Pharmacology final

Which of the following classes of CV drugs is associated with gingival enlargement?

Calcium channel blockers

Oral adverse effects of chronic use of inhaled corticosteroids include which of the following?

Candidiasis

Which anticonvulsant agent is commonly prescribed for trigeminal neuralgia?

Carbamazepine

Which of the following agents can cause blood dyscrasias which may lead to clotting disturbances (petechiae) and compromised immune functions (infections)?

Carbamazepine

Which of the following side effects is the most serious side effect associated with the use of tricyclic antidepressants?

Cardiac toxicity

All are general adverse reactions of antiepileptic medications except which of the following?

Central nervous system excitation

All of these medication groups are used in treatment of asthma except which of the following?

Cholinergic agents

Which is the most difficult aspect of treating patients with seizure disorders with regard to their medications?

Chronic toxicity & multiple drug interactions

An example of a cell-cycle nonspecific antineoplastic agent is:

Cisplatin

Which of the following oral antidiabetic agents is a bile-acid sequestrant used to lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol?

Colesevelam (Welchol)

Which of the following choices is a disease or condition produced by an excess of adrenocorticosteroids?

Cushing syndrome

Which risks or special precautions occur when women take antibiotics concomitantly with oral contraceptives?

Decreased effectiveness of oral contraceptive

The drug group of choice for the treatment of status epilepticus seizures is parenteral (IV)

Diazepam (Valium)

Excessive salivation is a sign of toxicity for which of the following agents?

Digoxin

The conventional (first-generation) antipsychotics are primarily ______________ antagonists

Dopamine

What is the drug of choice for treatment of absence seizures?

Ethosuximide

Patients taking conventional antipsychotics can experience severe intermittent TMJ pain. This pain is a consequence of

Extrapyramidal side effects

Leuprolide (GnRH) is used to treat:

Fertility problems

Conventional (first-generation) antipsychotics would have little effect on which of the following symptoms of psychosis?

Flat affect

What is the primary use of adrenocorticosteroids in dentistry

For treatment of oral lesions associated with inflammatory diseases

Which commonly prescribed diuretic is known as a "loop diuretic" because it acts at the ascending loop of Henle to cause rapid diuresis?

Furosemide

Which gastrointestinal disease is the most prevalent among the U.S. population?

GERD

All are oral adverse effects associated with antineoplastic agents except which of the following?

Gingival enlargement

Gingival enlargement may occur in what percentage of chronic users of phenytoin?

Gingival enlargement may occur in what percentage of chronic users of phenytoin?

Which would be the most appropriate action if the diabetic dental patient is having an adverse reaction and the dental professional is unable to distinguish if it is an insulin reaction (hypoglycemia) or hyperglycemia?

Give small amounts of sugar orally to the conscious patient.

Which of the following pancreatic hormones promotes an increase in blood glucose levels?

Glucagon

Which is the most accurate measure of the patients' glucose control?

Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c

In the last decade it has been determined that most gastric or duodenal ulcers are related to the bacterium __________ ______________.

Helicobacter pylori

Systemically administered steroids are often effective in the treatment of oral lesions caused by all except which of the following conditions?

Herpes simplex

Which of the following is not usually a symptom of adverse reactions caused by bone marrow suppression?

High blood pressure

Calcium channel blockers may be prescribed for each of the below conditions except one. Which one is the exception?

Hyperlipidemia

Estrogens can be used to treat all except which of the following conditions?

Hypertension

Which of the following is the most common cardiovascular disease in the U.S.?

Hypertension

Interaction of MAOIs with many drugs such as amphetamines, and with foods such as wines, cheese, and fish, can cause

Hypertensive crisis

What is the most common adverse reaction associated with insulin?

Hypoglycemic reaction

Diuretics can cause loss of potassium, known as __________________, which can predispose a patient to serious arrhythmias.

Hypokalemia

The use of NTG is contraindicated if sildenafil (Viagra) has been administered within the last 24 hours. This is because interaction of these drugs can cause:

Hypotension

All except which of the following are important considerations in the management of dental patients taking steroids?

Hypotension may occur, especially with high mineralocorticoid action.

Digitalis glycosides (digoxin, Lanoxin):

Increase contractility of the heart

Adverse drug reactions of corticosteroids include all except which of the following?

Increased resistance to infections

The most common use of the corticosteroids in both medicine and dentistry is in:

Inflammatory and allergic conditions

Which is the primary mechanism of most antineoplastic agents?

Inhibiting rapidly growing cells

MI refers to:

Injury or necrosis of the heart muscle resulting from a heart attack

All are oral antidiabetic agents except which of the following?

Insulin aspart (Novolog)

Which of the following choices is recommended for the treatment of hypoglycemia if the patient is unconscious and lacks a swallowing reflex?

Intravenous dextrose (glucose)

Essential, or primary hypertension is:

Is usually related to genetic and/or environmental factors

Which of the following drugs does not have antiemetic properties?

Kaolin (Kaopectate)

Many drugs have a potential to be abused. Certain gastrointestinal drugs such as emetics and _______________ have been abused by patients with ___________.

Laxatives, bulimia

The following normal tissues are especially susceptible to the actions of antineoplastic drugs except for one. Which one is the exception?

Liver

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are used to treat which of the following?

Major depression

When an allergic reaction occurs, ___________ degranulate and release histamine

Mast cells

Antitussives are used in symptomatic relief of

Nonproductive cough

The posterior pituitary secretes:

Oxytocin

__________, which is administered either by injection or intranasally, is used to induce labor, control postpartum hemorrhage, and induce postpartum lactation.

Oxytocin (Pitocin, Syntocinon)

Researchers have discovered a relationship between an oral condition and both cardiovascular disease and stroke. What is this dental condition?

Periodontal disease

Fetal hydantoin syndrome is associated with maternal ingestion of

Phenytoin

Which anticonvulsant medication has been known to cause both osteomalacia and gingival enlargement?

Phenytoin

Which below is most likely a 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitor used to treat hyperlipidemia?

Pravastatin

Which of the following conditions is an absolute contraindication to dental treatment until a consultation with the patient's physician has determined any special alterations that might be warranted? Select one:

Recent myocardial infarction within the preceding 3 months

Antidepressant agents that inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine are classified as

SNRIs

Which of the following psychiatric disorders involves a loss of the perception of reality

Schizophrenia

Which of the following symptoms is the most common side effect associated with the older, first-generation antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?

Sedation

What is the first line of defense for an intermittent asthma attack?

Short-acting β2 agonists

Seizures characterized by a duration lasting longer than 30 minutes are called

Status epilepticus

The most important drug interaction of the anticonvulsants involves

Stimulation of hepatic microsomal enzymes

Which of the following medications is indicated for the palliative treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women?

Tamoxifen

An irreversible adverse drug reaction of first-generation antipsychotics causing involuntary, repetitive movements of the tongue, face, and jaw is termed

Tardive dyskinesia

One concern of the dental health care worker is thrombocytopenia in patients undergoing antineoplastic therapy because this can lead to an increased risk of infections.

The first part of the statement is true, the second part is false

Management of normal breathing function is best achieved with treatment of short-acting β2 agonists, and no danger of overuse of these medications has been found.

The first part of the statement is true; the second part is false

Type I and Type II diabetics are at higher risk for caries. This risk is primarily attributed to a higher amount of glucose in their saliva.

The first statement is true, the second statement is false

Which of the following statements is true concerning epilepsy?

The majority of epileptic patients have idiopathic epilepsy

Which of the following statements is true concerning oral surgical procedures for the adult patient with diabetes?

The procedure should be performed 1 to 2 hours after breakfast and patient should have taken regular diabetes medication.

A patient experiencing tonic-clonic seizures should be managed by:

Tilting the patient's head to one side to prevent aspiration

Human menopausal gonadotropin containing follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone is commercially available as menotropins (Pergonal). What is the primary use of this preparation?

To treat infertility by stimulating ovarian follicle development

Osteonecrosis of the jaw is most likely to occur after which of the following dental procedures?

Tooth extraction

Treatment of aphthous ulcers or stomatitis is usually accomplished with which of the following topical corticosteroids?

Triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog in Orabase)

Insulin resistance is more associated with which type of diabetes mellitus?

Type II

Which of the following agents interferes with platelets?

Valproate

Why do most patients with cardiovascular disease benefit from the use of local anesthetics containing vasoconstrictors?

Vasoconstrictor use promotes pain management, reducing the release of endogenous epinephrine.

Which classes of drugs are considered to be antidiarrheal drugs? Select one:

both opioids and adsorbants

Gingival enlargement may occur in what percentage of chronic users of phenytoin?

50%

More and more cases of type II diabetes are being reported in persons younger than 20 years old because of:

A much more sedentary lifestyle and lack of exercise

Many _____________ end in the suffix -pril.

ACEIs

What is a deficiency of adrenocorticosteroids called?

Addison's disease

Endogenous adrenocorticosteroids are released from the:

Adrenal cortex

What is the most serious, life-threatening, risk to the patient who has been on long-term corticosteroids during a stressful dental appointment?

Adrenal crisis

The following symptoms are "negative" (passive) symptoms of psychoses except one. Which one is the exception?

Agitation

Which treatments can provide temporary relief from the symptoms of oral mucositis?

All of these can provide relief

Which below is a major male sex hormone?

Androgen

Nitroglycerine (NTG) is used for what cardiovascular disease?

Angina pectoris

All of these medications are used for treatment of GERD except which of the following?

Antibiotics

The term _______________ refers to agents that are H1-blockers

Antihistamine

Increases in estrogen and progestin levels are most associated with which oral lesion?

Aphthous stomatitis

A patient has a cardiovascular disorder for which a physician prescribes the local anesthetic drug lidocaine. What might this cardiovascular disorder be?

Arrhythmia

Which of the following agents has the most serious drug interaction with warfarin?

Aspirin

Ideally, the appointment should be scheduled _______________ chemotherapy when providing oral care from patients on antineoplastic agents.

Before starting

Expectorants are drugs that destroy or dissolve mucus from the respiratory passages. Mucolytics promote the removal of exudate or mucus

Both statements are false

What is the action of sympathomimetic or adrenergic agonists in treatment of respiratory diseases?

Bronchodilation by β2 receptors of lungs

Insulin is usually administered:

By subcutaneous injection