Pharmacology

Trihexyphenidyl

also known as benzhexol and trihex is an antiparkinsonian agent of the antimuscarinic class

Nursing process: Diphenhydramine

assessment: obtain a history of environmental exposures, assess for evidence of urinary dysfunction, assess cardiac and respiratory status

Rivastigmine

to treat mild to moderate dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease

Carbidopa/Levodopa

used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease. carbidopa prevents the breakdown of levodopa in the bloodstream so more levodopa can enter the brain.

transmission

touching contaminated surfaces and then touching nose or mouth

Prostaglandin analogs

use-open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension action-improve trabecular outflow increase uveoscleral pathway0 examples, bimatoprost, latanoprost, tafluprost, travoprost side effects-change Iris color, darkened eyelids, stinging, eyelash hypertrichosis, macular edema, itching, blurred vision, redness of conjunctiva

Fluoroquinolones

use-treats lower UTI side effects/adverse reactions headache, dizziness, photosensitivity, visual impairment peripheral neuropathy, GI distress, tendinitis, tendon rupture, seizures, clostridium difficile, caution-use in uncomplicated UTI only if no other treatment options are available

acute rhinitis

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa with sneezing, tearing, and profuse secretion of watery mucus, as seen in the common cold

When a patient taking a monoamine oxidase B inhibitor receives his dietary tray, the nurse knows to remove the:

Patients taking monoamine oxidase B inhibitors should avoid food and beverages with a high tyramine content, such as cheeses. Eggs, bread, and coffee do not have a high tyramine content.

Which medication is used to produce miosis following a diagnostic procedure?

Pilocarpine is a direct acting cholinergic agent that is used to counter the effects of mydriatic and cycloplegic agents after surgery or eye ophthalmoscopic examinations.

What is the action of timolol maleate (Timoptic), a beta adrenergic blocking agent?

Timolol maleate is a beta adrenergic blocking agent used to reduce increased intraocular pressure. The exact mechanism of action of these medications is unknown, but they are believed to reduce the production of aqueous humor. Timolol is believed to decrease production of aqueous humor.

Benztropine

used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease or involuntary movements due to the side affects of certain psychiatric drugs

Which cholinergic symptoms of Parkinson's disease are reduced with anticholinergic drugs?

Anticholinergic drugs will reduce the severity of tremors and drooling in patients with Parkinson's disease. Anticholinergics are most useful when used in combination with levodopa. Anticholinergic drugs do not affect cognitive impairments. Anticholinergics have little effect on rigidity or on postural abnormalities.

anti-infective (eyes)

use-eye infections types of eye infections conjunctivitis blepharitis chalazion endophthalmitis hordeolum infectious keratitis infectious uveitis

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

use: acutes and allergic rhinitis, pruritus, urticaria common cold, sneezing, cough prevent motion sickness contraindications/cautions narrow-angle glaucoma, urinary retention severe liver disease interactions increases CNS depression with drinking and other CNS depressants

Bethanechol

Action-increase bladder tone of detrusor muscle use-neurogenic bladder, urinary retention side effects-GI distress, headache, dizziness, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity Contraindication-peptic ulcer

Intranasal glucocorticoids

Action: *antiinflammatory Use: *treat allergic rhinitis *may be used alone or in combination with H1 antihistamines *Dexamethasone should not be used longer than 30 days to avoid systemic effects.

Which type of medication would be used to dilate the pupils before an eye examination?

Adrenergic agents are sympathomimetic. They cause pupil dilation, increased outflow of aqueous humor, vasoconstriction, relaxation of ciliary muscle, and a decrease in the formation of aqueous humor. Adrenergic agents are used to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) in open angle glaucoma, relieve congestion and hyperemia, and produce mydriasis for ocular examinations. Osmotics are given to reduce IOP. Beta adrenergics are given for the treatment of asthma. Corticosteroids are given for acute allergic reactions in the eye.

A patient has been diagnosed with common cold. The nurse should question if which drug is ordered to treat this patient?

Antibiotics. the common cold is caused by the rhinovirus. antibiotics would not be used to treat a virus. groups of drugs used to manage could symptoms include antihistamines (H1 blockers), decongestants (sympathomimetic amines) antitussives, and expectorants

Which medication is indicated in the treatment of hypotonic or atonic bladder?

Bethanechol

Which is a potential serious adverse effect associated with mannitol (Osmitrol)?

Mannitol, an osmotic agent, acts on blood volume by pulling fluid from the tissue spaces into the general circulation (blood). Patients should be assessed at regularly scheduled intervals for signs and symptoms of fluid overload, pulmonary edema, or heart failure. Osmotic agents are not likely to cause bradycardia, anaphylaxis, or fever.

A patient entering the medical clinic has been diagnosed with an overactive bladder. Which medication would the nurse expect to be ordered?

Tolterodine tartrate

Phenazopyridine

Urinary Tract Analgesic relieve pain, burning sensation, frequency, urgency side effects/adverse reactions GI distress red-orange urine hemolytic anemia Nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity

antiallergy medications

antihistamines mast cell stabilizers

Lithium toxicity

can happen when levels reaches 1.5mEq/L or higher-nausea, vomiting, EKG changes, myoclonus, fasciculations

Contagious period of common cold

from 1-4 days before onset of symptoms and first 3 days of symptoms viral droplets from sneezing

Before administering diphenhydramine (Benadryl) to a patient, it is most important for the nurse to assess the patient history of

narrow-angle glaucoma, because diphenhydramine has anticholinergic effects and should not be used by patients with narrow-angel glaucoma.

Nasal Decongestants

nasal spray, nasal drops, tablet, capsule, liquid nervous, restless, rebound nasal congestion if use is prolonged interactions: caffeine, MAOI's beta blockers

albuterol oral

synthetic sympthometic that is selective for beta 2 adrenergic receptors

topical anesthetics (eyes)

use-selected aspects of comprehensive eye exam ophthalmic procedures action-locally block pain signals at eye's nerve endings proparacaine, tetracaine corneal anesthesia achieved within 1 min, generally lasts about 15mins

pyelonephritis

upper urinary tract infection usually female patients most common organism involved E. Coli

The nurse is assisting with applanation tonometry on a patient at the ophthalmologist's office. The results indicate the patient's reading to be 15 mm Hg. The nurse interprets this result as _____ IOP.

Normal IOP using an applanation tonometer is 10 to 21 mm Hg.

open-angle glaucoma

trabecular meshwork gradually becomes blocked, causing buildup of pressure IOP gradually increases damaging optic nerve

antitussives types

nonopioid opioid combinations preparations

Nursing diagnosis for UTI

-Risk of impaired urinary elimination -Risk of urge urinary incontinence -pain, acute related to inflammation in the urinary track infection, risk planning the pt will be free of signs and symptoms of UTI within 10 days

Patients taking methenamine for urinary tract infections are counseled to drink cranberry juice in order to?

lower the pH of the urine.

A patient recently diagnosed with glaucoma is to begin drug therapy with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. For which assessment(s) would the nurse need to contact the health care provider? (Select all that apply.)

Baseline electrolyte studies, weight, hydration data, vital signs, and mental status should be obtained before beginning drug therapy. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors should be held and the health care provider notified if the patient is pregnant or allergic to sulfonamides. If the patient is experiencing gastrointestinal symptoms, the medication should be administered with milk or food. Menopause is unrelated to the condition of glaucoma or its treatment. Elevated IOP levels are associated with glaucoma and are an expected condition. They do not need to be reported to the health care provider.

A patient taking rasagiline is assessed by the nurse to have a lasting significant increase in blood pressure. When reviewing the patient's current list of medications, the nurse decides to hold the next dose of:

Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic that inhibits the metabolism of rasagiline, significantly raising rasagiline serum levels and potentially causing significant hypertension. Dextromethorphan, levodopa, and Valium are not related to significant hypertensive changes when used in conjunction with rasagiline.

The nurse is educating a patient about a newly prescribed cholinergic agent. When relaying common adverse effects of this type of medication, the nurse will include information about: (Select all that apply.)

Conjunctival irritation and headache are common adverse effects of cholinergic agents. Salivation, hypotension, and bradycardia are systemic adverse effects of cholinergic agents and may indicate toxicity.

Cystitis

lower urinary tract infection frequently in females E.coli, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas

The nurse is preparing a patient for an ophthalmic examination. Which action occurs when the nurse instills eye drops to produce mydriasis?

Dilating the eye before eye examinations allows for better visualization of the interior of the globe. Anticholinergic drugs may produce drying of tears in the eye as an adverse effect of use. Obstruction of the canal of Schlemm results in glaucoma. Paralysis of the ciliary muscle is cycloplegia.

nasal congestion

Dilation of nasal blood vessels Due to infection, inflammation, allergy Transudation of fluid into tissue spaces Leads to swelling nasal cavity

What is the pharmacologic action of entacapone, a potent catechol O methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor?

Entacapone, a COMT inhibitor, reduces dopamine destruction in peripheral tissues. This significantly increases the amount of dopamine available to reach the brain. Entacapone, when used with carbidopa levodopa therapy, results in more constant dopaminergic stimulation. Entacapone is not effective when used alone. Entacapone does not affect the nerve cells, but blocks enzymes that break down levodopa. Parkinson's disease is characterized by a relative deficit of dopaminergic activity. Entacapone does not affect cholinergic symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease has which characteristic symptom(s)?

Symptoms of Parkinson's disease include muscle tremors, posture and equilibrium alterations, and slow body movement or bradykinesia. Muscle flaccidity is not a symptom of Parkinson's disease. Symptoms of Parkinson's disease do not include alterations in heart rate.

What information will the nurse include when teaching the patient and family about postoperative care for a trabeculectomy? (Select all that apply.)

The eye is easier to examine in some cases if the ciliary muscle is paralyzed. Surgery on the eye is easier when the ciliary muscle is paralyzed. Cycloplegic agents are used to paralyze the ciliary muscle in preparation for examination or surgery. Drugs that cause pupillary dilation are called mydriatic agents. Cycloplegic agents do not decrease the production of aqueous humor.

Tardive dyskinesia

a dystonic adverse effect of neuroleptic drugs such as phenothiazines. Akathisia, associated with neuroleptic drugs used in the treatment of mental disorders, is characterized by motor restlessness accompanied by increased nervous or restless movement. The syndrome may also occur when anti Parkinson drugs are reduced or discontinued.

Lithium Levels

a safe blood level 0.6 and 1.2

Lithium

affects the flow of sodium through nerve and muscle cells in the body. Sodium affects excitation or mania, used to treat manic symptoms include hyperactivity, rushed speech, poor judgement, reduced need for sleep, aggression and anger

antitussives

act on the cough control center in the medulla to suppress the cough reflex

Alpha-adrenergic blockers

action control or prevent elevation of IOP decrease production and improve outflow of aqueous humor examples apraclonidine, brimonidine burning, stinging, blurred vision, headache, corneal erosion, keratitis, dysrhythmias, asthma

expectorants

action lossens bronchial secretions by reducing surface tension of secretions use common cold side effects drowsiness, dizziness, irritability, nausea

Epinephrine

may be used to treat certain types of glaucoma.

Methenamine

bactericidal when urine is acidic Urine pH less than 5.5 Chronic UTI's effective for E.coli and P.aeruginose side effects nausea, vomiting, crystalluria, elevated hepatic enzymes avoid taking with sulfonamides, consume acidic foods/fluids

Nitrofurantoin

bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on susceptibility and concentration; inhibits DNA, RNA, protein and cell wall synthesis--effective gram positive, gram negative especially E. coli.

MAO inhibitors (MAOIs)

block the actions of monoamine oxidase enzymes. Monoamine oxidase enzymes are responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain. Low levels of these three neurotransmitters have been linked with depression and anxiety.

Pyelonephritis symptoms

chills, high fever, flank pain, painful urination, frequency, urgency, pyuria

GERD teaching and treatment

common stomach disorder is caused by the reflux of gastric secretions into the esophagus

Antihistamines

competes with histamine for receptor sites and prevents a histamine response- by blocking the H receptor sites, nasopharyngeal secretions and itching decreases

A patient receiving an expectorant. The nurse knows the drug is exerting its therapeutic effect when the patient experiences:

loosening of bronchial secretions

which medication is a first generation antihistamine?

diphenhydramine (benadryl)

antihistamine groups

first generation usually cause drowsiness, dry mouth dizziness, fatigue, blurred vision second generation usually have less drowsiness and usually have less anticholinergic symptoms

nursing interventions--diphenhydramine

give oral form of diphenhydramine with food to decrease gastric distress, warn the patient to avoid driving a motor vehicle and performing dangerous activities until stabilized on the drug, advise the patient to avoid alcohol and other CNS depressants, suggest use of sugarless candy gum, or ice chips for relief of mouth dryness

Fluoxetine

increased serum levels of these drugs monitor serum levels and individual for adverse effects

sinusitis

inflammation of the sinuses

Acute pharyngitis

inflammation of the throat

Nystagmus

involuntary, rhythmic, repeated oscillations of one or both eyes. The cause is unknown. It would be unrelated to chemical eye injury.

close-angle glaucoma

iris situated closed to drainage angle blocks trabecular network, excess aqueous humor cannot be drained

Guaifenesin

is a expectorant. helps loosen congestion in your chest and throat, making it easier to cough, reduces chest congestion Robitussin, mucinex

Atropine

is a mydriatic agent given to dilate the pupil.

Alzheimer Disease

is an irreversible progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills

Selegiline hydrochloride

is the hydrochloride

Which adverse effects associated with levodopa therapy would support the nursing diagnosis Risk for injury?

Orthostatic hypotension

What is the mechanism of action of osmotic agents when used to decrease IOP?

Osmotic agents elevate the osmotic pressure of the plasma, causing fluid from the extravascular spaces to be drawn into the blood. The effect on the eye is reduction of volume of intraocular fluid, which produces a decrease in IOP. Osmotic agents do not promote flow of aqueous humor into tear ducts, block production of aqueous humor, or decrease viscosity of tears.

Mannitol

osmotic diuretic is an osmotic diuretic given to decrease ocular pressure by drawing aqueous humor from the eye.

Urinary Tract Infection Symptoms

painful urination, urinary urgency, urinary frequency, fever, cloudy urine

A patient with an urinary tract infection is complaining of pain with urinations. The nurse would anticipate the patient's receiving

phenazopyridine

Treatment of glaucoma

prostaglandin analogues Beta-adrenergic blockers Alpha-adrenergic blockers Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors systemic hyperosmotic drugs

Which discharge instruction will the nurse include for a patient sent home from the clinic who is taking an adrenergic ophthalmic solution for an acute inflammation?

Adrenergic agents cause the smooth muscle of the ciliary body and iris to relax, producing mydriasis. Blurred vision will temporarily occur until the patient can adjust to the increased light coming into the eyes. Activities such as driving or operating machinery should be avoided until vision stabilizes. Sunglasses help reduce the brightness.

What point(s) should be included when teaching a patient about the use of apomorphine for treatment of Parkinson's disease? (Select all that apply.)

Apomorphine has no opioid activity, is commonly injected by a reusable multidose pen, and may cause nausea, vomiting, or sleepiness. Apomorphine brings temporary relief from hypomobility. Apomorphine must not be administered intravenously. It may crystallize in the vein and form a thrombus or embolism.

The nurse is assessing an older patient with Parkinson's disease who was started on entacapone 1 week ago. The patient has a history of coronary artery disease and takes an antihypertensive and aspirin. Which information would support the need for a reduction in medication dosage by the health care provider?

Dizziness is a symptom of orthostatic hypotension; dosages may need to be altered. Constipation is an expected adverse effect of this medication. Brownish orange urine is an expected adverse effect of this medication. Drowsiness is an expected adverse effect that occurs when therapy is initiated.

common cold

Etiology: rhinovirus Affects nasopharyngeal tract

The nurse is caring for a patient immediately following a right sided trabeculectomy. When positioning this patient, the nurse will encourage a _____ position.

Following right sided trabeculectomy, the patient is usually positioned on the back or on the unoperated side. Prone position, right side lying, and Trendelenburg positions are not recommended after a trabeculectomy.

The nurse is teaching a patient with Parkinson's disease about levodopa. Which statement by the nurse is accurate regarding drug administration?

Levodopa causes nausea, vomiting, and anorexia. Therefore, administration should be in divided doses with food or antacids to decrease gastrointestinal (GI) irritation. Levodopa should be taken with food. Levodopa must be taken on a regular schedule as prescribed to provide therapeutic results.

Mylicon

Mylicon (simethicone) is an over-the-counter (OTC) product that relieves the discomfort of infant gas frequently caused by air swallowing or certain formulas or foods. Mylicon belongs to a class of medications called gastrointestinal agents, which is used to relieve gas.

symptoms of common cold

Nasal congestion, nasal discharge, cough, increased mucosal secretions

The nurse is preparing to begin administration of apomorphine to a patient. Before administering, the nurse will perform a baseline assessment of the patient's:

Premedication assessment prior to apomorphine therapy should include baseline vital signs, patient's degree of mobility, alertness, and orientation to name, place, and time. It is not necessary to assess intellectual ability prior to apomorphine therapy.

Which vitamin will reduce the therapeutic effects of levodopa?

Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) will reduce the therapeutic effects of levodopa in oral doses of 5 to 10 mg or more. Generally, diets typically have less than 1 mg of vitamin B6 and therefore are not restricted. The ingredients in multivitamins, however, must be assessed. Vitamins A, C, and D do not affect therapy with levodopa.

What information will the nurse include when instructing a patient on the correct method of instilling eye drops? (Select all that apply.)

Separate medication sources should be used when an eye infection is present to avoid cross contamination. Washing of hands before and after instillation will prevent infection. The medication lid should not lie with the opening down on any surface. Any medications instilled into the eye should be sterile. The medication tip should not touch anything, including the eye, face, or fingers. Wipe the eye from the inner canthus outward.

A factory worker had a chemical inadvertently splashed into his right eye. An eyewash was used at the work site. Which nursing assessment(s) would be important to include? (Select all that apply.)

These assessments would also include subjective data such as pain, clarity, and acuity of vision; observation of any physical abnormalities of the eye or lid; pupil characteristics; drainage or excessive tearing; edema or redness; and interventions completed before arrival. Important nursing assessments would include the type and cause of injury and whether contacts or eyeglasses are worn.

What is the rationale for administering levodopa instead of dopamine for treatment of Parkinson's disease?

When administered orally, dopamine does not enter the brain. Levodopa does cross into the brain and is metabolized into dopamine. Dopamine is not available as an oral medication. The half life of levodopa is approximately 50 minutes; the half life of dopamine is approximately 4 days. Dopamine does not react with medications.

nursing diagnosis--diphenhydramine

airway clearance, ineffective related to nasal congestion planning: patient will have decreased nasal congestion, mucosal secretions, and cough

Cholinergic agents

also reduce IOP in glaucoma patients by widening the filtration angle that permits outflow of aqueous humor.

Nitrofurantoin side effects

anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea

Venlafaxine

antidepressant belonging to a group of drugs called selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

Isocarboxazid

antidepressant, inhibits the metabolism of dietary needs

Sertraline (Zoloft)

antidepressant/SSRI inhibits neuronal uptake of serotonin in CNS which counteracts depression and increases motivation--side effects anxiety, serotonin syndrome, suicidal thoughts

Halos

are a sign of acute closed angle glaucoma.

Glucocorticoids

are classes of corticosteroids which are a class of steroid hormones, bind to glucocorticoid receptor that is present in almost every vertebrate animal cell.

Nursing Process for Nitrofurantoin

assess the patient for evidence of UTI Monitor urine culture and sensitivity results

nursing diagnosis (common cold)

assessment determine whether patient has a of hypertension airway clearance, ineffective related to nasal congestion sleep deprivations related to chronic coughing planning patients cough will be eliminated or diminish

Which statement(s) about aqueous humor is/are true? (Select all that apply.)

Aqueous humor bathes and feeds the lens, posterior surface of the cornea, and iris. After it is formed, the fluid flows forward between the lens and the iris into the anterior chamber. Aqueous humor drains out of the eye through drainage channels located near the junction of the cornea and sclera. Aqueous humor drains into a meshwork leading into the canal of Schlemm and into the venous system of the eye.

Lansoprazole (how to take)

reduces the amount of acid on the stomach, swallow the capsule whole, do not crush, break, or chew it. contents can be mixed with apple, orange or tomato juice, refill the cup 2 more times with juice and drink the liquid to make sure all the medication is taken, follow orders

Antacids (how to take)

take 1 hours after eating or when you have heartburn, if you are taking them for symptoms at night, DO Not take with food. cannot treat more serious stomach ulcer, gallstones or bowel problems.

Amantadine HCL

to treat Parkinsons disease, also used to treat certain movements disorders caused by some drugs, works by restoring the balance of certain natural substances

Paroxetine HCl

trade name HCl anxiety, panic disorder, depression obsessive compulsive disorder

albuterol (inhalation)

trade names proventil, ventolin

when teaching a patient about use of nasal decongestant sprays, the nurse informs the patient that they are most effective when administered for how many days?

4 days-use of nasal decongestants for longer than 5 days can cause rebound

The nurse is providing information to a patient recently prescribed entacapone. Which statement is correct?

Dosage must be adjusted according to the patient's response and tolerance. Entacapone may be added to carbidopa levodopa therapy to prolong the activity of the dopamine by slowing its rate of metabolism. Entacapone may increase the adverse dopaminergic effects of levodopa. Entacapone does not increase the production of dopamine in the brain.

nasal decongestants (affects)

stimulate alpha-adrenergic receptors produces nasal vascular constriction shrinks nasal mucous membranes reduces nasal secretion use allergic rhinitis, hay fever, acute coryza

ophthalmic decongestants

stimulate alpha-adrenergic receptors in arterioles of conjunctiva narrowing blood vessels and decreasing congestion may have systemic absorption Phenylephrine, naphazoline, tetrahydrozoline contraindication-angle-closure glaucoma

The nurse is teaching an older adult patient about guaifenesin. Which information is appropriate to include in this teaching? .

take the drug with a glass of water read labels on over-the-counter drugs and check with health care provider before taking cold remedies.

Tolterodine Tartrate

use control an overactive bladder, decrease urge and urinary incontinence side effects: headache, dizziness, confusion, blurred vision, dysphonia, peripheral edema, elevated hepatic enzymes, dry mouth, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain Contraindication-narrow-angle glaucoma, hepatic impairment

diagnostic stains

use locate extraocular lesions or foreign objects evaluate dry eyes or extraocular changes allow more thorough examination fluorescein sodium, rose Bengal, lissamine green

Beta-adrenergic blockers

use-open angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension action-reduce IOP by decreasing production of aqueous humor Examples-carteolol, levobunolol, timolol eye discomfort, miosis, bronchoconstriction, bradycardia, av heart block, heart failure

Antinflammatories (eyes)

Corticosteroids (dexamethasone, prednisolone) Cyclosporine Ophthalmic NSAIDs (diclofenac, ketorolac)

The nurse is providing education to a patient recently placed on selegiline disintegrating tablets. Which statement by the patient indicates a need for further teaching?

Selegiline orally disintegrating tablets should be taken in the morning before breakfast, without liquid. This medication is used to slow the development of symptoms and progression of disease. Constipation is a common adverse effect that may require the use of stool softeners. Patients should not attempt to push selegiline orally disintegrating tablets through the foil backing. Patients should peel back the backing of one or two blisters (as prescribed) with dry hands and gently remove the tablet(s).

Dopamine agonists have been linked with which adverse effects in patients with Parkinson's disease?

Sleep episodes have been reported with the dopamine agonists bromocriptine, pergolide, pramipexole, and ropinirole. These are described as "sleep attacks," including daytime sleep. Oculogyric crisis is an adverse effect of neuroleptic drugs such as phenothiazines.

hat is the purpose of administering a cycloplegic agent? (Select all that apply.)

The eye is easier to examine in some cases if the ciliary muscle is paralyzed. Surgery on the eye is easier when the ciliary muscle is paralyzed. Cycloplegic agents are used to paralyze the ciliary muscle in preparation for examination or surgery. Drugs that cause pupillary dilation are called mydriatic agents. Cycloplegic agents do not decrease the production of aqueous humor.

oxybutynin

action-direct action on smooth muscles to relieve spasms side effects-drowsiness, dizziness blurred vision, tachycardia dry mouth, GI distress, constipation Contraindication-avoid in glaucoma, GI, or urinary obstruction

Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole

acute and chronic UTIs side effects headache, dizziness, nervousness, insomnia photosensitivity, GI distress, crystalluria, clostridium difficile, elevated hepatic enzymes, seizures, hyperkalemia, torsades de pointes

which statement about dextromethorphan does the nurse identify as being true?

it suppresses the cough center of the medulla. dextromethorphan, a nonnarcotic antitussive, suppresses the cough center in the medulla but does not depress respiration. it causes neither physical dependence nor tolerance

which statement about benzonatate does the nurse identify as being true?

it suppresses the cough center of the medulla