Personality/Individual Differences Midterm

Which of the factors listed below did not contribute to the significant increase in efforts to infuse culture in the study of personality?

The incorporation of sociological and anthropological concepts into the field of psychology

. Research on expressed emotion has found that parental expressed emotion:

Can contribute to the risk of the child developing psychopathology that involves emotion regulation

Which aspects of personality may be influenced by culture?

Characteristic Adaptations, Life Narratives, and Dispositional Traits

Based on the heuristic model by Eisenberg and Morris (2002), an overcontrolled individual is one who is:

High in behavioral inhibition and low in impulsivity

Overcontrolled individuals are those

High in behavioral inhibition and low in impulsivity

Which of the following brain networks is involved in monitoring and resolving conflict between potentially competing systems?

The Executive Network

Which factor of temperament has NOT been replicated across studies from various labs?

. Excitability (but fear, frustration and negative affectivity have)

1. What are benefits of automatic (unconscious) emotion regulation?

. It uses less cognitive resources It is less effortful It can lead to the processing of increased positive emotions

Starting at age ________, children will reduce their own distress in response to novelty by looking away from the novel object and using self-soothing strategies. These emotion-regulation behaviors appear to be effective because they are associated with __________ in frustrating situations.

6 months; lower negativity

Impulsivity is a core trait of which of the following disorders?

A) Antisocial personality disorder B) Borderline personality disorder

What are an assumption of emotional regulation (ER)?

A) ER alters the dynamics (frequency, intensity) of emotions rather than changing its quality (changing anger into happiness) C) ER can occur through both the influence of the individuals own efforts and other people D) ER strategies must be evaluated in relation to the individual's goals for the situation

Which of the following characteristics were correctly predicted by infant fear:

A) Infant fear predicted childhood fear, sadness, and shyness at age 7 years of age B) Infant fear predicted lower approach behaviors, impulsivity, and aggression C) Heightened infant fear predicted greater empathy, guilt, and shame in childhood

Which of the following is true about fear and fear development in infants?

A) It is associated with lower approach, impulsivity, and aggression B) Fear and behavioral inhibition begins to appear late in their first year of life C) It may be involved in their development of moral motivation and conscience development

3) According to Samuel and Widiger (2008), which Big 5 Trait has little relationship with the DSM personality disorders A) Openness B) Conscientiousness C) Agreeableness D) Extraversion

A) Openness

1. Which is true about the role of fear in approach and defense reactions?

A) fearful inhibition shows considerable stability across childhood B) fear is involved in the regulation of both approach and defense tendencies C) extreme fear may lead to lack of flexibility and rigid control of their own behavio

Emotions can offer which of the following nonhedonic benefits?

A. Emotions can offer performance benefitsB. Emotions can have epistemic benefitsC. Emotions can carry cultural benefits

Which of the following are nonhedonic benefits that emotions can offer:

A. Performance benefits B. Provides people with useful information about themselves and their state in the world.. D. Reinforces one's commitment and investment in cultural values.

How do parents/familial processes contribute to emotion regulation of their children?

A. Sensitive responding from the parent to emotional situations can help a child engage in self-soothing responses in later encounters before their parent approaches them C. Familial processes can act as a guide for the child to refer to understand how to react and respond to everyday emotional demands

Which are mentioned as a specific challenge in modeling personality-psychopathology relations (Clark, 2005)?

A. State versus Trait varianceB. Heritability and Environmental variance D. Dimensions versus Categories E. Biological Findings

3) Cultural external validity of the Big Five test can be enhanced by which of the following? A. Survey items are translated accurately B. Survey items bear similar cultural meaning in the target society C. Survey items rely on dispositional terms D. Both A & B

A. Survey items are translated accurately B. Survey items bear similar cultural meaning in the target society

Effortful control can be defined as

A. The ability to deploy attention willfully B. The ability to inhibit behavior willfully C. The ability to activate behavior willfully

According to Church (2010), dispositional traits and characteristic adaptations can influence:

A. The extent to which individuals internalize various aspects of their cultures.B. The situational contexts an individual seeks out.C. The extent to which individuals strive to modify or create cultural phenomena.D. An individual's ability to adapt to new cultural contexts.

According to Gross, which of the following is best characterized as an umbrella term describing states involving quick, good/bad discriminations?

Affect

What type of goals are defined as ones involving pleasure or pain as the direct desired endpoint?

Affect goals

Children who are high in effortful control tend to have low levels of:

Aggressiveness

Which of the following statements is NOT part of the Pathoplasty model, as discussed in the article by Clark (2005)? Experiencing a psychiatric disorder/psychopathology can lead to a change in personality traits Almost everyone who is diagnosed with an Axis I disorder tends to develop a comorbid personality disorder The scar model suggests changes to personality are trait-level and long lasting The complication model suggests that the person's state changes while experiencing psychopathology but their personality reverts back to their baseline when the disorder remits

Almost everyone who is diagnosed with an Axis I disorder tends to develop a comorbid personality disorder

Which brain structure is implicated in the functioning of the defense system?

Amygdala

Which statement below best defines effortful control?

An individual's ability to inhibit a dominant response so as to activate a subdominant response

The _____ is the brain region associated with the executive attention network and error detection.

Anterior cingulate cortex

Both shame _______ & shame _______ were significant predictors of Cluster C Personality Disorders over & above general negative affect.

Aversion, Proneness

Which of the following best describes the modal model of emotion?

B) Emotional responses often lead to changes in the environment, which in turn influences the probability of subsequent instances of that and other emotions.

2) Which higher-level brain region has a large involvement in the regulation of lower-level emotion-genarating circuits?

B) Prefrontal Cortex

According to Church (2010), most indigenous personality constructs appear to reflect _________ expressions of an underlying Big-Five-like structure.

B) culture-relevant

Child-rearing research has provided examples of how social situation selection affects emotional experience. Several studies suggest that Japanese mothers provide more ____________ environments for their children while American mothers provide more ___________ environments.

B) stable, exploratory

2) What did Samuel & Widiger (2008) identify as the benefit of using a facet level analysis when understanding personality disorders? A: It helps to group together similar traits and categorizes them as something outside of the Big Five traits B: It allows researchers to pick up on more detailed factors or differences that may appear that would not have been revealed if only looking at the Big Five C: It provides the clinician with an idea of what kind of treatment would be most effective to treat a disorder D: It demonstrates that personality disorders as conceptualized by the current DSM need to be overhauled in order to more accurately capture the phenomenon

B: It allows researchers to pick up on more detailed factors or differences that may appear that would not have been revealed if only looking at the Big Five

1.) As discussed in McCrae & John (1992), what is the cognitive artifacts vs realistic description issue when thinking about the five-factor model? A: It argues that the way that FFM arbitrarily describes people and puts them into inflexible boxes can cause identity crises B: It suggests that the way that people view another's personality can be influenced by cognitive biases and may be inaccurate in representing their true qualities C: It says that people are best at recognizing personality traits that they themselves possess D: It is nearly impossible for two people to objectively agree on the personality traits that one possess, leading to many arguments and uncertainty

B: It suggests that the way that people view another's personality can be influenced by cognitive biases and may be inaccurate in representing their true qualities

What are some reasons why it can be difficult to interpret research on emotion regulation and development?

Behaviors that are commonly measured to represent emotion regulation are determined by multiple sources and facets It can be difficult to distinguish emotional reactions and emotional The situation can impact how a child behaves or how they react emotionally in different contexts

What is considered optimal self-regulation in children?

Being able to effortfully initiate or inhibit behaviors when needed for the situation or for a goal but able to be uncontrolled when it is not necessary

Adjectives such hostile or temperamental usually refers to which combination of attributes: A) High Conscientiousness, Low Openness B) Low Conscientiousness, Low Agreeableness C) High Neuroticism, Low Agreeableness D) High Extraversion, High Neuroticism

C) High Neuroticism, Low Agreeableness

Which personality disorder was the only personality related to high levels of more than one facet of extraversion in Samuel and Widiger's 2008 meta-analysis? A) Dependent personality disorder. B) Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. C) Histrionic personality disorder. D) Schizotypal personality disorder.

C) Histrionic personality disorder

2) Individuals that are high on this Big 5 Trait tend to experience chronic negative affect and are prone to development of psychiatric disorders A) Openness B) Conscientiousness C) Neuroticism D) Extraversion

C) Neuroticism

Which of the following statements about the Tsimane, as studied in Gurven et al. (2013) is NOT true? A) The Tsimane follow collectivistic ideals such as avoiding confrontation and expressing anger in order to keep the peace B) A negative trait, as perceived by the Tsimane, includes those who make hasty decisions and perform immediate, emotional responses C) The Neuroticism facet had the highest internal reliability score compared to the other four factors D) Spanish-speaking educated samples did not produce better replication of the Big-5 compared to The Tsimane

C) The Neuroticism facet had the highest internal reliability score compared to the other four factors

Which is NOT a limitation of the Five-Factor Model as outlined by McCrae and John? A) Ratings are measured via self-reports. B) There may be more or less factors of personality than five. C) The current five factors don't accurately represent different factors of personality. D) Ratings are subject to cognitive biases.

C) The current five factors don't accurately represent different factors of personality.

Which of the following is more evident of cross-cultural psychologists than cultural psychologists (Church, 2010)?

C) They are more likely to examine comparisons across many cultures rather than contextual descriptions of a small number of cultures.

1) The valuation stage of PVA dynamically appraises stimuli following perception. Which valuations are known to have relatively direct associations and can be linked stereotyped action impulses?

C) core

Which one of the five factor model traits is NOT significantly negatively correlated with antisocial personality disorder? (Samuel & Widiger, 2008) A. Openness B. Extraversion C. Conscientiousness D. Agreeableness

C. Conscientiousness

Dispositional traits predict behavior in all cultures, but possibly less so in ______ and tight cultures.

Collectivistic

What is the difference between cultural and cross-cultural psychologists?

Cross-cultural psychologists treat culture and personality as being relatively distinct from one another, but cultural psychologists believe that there is a mutually constitutive nature between culture and personality

According to Samuel & Widiger (2008), which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Antisocial Personality Disorder? A) A Negative correlation between agreeableness and conscientiousness B) Thrill-seeking that contributes to a disregard for the safety of oneself and others C) Low Self-discipline D) High levels of paranoid ideation

D) High levels of paranoid ideation

Which two factors did Eysenck originally believe were central dimensions of personality? A) Conscientiousness and Openness. B) Neuroticism and Conscientiousness. C) Openness and Agreeableness. D) Neuroticism and Extraversion.

D) Neuroticism and Extraversion.

1) Gurven et al (2013) attempted to replicate the five-factor model across a range of societies. It was primarily found in this study that: A) The five-factor model is widely universal B) Universality of the five-factor model was dependent of exposure to education C) The five-factor model is not universal in smaller-scaled indigenous societies due to response biases and language barriers D) The five-factor model was not replicable to smaller-scaled indigenous societies due to socioecological differences

D) The five-factor model was not replicable to smaller-scaled indigenous societies due to socioecological differences

What were the two factors Eysenck originally believed to be central dimensions of personality? A. Openness and Agreeableness B. Neuroticism and Conscientiousness C. Conscientiousness and Openness D. Neuroticism and Extraversion

D. Neuroticism and Extraversion

3.) What are some of the major conclusions from Gurven et al. (2013)? A: The Big Five personality traits do not appear to map onto small-scale societies, and therefore may not possess universality B: Spousal ratings of personality was less influenced by response style and demonstrated greater internal reliability and similarities to the Big Five C: Speaking Spanish or attending school (educational exposure) did not have any significant effect on increasing the fit to FFM D: A and C E: All of the above

D: A and C

Which of the following most accurately describes the relationship between defense and approach systems?

Defense systems guide avoidance of harm while approach systems seek gaining rewards or resources and can be activated at the same time as cooperating or competing systems

For which disorders are the following statement true: The duration of the emotion (rather than the intensity of the emotion) is potentially a more important factor in explaining emotion dysregulation.

Depression and Anxiety (excluding panic dx and specific phobia)

Gross (2014) discussed emotion dysregulation, stating that _____________ was associated with the dysregulation of negative emotions while _______ was associated with the dysregulation of positive emotions.

Depression, Anhedonia

Which of the following difficulties are most common among those described by Gross as overcontrolled?

Depression, anxiety, social withdrawal

The goal framework of emotion regulation states that:

Discrepancy between current and desired emotional states initiates emotional regulation

Which innate biobehavioral dimension is associated with externalizing disorders (e.g. substance abuse, antisocial PD, borderline PD, etc.)?

Disinhibition

Which of the following ERT regulatory capacities that rely on antecedent-focused processing that grants someone the "ability to identify, observe, and generate psychological perspective from inner experiences":

Distancing

An Individual with an avoidant attachment style will use which of the following strategies when enduring stressful events:

Diversion of Attention

Which neurobiological neural network is involved with the approach system of temperament?

Dopaminergic

Which best describes the relationship between effortful control (EC) and self-regulation?

EC is part of self-regulation.

Which of the following is included in the umbrella term affective states according to Gross?

Emotions Stress response Moods

What are some nonhedonic, (not necessarily explicitly pleasurable), benefits that accompany emotions and emotion goals?

Emotions allow people to understand themselves, how to appropriately respond to the world around them, and can indicate one's cultural values/membership in a group

Which one of these is an example of an active parent emotion coaching strategies?

Encouraging a child to use words to say how they feel Telling a child to take a deep breath when they are mad Having a child think of something they like when they are feeling scared

active parent emotion coaching strategies?

Encouraging a child to use words to say how they feel Telling a child to take a deep breath when they are mad Having a child think of something they like when they are feeling scared

The three broad forms of shame regulation include prevention, aggression, &:

Escape

What two factors of the Five-Factor Model are sensitive to cultural effects? Openness to experience & Agreeableness Extraversion & Agreeableness Neuroticism & Conscientiousness Extraversion & Agreeableness

Extraversion & Agreeableness

Which of the Big Five dimensions of personality have been found to replicate across cultures?

Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness

The Five-Factor Model describes personality variation amongst five dimensions (e.g., Big Five), which include the following: Extraversion, Openness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Agreeableness Excitability, Obsessiveness, Calmness, Narcissism, Anxiousness Eccentricity, Outspokenness, Callousness, Narrow-Mindedness, Abnormality Effervescence, Overtness, Candidness, Neediness, Adaptability

Extraversion, Openness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Agreeableness

Research has found support for the FFM in a largely illiterate and indigenous society, suggesting this model of personality is universal among humans across diverse settings. True False

False

Which attachment styles have been associated with longer delay of gratification?

Fearful-Avoidant & Dismissive-Avoidant

1) At what level do the five factors characterize a person? A. Global B. Local C. Gestalt D. Both A & B

Global

Individuals with anxiety disorders generally

Have difficulty disengaging from threat-relevant stimuli Have deficits in prefrontal circuits that regulate attention and responding to threatening stimuli Have weakened top-down control of emotion

Which of the following best describes overcontrolled individuals following the heuristic model?

High in involuntary reactive control, low in reactive undercontrol, average in ability to inhibit behavior effortfully, low in effortful attentional regulation, and low in the ability to activate behavior effortfully

High levels of delayed gratification in childhood have been related to....

High levels of self-control Greater ability to regulate emotions Higher levels of goal-setting abilities into adulthood

Longer wait time scores on the Marshmallow Task has been linked to various long-term outcomes including:

Higher SAT scores Lower drug use Improved socio-cognitive competence

What are potential barriers/difficulties to implementing a hierarchical model for future DSM editions?

How DSM diagnoses are categorical in nature and it can be challenging to overhaul that structure

The engagement of the processes that alter emotion trajectory is

Implicit explicit effortful

What are the core features of emotion regulation?

Its impact on emotion dynamics Activation of a goal Engagement of the processes that are responsible for altering emotion trajectory

Which of the following is NOT a supported advantage of the Five Factor Model?

Its non-comprehensive and specific in scope makeup allows detailed and thorough analysis of a few aspects of personality

An important influence on the emotional climate of the family—which also affects how parents evaluate and respond to the emotions of offspring—is parental beliefs about emotion and its expression. These beliefs can be considered part of a parent's ____________.

Meta-emotion philosophy

Which are affective states (as defined by Gross, 2014)?

Moods Feelings Emotions

2) Which factor of the FFM best represents the individual differences in experiencing distress? A. Extraversion B. Openness C. Neuroticism D. Conscientiousness

Neuroticism

Genetic variation within the promoter region of serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) has been associated with which personality trait?

Neuroticism

Negative emotionality, ______________ and trait anxiety are related to biases in perception of various kinds of threatening stimuli.

Neuroticism

Effortful control is NOT associated with a high level of social competence in

Non-human animals

According to Church (2010), a significant body of research indicates that Western samples exhibit greater ___________ motives than East Asian samples.

Occupational

examples of external regulation

Parents organizing a child's daily routine, including naps and mealtimes A father distracting a child with a new toy during a scary situation A mother showing her fearful child that other kids at the playground enjoy going on the slide

Avoidant personality disorder influencing the severity and course of later anorexia nervosa is an example of what etiological model of comorbidity?

Pathoplasty model

Which of the following are true about emotion goals?

People may be motivated to experience emotions because of non-hedonic reasons, such as promoting one's performance in a given situation.

The four etiological models of comorbidity referred by Clark (2005) are known as:

Predisposition/vulnerability, pathoplasty, shared factor, and spectrum models

Which of the following is NOT a tool used to modify executive attention in order to change emotion-related processing:

Rumination

Which of the following statements have found support in previous literature regarding the relationship between the Big Five Factor Model and personality disorders?

Schizotypal personality disorders have correlated negatively with extraversion, specifically the aspects involving warmth and positive emotions.

Which of the following factors is correlated with longer delays of gratification in children?

Secure attachment with caregiver

According to Gross (2014) effortful controll skills are the building blocks for the development of ___________________.

Self-Regulation

Which of the following are measures of self-regulation that is commonly studied alongside effortful control?

Self-reflection

Gross' model of emotion regulation includes which of the following?

Situation Selection, Situation Modification, Attentional Deployment, Cognitive Change, and Response Modulation.

What is the sequence of events specified in the modal model of emotion?

Situation, attention, appraisal, response

What is the relationship between effortful control (EC) and executive functioning (EF)?

Some EF skills are involved in EC

In line with the Scar model, what would most likely happen to an individual who has experienced a major depressive episode:

Their depressive episode will leave a lasting trait-level change and their neuroticism will not return to its premorbid baseline

What implications do the findings by Gurven et al. (2013) have on the universality of the Five Factor Model?

There is evidence to support a Big Two model in small-scale, indigenous societies, which includes pro-sociality and industriousness, not the Five Factor model commonly seen in Western industrialized societies, indicating that the Five Factors may not be universal.

What about anxiety and emotion dysregulation is supported by previous studies?

Those with anxiety may have an overly sensitive pre-attentive threat detection system, which leads to unnecessary fixation on the threatening stimuli. Highly anxious individuals may struggle to disengage their attention from threat-relevant information, causing them to miss out on other relevant information. PTSD is associated with an impaired ability to appropriately regulate fear responses that have been previously conditioned.

Which of the following is not a non-hedonic benefit offered by emotions?

Unconditional acceptance of the self, others, and of life

The Five-Factor Model has primarily been tested on urban students. Urban students are referred to as WEIRD. What does WEIRD consist of? Wealthy, extroverted, industrialized, rude, determined Wise, excitable, intuitive, robust, diligent Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic Wealthy, entertaining, innocuous, ravenous, despicable

Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

What is committed compliance?

When a child willfully and enthusiastically goes along with their mother's rules even when the mother is not there

nonaffect goals, affect goals, emotion goals

____ are goals that do not involve affective states as the direct desired endpoint, ____ are goals that involve pleasure or pain as the direct desired endpoint, and ____ are goals that involve specific emotional states as the direct desired.

3. According to McCrae and John (1992), why did it take such a long time for the field to recognize the 5 factors of personality? Overemphasis on clinical problems and neuroticism Difficulties in performing factor analyses before computers became more common The field emphasized the creation of new measures and factors over the confirmation, organization and replication of developed measures All of the above

a. All of the above

2. What are the "Big Two" personality traits and why are they no longer considered sufficient? Extraversion and neuroticism; they do not explain the full range of personality characteristics alone Openness and neuroticism; they ignore the importance of warmth as a personality factor Openness and Conscientiousness; they do not give us enough information about cultural differences Extraversion and Openness; they actually are sufficient in explaining personalities and the other three are subsets of the Big Two

a. Extraversion and neuroticism; they do not explain the full range of personality characteristics alone

1. Based on the findings of Samuel and Widiger (2008), which of the following five factor model traits are NOT significantly negatively correlated with antisocial personality disorder? Agreeableness Conscientiousness Extraversion Openness

a. Openness

1) What are core feature of emotion regulation?

a. modulation of the emotion trajectory b. activation of a regulatory goal

Highly inhibited individuals and children often look _______ but tend to be more prone to _______, thus control over behavior is not the same as emotion regulation.

controlled, anxiety and fear

2. What is one major limitation of psychological studies of personality?

he majority of studies have only compared East Asians and North Americans

Self-regulation refers to...

internally generated regulatory processes

Which of the dimensions of the FFM do Not fully replicate across all cultures

openness and neuroticism

Many cultures differ in terms of their motivational focus of emotion regulation. American cultures are typically _________ focused, meaning that individuals want to accomplish positive outcomes. East Asians and Russians have been found to demonstrate a ________ focus, meaning that individuals are more concerned with avoiding failures to meet social expectations.

promotion, prevention

. According to experimental and correlational studies, ______________ leads to outcomes of higher levels of positive emotion and lower levels negative emotion experience.

reappraisal

"Orienting" in terms of emotion regulation means:

selection of information from sensory input to regulate state.