeve and Deci (1996)

-seconds playing puzzle piece higher when win than lose -losing dehabilitates intrinsic motivation - if pressured to win time playing increased a lot -no feedback means same as control

Cognitive Evaluation Theory- Cocke et al (2013)

-team vs individual -more people in team, more enjoyment -anxiety increases as don't want to let team down -increased performance too up to 2v2 but decreased at 4v4

self determination theory

-theory of empirically based, organismic theory of human behaviour and personality development -theory of mini theories -cognitive evaluation theory- intrinsic -organismic integration theory- internalisation -causality orientation theory- autonomous -basic psychological needs theory

(Calvo, 2020)- health surveillance during covid-19

-tracking to devices to ensure self isolating e.g China used 'Alipay' combining health and location and finance and US interested in facial recognition -surveillance creep- when have no privacy and its seen as normal -threatens basic need for autonomy which negatively impacts wellbeing and motivation e.g too strict so avoid getting tested -UK track and trace- opt in system and privacy settings- public health benefits whilst maximizing authority -need to communicate the core reasons in order to get people to participate

(Vansteenkiste and Ryan, 2013)- need frustration and satisfaction

-when basic psychological needs are thwarted in social contexts e.g low relatedness to work colleagues so less effort in job -evokes ill being e.g binge eating and aggression -linked to defensiveness and vulnerability for psychopathology -passivity and fragmentation -may use need substitutes to compensate- may attach higher importance to external goals e.g popularity or material items- feel insecure -can be positive though such as encouraging change and vitality -need satisfaction leads to less emotional exhaustion