PH 203 exam 2
this pesticide was widely used for vector controls. but it was identified as damaging to the ecosystem and was largely banned (not completely though)
DDT
pesticides are regulated under which act?
FIFRA
public drinking water utilities are regulated under what?
Safe Drinking Water Act
This term describes one of the major forces that causes ecological problems to persist. As a result, society must find a way to distribute these burdens, and often does so inequitably.
the treadmill of production
Highly unstable radioisotopes will have shorter half-lives than highly stable radioisotopes.
true
true/false: discriminatory intent is not necessary to produce discriminatory outcomes
true
true/false: ionizing radiation comes from human and natural sources
true
true/false: ionizing radiation describes radiation that can remove electrons from their atoms
true
true/false: the majority of studies of environmental inequality conclude that racism is a major driving factor in unequal distribution of environmental hazards
true
true/false: through Pyrethroid pesticides are derived from chrysanthemum flowers, they are still toxic
true
true/false: toxicity from heavy metal exposure is of special concern in women and children
true
true/false: watersheds are defined by topography and can vary in size
true
This law is usually the most effective, though imperfect, tool for litigating issues related to environmental justice.
Civil Rights Laws of 1964
what is an example of a hydrocarbon?
benzene
The type of radiation that can penetrate up to a 2-cm layer of skin tissue is
beta particles
this radiation involves high energy photons that can inflict damage up to 1 cm in the skin?
beta particles
which heavy metal is associated with Itai-itai disease?
cadmium
long-term exposure to low levels of toxic metals is associated with which symptoms?
cancer
which is believed to be a stochastic outcome of radiation exposure?
cancer
Executive Order 12898, signed by President Bill Clinton, did which of the following?
develop a strategy for implementing environmental justice in federal decision-making
where do arid regions of southern california draw their drinking water from?
diverted rivers from over 300 miles away
Generally speaking, the rate in which new industrial chemicals are developed or invented for a product is about the same as the rate in which toxicologists can test these chemicals to make sure they are safe.
false
True or False: Executive Orders are fairly effective at sustaining long term changes for issues related to environmental justice.
false
True or False: Food deserts are mainly caused by the lack of irrigation in farms that produce food products.
false
detectable levels of bisphenol-A (BPA) are rarely seen in human populations in the US
false
true or false: The People of Color Environmental Movement is a pseudo movement financed by major industries to convince communities that suffer EJ burdens that the opportunities (proximity and availability of jobs, better incomes, schools, etc) outweigh the environmental risks.
false
true/false: DDT is highly toxic to humans
false
true/false: clean-up of river PCBs show how POP producers easily and inexpensively reduce hazards
false
true/false: eradicating issues related to EJ should fall mostly to federal regulators
false
true/false: lead paint is no longer a serious problem in the united states because we no longer manufacture it
false
true/false: stanley watras is a classic example of how ELF exposure from high tension wires is dangerous
false
true/false: the Bhopal disaster occurred when a train carrying pesticides was derailed, causing widespread cancer clusters to occur in a rural region in Bangladesh
false
true/false: the best solutions to environmental justice issues should arise from stakeholders who are not part of the situation
false
true/false: though we talk about the topic in class, environmental justice is mostly totally separate from environmental health
false
true/false: toxicity from heavy metal exposure is of little concern for men
false
true/false: treating water with chlorine almost always kills Cryptosporidium
false
which food item is the most susceptible to metal contamination due to bioaccumulation?
fish
this is what we would call a location where there is insufficient fresh food available to a community
food desert
erin brockovich took on utility company misconduct related to overexposure of what metal?
hexavalent chromium (VI)
exposure to high concentrations of toxic metals most likely occur where?
in occupational settings
how are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons usually formed?
incomplete combustion
hemochromatosis is associated with excessive buildup of
iron
metals essential to human health
iron & zinc
which statement about hexavalent chromium is flase?
it does not cause respiratory problems
compared to ionizing radiation, non-ionizing has:
longer wavelengths, smaller frequency
what is a unique feature that makes the us the largest users of water in volume per capita?
meat heavy diet
true/false: DDT saves more lives than it harms
not sure- not possible to answer this question
which is NOT an anthropogenic source of radiation?
potassium in bananas
For the average American, the majority exposure to radiation that is NOT occupational comes from what?
radon
what accounts for the greatest proportion of radiation exposure in the U.S.?
radon
who is the person sometimes known as the 'father of environmental justice'?
robert bullard
over the last 100 years glaciers have been
shrinking
which source is most susceptible to contamination?
surface water
what is the term for an agent that causes a developing fetus to have malformations
teratogen
which of the following is a form of non-ionizing radiation?
-UVB -microwave
aromatic compounds have
-a ring structure - high reactivity -floral smell
what are the key concerns of POPs in the environment?
-often bioaccumulate -resistant to environmental degradation
which of the following are classes of insecticides?
-pyrethroids -organochlorides -organophosphates
which areas are of most concern for water stress or scarcity?
-southern africa -northern africa central asia
why do bisphenols concern some consumers and scientists
-they have similar chemical structure to estrogen -they are widely used in consumer and industrial products
which of the following will eliminate pesticide and POP exposure?
-washing produce before eating -eating organic foods -using "natural" products correct answer: none of these
what is the EPA standard for arsenic in drinking water?
10 ug per liter
the EJ movement was catalyzed in the late 1980's by the publication of a report entitled "Toxic Waste and Race in the United States", which highlighted the unequal siting of toxic waste facilities in the US. Who published this report?
A religious organization (United Church of Christ)
An organic chemical by definition contains:
A. Chlorine B. Carbon C. Nitrogen D. Hydrogen E. Sulfur Feedback correct answer: B
Stanley Watras, an employee of the Limerick Nuclear Plant, was exposed to high levels of radon
A. From his home B. From a nuclear accident at work C. From normal operations at the nuclear plant D. From smoking cigarettes E. From extensive air travel correct answer: A
All of the following are true about atrazine except:
A. Has been linked with hormonal changes in frogs B. Is used as a herbicide in the United States C. Has been linked with abnormalities in humans D. Is detectable in spring water in the Midwest E. Is banned as a herbicide in the European Union correct answer: C
a common mode of exposure to beryllium is?
A. Workers' inhalation of beryllium in metal processing industries B. Via wounds in the skin C. Via direct skin contact D. Through ingestion E. Workers' inhalation of beryllium in the meat packing industry correct answer: A
which of the following statements about heavy metals is true?
A.All of them are toxic even at trace levels. B.All of them is necessary to sustain life. C.Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times. D.None of them occur naturally in the environment. E.All of the above. correct answer: C
The following statement(s) are correct except
A.Alpha and beta particles pose little or no hazard to human health. B.Cosmic rays are a form of natural background radiation. C.Street clothing protects the skin against alpha and beta particles. D.Washing contaminated skin can reduce radiation exposure. E.Choices C and D correct answer: A
"Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei" and is radioactive is
A.An isotope B.A nuclide C.A radioisotope D.A radionuclide E.A radion Feedback correct answer: C
DDT, lindane, and mirex are examples of a group of pesticides called
A.Carbamates B.Naturally occurring substances C.Organophosphates D.Chlorinated hydrocarbons E.None of the above correct answer: D
Exposure to extremely low frequency radiation constitutes a substantial concern for:
A.Childhood leukemia and brain cancers B.Non-malignant skin cancer C.Cataracts D.Malignant melanoma E.All of the above correct answer: A
effects of ionizing radiation include
A.Damage to bodily tissues B.Damage to DNA C.Formation of ion pairs in exposed atoms D.Removal of orbital electrons from neutral atoms E.All of the above correct answer: E
the following are true of chemical disease agents except
A.Found in household products B.Industrial and occupational workplace hazards C.Commonly used in pharmaceuticals D.Solely the product of humankind's actions in the biosphere E.None of the above correct answer: D
which heavy metal is associated with biomagnification?
A.Iron B.Aluminium C.Mercury D.Manganese E.Arsenic correct answer: C
potential causes of lead exposure include
A.Paint used in toys B.Certain art supplies C.Gasoline sold in some countries D.Household dust E.All of the above correct answer: E
a measure of the absorbed dose of radiation is
A.The curie or becquerel B.The rad or gray C.The rem or sievert D.The roentgen or coulomb per kilogram E.None of the above Feedback correct answer: B
the production of agent orange was stopped because it
A.Was not effective because it evaporated rapidly B.Contained very small amounts of dioxin C.Was a major cause of night blindness D.Was transported home on the clothing of military personnel E.All of the above correct answer: B
who dug wells that were responsible for arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh?
UNICEF
sunburn is attributed to which exposure?
UVB
this was a hollywood movie that narrates the contamination of drinking water supplies in woburn, mass from organic solvents. this superfund site has led to a number of leukemia clusters
a civil action
an aquifer is
a layer of earth or rock that contains freshwater
the CERCLA Priority List contains what?
a list of hazardous substances
Polychlorinated biphenols, produced as waste products from nearby General Electric plants, need to be removed from the environment. But the process is controversial because it is thought that the process will unintentially relocate the problem elsewhere. What is the main technique used to remediate these compounds from the environment?
a. Damming a river, and then removal of sediments by dredging for off-site landfilling or incineration b. Carbon cracking technology that removes compounds from the air c. Simple soap and water d. Biotic digestion using a UMass-developed cyanobacteria that digests this material e. Wait until photocatalytic degradation occurs, thought to be on the order of 5-10 years. correct answer: A
Which of the following are NOT normally a source of bisphenol compound exposure?
a. Unused baby bottles manufactured more than 15 years ago b. aluminum soda cans c. Acrylic or stainless steel water bottles d. Certain store or restaurant receipts e. Dental sealants containing certain epoxies correct answer: C
the following are examples of volatile organic compounds except
a. benzene b. toluene c. methylene chloride d. dioxin e. methyl chloroform correct answer: D
which disease can cause the conjunctiva to appear white?
anemia
this is the name of a class of chemicals in which there is a t least one ring structure that is comprised of carbon atoms. benzene and toluene are good examples
aromatic compounds
melanosis are associated with ingestion of
arsenic
the largest population mass poisoning in history involved which of the following heavy metal?
arsenic