Pharmacology Lec Exam 2 (all online quizzes and kahoot ) Set #2

Which of the following represents clinical manifestations of heart failure? Select one or more: a. orthopnea (trouble breathing when lying down) b. fever c. edema d. dyspnea e. anxiety

Which of the following represents clinical manifestations of heart failure? Select one or more: a. orthopnea (trouble breathing when lying down) Correct c. edema Correct d. dyspnea Correct e. anxiety Correct

Which of the following actions by the nurse is most important when caring for a patient with renal disease who has an order for furosemide (Lasix)? 1. Assess urine output and renal laboratory values for signs of nephrotoxicity. 2. Check the specific gravity of the urine daily. 3. Eliminate potassium-rich foods from the diet. 4. Encourage the patient to void every 4 hours.

1

The nurse is reviewing the laboratory reports for a client with chronic kidney failure. Which lab should the nurse understand reflects the progression of the kidney disease? 1. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 2. Serum creatinine 3. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 4. Urinalysis As kidney disease progresses, the level of ______________________ in the blood rises.

1 creatinine

Which of the following assessment findings in a patient who is receiving atenolol (Tenormin) for angina would be cause for the nurse to hold the drug and contact the provider? (Select all that apply.) 1. Heart rate of 50 beats/minute 2. Heart rate of 124 beats/minute 3. Blood pressure 156/88 4. Tinnitus and vertigo

1 atenolol (Tenormin)- slows HR even more

The kidneys function as metabolic and endocrine organs. Match the name of the hormone secreted by the kidneys with the function. 1.Sends message to bone marrow to make more red blood cells 2.Sends message to vessel barareceptors to constrict and to get some aldosterone into bloodstream 3.Sends message to parathryoid gland to move calcium from bone into bloodstream

1. erythropoietin 2.renin 3. calcitriol

Angina occurs when the heart cells (myocytes) are not receiving enough oxygen. When muscle cells and tissue feel deprived of oxygen, anaerobic metabolism takes over and lactic acid accumulates, leading to PAIN. (Analogy - burning in quadriceps muscle when performing leg extension with weights). Indicate below whether the patient is having stable or unstable angina. 1. The patient with chest pain lies down and takes a sublingual nitroglycerin. The pain persists. 2. The patient wakes up at 4A from a deep sleep with chest pain and diaeresis (sweating). 3. The patient is in the middle of sexual relations with a new girlfriend and starts to have chest pain. 4. The patient gets in a big fight with a spouse and becomes very emotional. During that time, the patient develops chest pain and nausea. 5. The patient with chest pain takes a sublingual nitroglycerin tablet and the chest pain subsides. 6. The patient has chest pain that comes and goes throughout the day for no particular reason.

1. unstable 2. unstable 3. stable 4. stable 5. stable 6. unstable

Erectile dysfunction drugs such as sildenafil (Viagra) are contraindicated in patients taking nitrates for angina. What is the primary concern with concurrent administration of these drugs? 1. They contain nitrates, resulting in an overdose. 2. They also decrease blood pressure through vasodilation and may result in prolonged and severe hypotension when combined with nitrates. 3. They will adequately treat the patient's angina as well as erectile dysfunction. 4. They will increase the possibility of nitrate tolerance developing and should be avoided unless other drugs can be used.

2

The nurse is providing teaching to a patient who has been prescribed furosemide (Lasix). Which of the following should the nurse teach the patient? 1. Avoid consuming large amounts of kale, cauliflower, or cabbage. 2. Rise slowly from a lying or sitting position to standing. 3. Count the pulse for one full minute before taking this medication. 4. Restrict fluid intake to no more than 1 L per 24-hour period.

2

The nurse reviews laboratory studies of a patient receiving digoxin (Lanoxin). Intervention by the nurse is required if the results include which of the following laboratory values? 1. Serum digoxin level of 1.2 ng/dL 2. Serum potassium level of 3 mEq/L 3. Hemoglobin of 14.4 g/dL 4. Serum sodium level of 140 mEq/L

2

The nurse suspects a client receiving chlorothiazide (Diuril) is experiencing side effects from the prescription. Which assessment finding supports the nurse's suspicion? 1.Ataxia and frequent diarrhea 2.Serum potassium level of 3.0 mEq/L and low blood pressure 3.Serum sodium level of 160 mEq/L and headaches 4.Mental confusion and dependent edema

2

The patient is being discharged with nitroglycerin (Nitrostat) for sublingual use. While planning patient education, what instruction will the nurse include? 1. "Swallow three tablets immediately for pain and call 911." 2. "Put one tablet under your tongue for chest pain. If pain does not subside, call 911." 3. "Call your health care provider when you have chest pain. He will tell you how many tablets to take." 4. "Place three tablets under your tongue and call 911."

2

The patient is taking atenolol (Tenormin) and doxazosin (Cardura). What is the rationale for combining two antihypertensive drugs? 1. The blood pressure will decrease faster. 2. Lower doses of both drugs may be given with fewer adverse effects. 3. There is less daily medication dosing. 4. Combination therapy will treat the patient's other medical conditions.

2

Which general adverse effect is associated with the use of diuretics? 1.Constipation 2.Orthostatic hypotension 3.Weight gain 4.Hypertension

2

Nitroglycerin patches have been ordered for a patient with a history of angina. What teaching will the nurse give to this patient? 1. Keep the patches in the refrigerator. 2. Use the patches only if the chest pain is severe. 3. Remove the old patch and wipe off site before applying new patch 4. Apply the patch only to the upper arm or thigh areas.

3

The patient has been given a prescription of furosemide (Lasix) as an adjunct to treatment of hypertension and returns for a follow-up check. Which of the following is the most objective data for determining the therapeutic effectiveness of the furosemide? 1. Absence of edema in lower extremities 2. Weight loss of 13 kg (6 lb) 3. Blood pressure log notes blood pressure 134/88 to 120/70 mmHg since discharge 4. Frequency of voiding of at least six times per day

3

The patient is prescribed digoxin (Lanoxin) for treatment of HF. Which of the following statements by the patient indicates the need for further teaching? 1. "I may notice my heart rate decrease." 2. "I may feel tired during early treatment." 3. "This drug should cure my heart failure." 4. "My energy level should gradually improve."

3

Which is the client at risk for that is receiving spironolactone (Aldactone)? 1.Pancytopenia 2.Aplastic anemia 3.Hyperkalemia 4.Hyponatremia

3

Which of the following clinical manifestations may indicate that the patient taking metolazone (Zaroxolyn) is experiencing hypokalemia? 1. Hypertension 2. Polydipsia 3. Cardiac dysrhythmias 4. Skin rash

3

While planning for a patient's discharge from the hospital, which of the following teaching points would be included for a patient going home with a prescription for chlorothiazide (Diuril)? 1. Increase fluid and salt intake to make up for the losses caused by the drug. 2. Increase intake of vitamin-C rich foods such as grapefruit and oranges. 3. Report muscle cramping or weakness to the health care provider. 4. Take the drug at night because it may cause drowsiness.

3

A patient has hypokalemia when serum potassium level is below _______ meq/L A patient has hyperkalemia when the serum potassium is above _________ meq/L

3 5

What health teaching should the nurse provide for the patient receiving nadolol (Corgard)? 1. Increase fluids and fiber to prevent constipation. 2. Report a weight gain of 1 kg per month or more. 3. Immediately stop taking the medication if sexual dysfunction occurs. 4. Rise slowly after prolonged periods of sitting or lying down.

4

A patient with a history of heart failure will be started on spironolactone (Aldactone). Which of the following drug groups should not be used, or used with extreme caution in patients taking potassium-sparing diuretics? explain. 1. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 2. Corticosteroids 3. Loop diuretics 4. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers

4 ACE inhibitors/ARBS can cause hyperkalemia

Lasix lasts how many hours? QAM? QHS?

6 hours every morning every hour of sleep

A diuretic is a drug that increases the rate of urine flow. The goal of most diuretic therapy is to reverse abnormal fluid retention by the body. Excretion of excess fluid from the body is particularly desirable in which of the following conditions: Select one or more: a. hypertension b. dehydration c. heart failure d. kidney failure e. dementia f. pulmonary edema

A diuretic is a drug that increases the rate of urine flow. The goal of most diuretic therapy is to reverse abnormal fluid retention by the body. Excretion of excess fluid from the body is particularly desirable in which of the following conditions: Select one or more: a. hypertension Correct c. heart failure Correct d. kidney failure Correct f. pulmonary edema Correct

A patient with renal failure would have which of the following problems? Select one or more: a. hypertension b. fatigue c. anemia d. fluid overload e. hypokalemia

A patient with renal failure would have which of the following problems? Select one or more: a. hypertension b. fatigue c. anemia d. fluid overload

Although weakening of cardiac muscle is a natural consequence of aging, the process can be caused or accelerated by which of the following: Select one or more: a. mitral valve stenosis b. coronary artery disease c. diabetes d. hypertension e. diuresis (excess production of urine)

Although weakening of cardiac muscle is a natural consequence of aging, the process can be caused or accelerated by which of the following: Select one or more: a. mitral valve stenosis Correct b. coronary artery disease Correct c. diabetes Correct d. hypertension Correct

Diuretics are classified into three major groups and one miscellaneous group based on differences in their chemical structures and mechanism of action. Match the name of the drug with the pharmacological classification. 1.Acts by blocking Na in the distal tubule. Because most Na has already been reabsorbed from the filtrate by the time it reaches the distal tubule, there is less diuresis 2.Act by preventing the reabsorption of Na in the loop of Henle. Leads to a large amount of urine output. Watch for hypokalemia! 3.Acts on late distal tubule. Blocks aldosterone. Watch for hyperkalemia! 4.Drugs such as Mannitol. Also includes drugs for glaucoma. Acts early on in the proximal tubule leading to large amount of fluid and electrolyte loss. name 2

Diuretics are classified into three major groups and one miscellaneous group based on differences in their chemical structures and mechanism of action. Match the name of the drug with the pharmacological classification. 1. thiazide diuretics 2. loop diuretics 3. potassium sparing diuretics 4. miscellaneous diuretics - carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - osmotic diuretics

Diuretics are useful for lowering blood pressure, decreasing the workload of the heart, and relieving pulmonary edema. However, there are several adverse effects. Which of the following would be adverse effects from diuretic use? Select one or more: a. dehydration b. hypokalemia (exception=spironalactone) c. confusion d. orthostatic hypotension e. nausea f. sodium loss

Diuretics are useful for lowering blood pressure, decreasing the workload of the heart, and relieving pulmonary edema. However, there are several adverse effects. Which of the following would be adverse effects from diuretic use? Select one or more: a. dehydration Correct b. hypokalemia (exception=spironalactone) Correct d. orthostatic hypotension Correct f. sodium loss Correct

The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. Select one: True False

False

Hypoperfusion is the number one reason for acute renal failure. To correct this type of renal failure, the cause of the hypoperfusion must be quickly identified and corrected. Which of the following problems can lead to acute renal failure? Select one or more: a. dehydration b. hemorrhage c. renal artery thrombus d. heart failure e. diabetes with consistent blood sugars above 140mg/dL f. hypertension with blood pressures over 140 systolic and 90 diastolic

Hypoperfusion is the number one reason for acute renal failure. To correct this type of renal failure, the cause of the hypoperfusion must be quickly identified and corrected. Which of the following problems can lead to acute renal failure? Select one or more: a. dehydration Correct yes, due to loss of cardiac output b. hemorrhage Correct yes, due to loss of cardiac output c. renal artery thrombus Correct clot in renal artery impairs blood flow to glomerulus d. heart failure Correct yes, because heart not pumping adequately to get fluid to the glomerulus

In what way can drugs relieve the consequences of heart failure? Select one or more: a. Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) b. Reduction of preload c. Stimulating the kidneys to secrete renin d. Stimulating the central nervous system e. Reduction of afterload

In what way can drugs relieve the consequences of heart failure? Select one or more: a. Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) Correct b. Reduction of preload Correct e. Reduction of afterload Correct

Many classes of drugs are used to treat heart failure. Match the drug classification with the description. : ACE inhibitor (lisinopril), diuretic (furosemide), beta adrenergic blocker (metoprolol), cardio glycoside (digoxin), vasodilator (hydralazine) 1. Acts by reducing sympathetic stimulation of the heart, thus decreasing cardiac workload 2. Acts quickly to get rid of extra circulating fluid, especially IV formulations, to bring symptomatic relief to patients within minutes. 3. Lowers peripheral resistance (decrease blood pressure) and inhibits aldosterone secretion (reduce blood volume). 4. By increasing myocardial contractility, it directly increases cardiac output, thus alleviating symptoms of HF 5. Acts directly to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. Hydralazine acts on arterioles. It is an effective anti-hypertensive drug.

Many classes of drugs are used to treat heart failure. Match the drug classification with the description. 1. beta-adrenergic blocker 2. diuretic (furosemide) 3. ACE inhibitor (lisinopril) 4. cardio glycoside (digoxin) 5. vasodilator (hydralizine)

Match the following lab values with kidney tests: potassium, GFR, serum sodium, urine specific gravity, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen A) 1.005-1.030 - this value measures the kidney's ability to regulate fluid balance. It will be high when patient is dehydrated and low when patient has had a lot to drink. B) more than 60mL/min - this value is the best, most specific indicator of how the kidneys are functioning. The value will go down as the kidneys lose their ability to filter waste products. C) 135-145meq/L - this value will go up when patient dehydrated and will go down when patient has had too much water. It gets lost when patient has diuretic D) 0.5-1.5mg/dL - this value will always be high when kidneys are failing E) 3.5-5.3 meq/L - this value must be within normal range or patient will have heart conduction problems. It will go down when patient has loop diuretic or thiazide diuretic. F) 5-25mg/dl - this value will go up when patient is dehydrated or when kidneys are failing

Match the following lab values with kidney tests. A) urine specific gravity B) glomerular filtration rate C) serum sodium D)serum creatinine E) potassium F) blood urea nitrogen

Select the clinical manifestations of cardiac ischemia. Select one or more: a. chest pain b. bradycardia c. confusion d. dyspnea e. confusion f. pain in left arm

Select one or more: a. chest pain Correct c. confusion Correct d. dyspnea Correct e. confusion Correct f. pain in left arm Correct

The goal of medications to treat or prevent heart attack are to decrease workload of the heart and increase perfusion. beta-adrenergic blocker (metaprolol), nitrates (nitroglycerin), calcium channel blockers (diltiazem) There are 3 classes of drugs used to treat angina/acute coronary syndrome/heart attack. Match the description with the prototype drug. 1. Relaxes arteriolar smooth muscle, thus lowering blood pressure. This reduction in afterload decreases myocardial oxygen demand. 2. Decreases workload of heart by slowing the rate and decreasing the force of contraction 3. Increases perfusion to the heart by dilating coronary arteries and veins. Can take effect immediately.

The goal of medications to treat or prevent heart attack are to decrease workload of the heart and increase perfusion. There are 3 classes of drugs used to treat angina/acute coronary syndrome/heart attack. Match the description with the prototype drug. 1. calcium channel blockers (diltiazem) 2. beta-adrenergic blocker (metaprolol) 3. nitrates (nitroglycerin)

The nurse has completed the dietary teaching for a client prescribed spironolactone (Aldactone). Which statement made by the client indicates further teaching is required? Select one: a. "I can still have orange juice, bananas, and apricots for breakfast." b. "I usually eat an apple a day to stay regular." c. "I am really happy that I can have cranberry juice." d. "I love to eat eggs and toast in the morning."

The nurse has completed the dietary teaching for a client prescribed spironolactone (Aldactone). Which statement made by the client indicates further teaching is required? Select one: a. "I can still have orange juice, bananas, and apricots for breakfast." Correct

The nurse is preparing the education for a client prescribed chlorothiazide (Diuril). Which information should the nurse include in the teaching? Select one: a. Assessment of blood glucose daily b. Consumption of foods high in potassium c. Daily weights with a report of a gain of more than 1 pound in 24 hours d. Report change in hearing

The nurse is preparing the education for a client prescribed chlorothiazide (Diuril). Which information should the nurse include in the teaching? b. Consumption of foods high in potassium Correct

The primary means by which antianginal drugs work is to reduce the myocardial demand for oxygen. This may be accomplished by the following mechanisms: Select one or more: a. Lowering blood pressure b. Dilating veins c. Slowing down the breathing d. Slowing the heart rate e. Raising the temperature

The primary means by which antianginal drugs work is to reduce the myocardial demand for oxygen. This may be accomplished by the following mechanisms: Select one or more: a. Lowering blood pressure Correct b. Dilating veins Correct d. Slowing the heart rate Correct

Select the statement below that best describes cardiac afterload: Select one: a. It's the pressure the ventricles must work against to open the semilunar valves so blood can be pumped out of the heart. b. It's the volume the ventricles must work against to pump blood out of the body. c. It's the volume amount that fills the ventricles at the end of diastole. d. It's the amount of blood the left ventricle pumps per beat.

a. It's the pressure the ventricles must work against to open the semilunar valves so blood can be pumped out of the heart. Correct

Stroke volume plays an important part in cardiac output. Select all the factors below that influence stroke volume: Select one or more: a. Preload b. Blood pressure c. Contractility d. Heart rate e. Afterload

a. Preload Correct c. Contractility Correct e. Afterload Correct

What conditions below can result in an increased cardiac afterload? Select all that apply: Select one or more: a. Pulmonary Hypertension b. Vasodilation c. Dehydration d. Aortic stenosis (narrowing) e. Vasoconstriction

a. Pulmonary Hypertension Correct d. Aortic stenosis Correct e. Vasoconstriction Correct

Which of the following organs/systems are affected by hypertension? Select one or more: a. kidneys b. retina in the eye c. the heart itself d. the brain e. colon f. lungs

a. kidneys Correct: glomerulus in the kidney is sensitive to pressure b. retina in the eye Correct c. the heart itself Correct: yes, because it gets bigger and demands more oxygen d. the brain Correct: HTN can lead to stroke

What two factors are used to calculate cardiac output? Select all that apply: Select one or more: a. Mean arterial pressure b. Heart rate c. Blood pressure d. Stoke volume

b. Heart rate Correct d. Stoke volume Correct

Which treatments below would decrease cardiac preload? Select all that apply: Select one or more: a. IV fluid bolus b. Nitroglycerin c. furosemide (Lasix) d. Norepinephrine

b. Nitroglycerin Correct c. furosemide (Lasix) Correct

Select non-pharmacological methods to prevent or reduce high blood pressure. Select one or more: a. adding a 2nd major to the nursing major b. increasing fruits and vegetables in the diet c. drinking a 6-pack of beer daily d. exercising at least 150 minutes per week e. maintaining weight between 18-25% body mass index f. smoking cessation g. refraining from coffee consumption

b. increasing fruits and vegetables in the diet Correct d. exercising at least 150 minutes per week Correct e. maintaining weight between 18-25% body mass index Correct f. smoking cessation Correct

A patient has a blood pressure of 220/140. The physician prescribes a vasodilator. This medication will? Select one: a. Decrease the patient's blood pressure and increase cardiac afterload. b. Decrease the patient's blood pressure and increase cardiac preload. c. Decrease the patient's blood pressure and decrease cardiac afterload. d. Increase the patient's blood pressure but decrease cardiac output.

c. Decrease the patient's blood pressure and decrease cardiac afterload Correct

Which statement below best describes the term cardiac preload? Select one: a. The strength of the myocardial cells to shorten with each beat b. The pressure the ventricles must work against to pump blood out of the heart. c. The amount the ventricles stretch at the end of diastole d. The pressure the ventricles stretch at the end of systole.

c. The amount the ventricles stretch at the end of diastole Correct

Select factors that lead to high blood pressure (HTN). Select one or more: a. body temperature b. respiratory rate c. cardiac output (stroke volume x heart rate) d. oxygen saturation e. peripheral vascular resistance

c. cardiac output (stroke volume x heart rate) Correct e. peripheral vascular resistance Correct

___________ is the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle with each beat. Select one: a. Cardiac output b. Preload c. Afterload d. Stroke volume

d. Stroke volume Correct cardiac output= SV X HR

A patient with hypovolemic shock is given IV fluids. IV fluids will help _________ cardiac output by: Select one: a. decrease; decreasing preload b. increase, decreasing afterload c. decrease, increasing contractility d. increase, increasing preload

d. increase, increasing preload Correct

hypertrophy -pril

enlargement of muscles ACE inhibitor

Drugs that increase contractility are called negative inotropic agents. Examples include epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormone, and dopamine. Select one: True False

false

Prescribing two antihypertensives from different drug classes results in additive or synergistic blood pressure reduction and is common practice when managing resistant HTN. The advantage of using two drugs is that higher doses of each may be used, resulting in fewer side effects and better patient compliance with the therapy Select one: True False

false

The pain associated with unstable angina is typically relieved by rest. Select one: True False

false

The systolic pressure is the bottom number of the blood pressure reading, and it represents the pressure in the veins as the blood returns to the heart. Select one: True False

false

When giving beta adrenergic blockers, the nurse should assess pulse and blood pressure. The nurse should not give the med if the patient's pulse is above 60 beats per minute or if the patient is hypertensive. Select one: True False

false

Parasympathetic nerves from the vasomotor center stimulate alpha -adrenergic receptors on peripheral arterioles, causing vasoconstriction. Select one: True False

false Parasympathetic NS causes vasodilation (relaxing state)

Although many different diuretics are available for HTN, all produce a similar outcome: the reduction of blood volume through the urinary excretion of water and electrolytes. Electrolytes are ions such as sodium (Na ), calcium (Ca ), chloride (Cl ), and potassium (K ) and multivitamins. Select one: True False

false multivitamins not a ion.

The most frequent cause of acute renal failure is renal ______________________, the lack of sufficient blood flow through the kidneys. True or false?

hypoperfusion true

The nurse is caring for a patient with chronic stable angina who is receiving isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil). Which of the following are common adverse effects of isosorbide? 1. Flushing and headache 2. Tremors and anxiety 3. Sleepiness and lethargy 4. Light-headedness and dizziness

organic nitrate 4

Match the kidney process with the order in which it occurs. reabsorption - water and electrolytes move from tubules back to capillaries in a selective fashion, hormones dictate how much water comes and goes secretion - extra water, hydrogen ions, and potassium might be excreted in the end filtration - requires systolic blood pressure of at least 90 (maybe less if patient naturally has low blood pressure), water and electrolytes move from capillaries into tubules

reab- 2nd seco- 3rd filt- 1st

creatinine: muscle waste product Acedis?

swelling

ACE inhibitors and potassium sparing diuretics both work by blocking aldosterone. Aldosterone causes sodium and water retention. By blocking aldosterone, the patient will lose sodium and water but retain potassium. Therefore, the 2 drugs should not be given together or the patient could have hyperkalemia. Select one: True False

true

CCBs relax arteriolar smooth muscle, thus lowering blood pressure. This reduction in afterload decreases myocardial oxygen demand. Select one: True False

true

For every 180 L of water entering the filtrate each day, approximately 178.5 L is reabsorbed, leaving only 1.5 L to be excreted in the urine. Select one: True False

true

If the patient is having a heart attack (muscle cell death) immediate re-perfusion is necessary. This might include percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass surgery, or thrombolytic infusion. Select one: True False

true

In coronary artery disease (CAD) the myocardium does not receive enough oxygen to meet the metabolic demands of the heart, and symptoms of angina begin to appear. Persistent myocardial ischemia may lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack). Select one: True False

true

In patients presenting with fluid retention, especially with symptoms of severe pulmonary congestion or peripheral edema, diuretics are essential medications. Select one: True False

true

Lisinopril acts by inhibiting angiotensin converting enzyme. This in turn decreases aldosterone secretion. Blood pressure is decreased and the heart does not have to work as hard. Select one: True False

true

Patients over age 60 who do not have chronic kidney disease or diabetes do not need pharmacotherapy until their blood pressure reaches 150/90 mmHg or higher. Select one: True False

true

Pharmacotherapy is targeted at prevention and slowing the progression of HF since it can't be cured. Select one: True False

true

The best marker for estimating kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is the volume of filtrate passing through the Bowman capsules per minute. Select one: True False

true

The heart feeds itself through coronary circulation during diastole. Select one: True False

true

The most common etiology of CAD in adults is atherosclerosis, the presence of plaque —a fatty, fibrous material within the walls of the coronary arteries. Select one: True False

true

True or False: Pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance both play a role with influencing cardiac afterload. Select one: a. False b. True

true

True/False 1. Complications of urinary obstruction include a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

true

True/False The male urethra is about 5 times longer than the female urethra.

true

When given sublingually, nitroglycerin reaches peak plasma levels in 2 to 4 minutes, thus terminating angina pain rapidly. Select one: True False

true

When the ST segment is elevated (STEMI), the MI must be treated aggressively because mortality is very high in this group of patients. Select one: True False

true