PH 161 final
unclassified pesticides
Chloropicrin
The environment plays a role in human health through associations with all except.
Chronic disease
What term is normally used to describe the aggregation of relatively uncommon events or diseases?
Clustering
According to Hill's Criteria of Causality, what criterion suggests that the cause and effect interpretation of our data should not seriously conflict with the generally known facts of the natural history and biology of disease?
Coherence
What type of study design classifies subjects according to their exposure to a factor of interest and then observes them over time to document the occurrence of new cases of disease or other health events?
Cohort study
What piece of legislation gave Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) the power to seek out those parties responsible for any release and assure their cooperation in the cleanup?
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
which of the following is an example of in vitro testing for toxicology?
Experiments with cells derived from human sources
The quality of data from what type of assessment determines the accuracy of risk assessments and therefore is a limiting factor in the risk assessment process?
Exposure assessment
ATSDR develops and enforces regulations that implement environment laws enacted by Congress.
True
Affluent Romans may have suffered from chronic lead poisoning from lead pipes used to carry the water supply.
True
Cholera outbreaks occurred in New York City during the mid 1800s
True
During the transmission cycle, (sporozoite form), the malaria parasite is transferred to the human host when the mosquito takes a blood meal.
True
EEA monitors the state of the environment in Europe.
True
In The Jungle (1906),Upton Sinclair described the deplorable conditions in the meat processing industry.
True
In a case-control study, cases are those who have the outcome of interest and the controls are those who do not.
True
NIEHS reduces the burden of human illness and dysfunction due to environmental causes.
True
NIOSH conducts research to reduce work-related injuries and illnesses.
True
The term cap and trade is used to describe a method for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from facilities such as electric generating plants.
True
When highly controlled and standardized conditions are desired, human subjects are in toxicologic testing.
True
less developed countries increasingly are being selected as the dumping grounds for electronic waste, which is scavenged by unwitting individuals who are not aware of the hazards nature of this waste.
True
synthetic chemical used on farms, not only helps feed us cheaply and well
True
when the nature of the risks associated with an environmental hazard or toxin is uncertain, planners are left in a quandary about what aspects of the exposure require policy interventions.
True
which of the following aspects is not included in the built environment?
Undeveloped land
Which of the following agencies is responsible for environmental regulation at the international levels?
WHO
The symptoms of long-term exposure to lower levels of toxic metals include which of the following?
all choices
one of the concern that surround the use of Agent Orange
all correct
Lead exposure can arise from:
all of the above
Sevin
carbamate
Chlordane
chlorinated hydrocarbon
The film Erin Brockovich called attention to the potential hazards associated with groundwater pollution from arsenic.
false
Epidemiolgic risk transition is characterized by a.
growing burden of chronic, degenerative diseases
Agent Orange ex.
herbicide
hemochromatosis is associated with excessive buildup of:
iron
All of the following statements about thalidomide are true, except:
it was associated with heart problems among adults
Pyrethrin
naturally occurring substance
pesticide
none
As with nerve gases, which type of pesticides act on the nervous system of insects and higher organisms by disrupting the transmission of nerve impulses?
organophosphates
concern regarding pesticide
potential harm to Agriculture worker
What type of interaction between two chemical causes one chemical that is not toxic to become more toxic.
potentiation
The causative agents for malaria is a type of:
protozoa
The term " hydrophobia" is also known as:
rabies
The term abortive human rabies refers to case that:
recovered without receiving intensive care
The vector for the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the southwestern United States is:
rodents
The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by which of the following?
the incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time
The poisonous substance in Amanita phalloides ("death cap" mushroom) is an example of a
toxin
An ecologic study is one that examines a group as the unit of analysis.
true
Body brudens of chemical such as dioxins, methyl mercury, and a range of the " usual suspects"
true
DDT with highly toxic pesticide
true
John Snow, in Snow on Cholera:
was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments.
DDt found to
both accumulate in the tissue of many animals and persist in the environment
Biopesticides include
canola oil
occurred when worker bees abandon
colony collapse disorder
Hill's criteria of causality include:
strength. consistency. temporality. biological gradient. --> All of these are correct.
which of the following statements about heavy metals is true?
their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times.
omnipresent in the environment
true
one of the most frequent methods of exposure to Beryllium is:
workers inhalation of beryllium in metal processing industries
Itai-itai disease was a form of poisoning associated with ingestion of which of the following?
Cadmium
Lindane, mirex, and DDT are pesticides
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
A national survey of asthma conducted on May 1, 2012, obtained the following results for the state of Oklahoma: X = The number of residents with asthma Y = The population of the state on June 30, 2012, and all members of the population were considered at risk Z = The number of new cases of asthma diagnosed during 2012. The incidence rate of asthma during 2012 (per 100,000) would be expressed as:
(Z/Y) × 100,000.
Environmental health comprises those aspects of human health that are determined by --Physical --psychosocial --social --biological
--> all of the choices
The EPA standards for the amount of arsenic permitted in drinking water is:
10 ug
The estimated global burden of disease (percent) linked to environmental sources is A. 5% to 20% B. 25% to 33% C. 35% to 50% D. 55% to 70% E. 75% to 89%
25% to 33%
During April, 2009, a Texas community reported 87 cases of H1N1-associated influenza. Ultimately, 9 fatal cases of H1N1 occurred during this same month. There were 4 other fatalities. The CFR associated with H1N1 during April was:
9/87 × 100.
Environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, and environmental factors in disease (the epidemiologic triangle). Which statement is true about the triangle?
A. The environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist. B. Agent factors can include particles, toxic chemicals, and pesticides. C. The host is the person who affords lodgment of an infectious agent. D. The host is the person who affords lodgment of an infectious agent. All of these are correct.
Examples of disease vectors are: -rates and mice - mosquitoes -ticks - sand flies
All choice are correct
For fetuses, infants, and children, the hazards of heavy metals include:
All choices are correct
Factors contributing to increases in the occurrence of emerging zoonosis include: A. Changes in agriculture B. Environmental changes C. Mass food processing technology D. Urbanization E. All of the above
All of the above
Methods for the control of mosquito-borne diseases include A. Monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds B. Removing standing water around the home C. Use of mosquito-eating fish D. Wearing long clothing E. All of the above
All of the above
Methods for transmission of zoonotic pathogens include A. Contact with the skin B. Bite or scratch of an animal C. Direct inhalation D. Ingestion of contaminated foods E. All of the above
All of the above
The concentration and toxicity of a chemical in the body are affected by A. Route of entry into the body B. Received dose of the chemical C. Duration of exposure D. Individual sensitivity E. All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following are contributions of epidemiology to environmental health?
All of these are correct.
Aluminum has been studied as a factor that may be linked to
Alzheimer's disease
which of the following statement about zoonotic disease is most likely to be true?
An animal infected with a zoonotic agent may be free from symptoms.
Which toxic heavy metal is associated with melanosis, a dermatologic condition that can cause the darkening of the skin of the entire body.
Arsenic
diffuse and spotted melanosis are associated with ingestion of what
Arsenic
In comparison with the general population, workers may receive exposures to toxic chemicals that are A. At lower levels for shorter time periods B. At higher concentrations for much longer time periods C. Confined to a single time episode D. More likely to be associated with acute effects than long-term effects E. None of the above
At higher concentrations for much longer time periods
which of the following pesticide associate with " Golden Age of Discovery"
Both Organophosphate and Chlorinated carbons
the definition of emerging zoonoses covers:
Both new and previously known agents Appearance of agents in regions not usually affected
The _______ refers to urban areas and structures constructed by human beings, as opposed to undeveloped, rural areas.
Built environment
Itai-itai disease, which began occurring in the Jinzu River basin in Japan as early as 191, is one of the conditions attributed to which too=xic metal?
Cadmium
According to a 2005 report from the Environmental Protection Agency, levels of what organochlorine pesticide are low or undetectable in the United States population, which reflects progress in the control of toxic chemicals?
Dieldrin
Stage 3 of the demographic transition demonstrates: A. Drop in mortality rates; high fertility rates B. Fertility and mortality rates are high C. Dropping fertility rates; more even age and sex distributions D. Increasing mortality rates; dropping mortality rates E. None of the above
Dropping fertility rates; more even age and sex distributions
Lemuel Shattuck's proposals set forth in the Report of the Sanitary Conditions of Massachusetts A. Argued for the creation of state health departments B. Described how environmental sanitation affected health C. Were extremely innovative for their time D. Ultimately were adopted by public health departments and are now in use E. All of the above
E. All of the above
The limitations of environmental epidemiology include the fact that: A. Accurate assessment of exposure is difficult. B. Environmentally associated diseases often have low incidence and prevalence. C. Long latency periods often occur between initial exposures and disease outcomes. D. The effects of exposures are often non-specific. E. All of the above.
E. All of the above.
Stage 1 of the demographic transition demonstrates: A. Drop in mortality rates; high fertility rates B. Fertility and mortality rates are high C. Dropping fertility rates; more even age and sex distributions D. Increasing mortality rates; dropping mortality rates E. None of the above
E. None of the above
Which of the following is a study in which the units of analysis are populations or groups of people rather than individuals?
Ecologic studies
On Airs, Waters, and Places was significant because it:
Emphasized the role of the environment in people's health
In the United States, what agency is responsible for protecting human health and safeguarding the natural environment, including air, land, and water?
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Which of the following statements is not true about case-control studies?
Exposure levels may be difficult to quantify precisely. The measure of association is the odds ratio. They can examine many potential exposures. Exposure to a factor is determined retrospectively. ---> They are a type of longitudinal design.
A relative risk of less than 1 means that there is no association between exposure and outcome.
False
Hazardous chemicals are wholly detrimental to society.
False
The author of On Airs, Waters, and Places was: A. Socrates B. Aristotle C. Hippocrates D. Pliny the Elder E. Galen
Hippocrates
Which of the following historical figures was among the first to expound on the role of environmental factors in causing diseases?
Hippocrates
Which of the following statements is untrue about ecosystems?
Human beings are not considered to be a part of ecosystems.
which of the following is true about rabies?
Human cases of rabies occur frequently in the UNited States
In 2050, the world's three most populous countries will be A. China, India, United States B. United States, Russia, and Japan C. China, Indonesia, and Brazil D. India, China, United States E. Indonesia, Brazil, Nigeria
India, China, United States
Of the following routes of exposure, which one has the most rapid effect? A. Intravenous B. Ingestion C. Dermal D. Intramuscular E. Inhalation
Intravenous
In what sense is influenza a zoonotic disease?
It has animal reservoirs, especially birds and swine.
All of the following statement about the 2009 swine flu breakout are true except:
It was caused by the H5N1 virus.
Which of the following abbreviations is used to describe toxic effects of chemicals?
LD50
The transmissions of _______ to humans is associated with infected black-legged ticks that ingest blood by puncturing the skin of the host.
Lyme disease
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals is particular hazards associated with which of the following?
Mercury
Methylation and bioaccumulation are processes that involve which of the following metals?
Mercury
The process of _____ causes mercury levels to increase as the metal moves up the food chain and becomes more concentrated in aquatic invertebrates.
Methylation
Leishmaniasis is endemic to:
Middle East
What agency is home to the National Toxicology Program (NTP), the nation's premier program for the testing and evaluation of agents in our environment?
National Institute of Environmental Health Science (NIEHS)
The Texas Sharpshooter Effect illustrates:
One cause of spurious or chance clustering
Subacute exposures are those that last for
One month or less
Diazinon
Organophosphate
One of the founders of toxicology was:
Paracelsus
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are:
Persistent in the environment
Incomplete combustion
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
With respect to the policy cycle, what problems may be encountered in the problem definition stage?
Poorly defined problems
Which of the following describes the precautionary principle?
Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment.
based insecticides, having low concentration of the active ingredient
Pyrethrin
Which of the following is not classified as an arboviral disease?
Rabies
Arboviral diseases
Refer to arthropod-borne viral diseases, can produce central nervous system illness, and are most often spread by mosquitos
Which of the following has not been identified by government agencies as having a dangerously high level of mercury?
Salmon
Which of the following activities characterizes the epidemiologic approach (as opposed to the clinical approach)?
Study of cancer occurrence in populations
which term indicates that the combined effect of exposures to two or more chemicals that is greater than the sum of their individual effects.
Synergistic
Which of the following is an example of a vector-born disease?
The "black death"
An internal dose refers to
The portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body
Which of the following is not a disadvantage of hazardous chemicals?
They are essential to the functioning of modern society.
dioxins not true
They are never produced in the natural environment.
substance on the National Priorities List have which of the following characteristic?
They have known or suspected toxicity;They have potential for human exposure;They appear frequently in uncontrolled or abandoned waste sites;They are scheduled for possible remediation under Superfund. ---> all correct
What form of carbamate is used mainly as an herbicide?
Thiocarbamate
Which of the following refers to toxic substance that is man-made or result from human (anthropogenic) activity.
Toxicant
Exposure assessment refers to which of the following questions?
What exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions?
Risk management refers which of the following question?
What exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions?
Risk characterization refers to which of the following question?
What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect at different time intervals on each level of exposure?
Dose-response assessment refers to the question of A. What are the health effects that this agent can cause? B. What is the relationship between dose and occurrence of health effects in humans (or animals)? C. What exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions? D. What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population? E. None of the above.
What is the relationship between dose and occurrence of health effects in humans (or animals)?
A national survey of asthma conducted on May 1, 2012, obtained the following results for the state of Oklahoma: X = The number of residents with asthma; Y = The population of the state on June 30, 2012, and all members of the population were considered at risk; Z = The number of new cases of asthma diagnosed during 2012. The point prevalence of asthma (proportion) on May 1, 2012, would be expressed as:
X/Y
What metal is believed to play a role in reducing the occurrence of common infections and theorized to be necessary for children's growth and for maintaining the health of pregnant women?
Zinc
The existence of a dose-response relationship may be used to establish the following kinds of information: -Causal association between a toxin and biological effects -Minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect -Rate of accumulation of harmful effects
all of the choices
The infectious agents for plague is a:
bacterium
The research of Muzzaffer Aksoy
benzene
How can the built environment encourage healthy lifestyle?
by encouraging people to walk more, use of public transportation, and colocating business and residence