Phase II Study Guide

Describe the procedure for obtaining and executing a search warrant.

1. Probable Cause Affidavit: sworn statement (usually made by LEO) ○ Facts that lead to probable cause that the person committed the crime ○ Reasonably likely that search will turn up contraband or evidence of the crime 2. Magistrate determines probable cause and signs the search warrant 3. Carrying out the warrant: ○ Can be executed anywhere in the state by an LEO in the search location ○ Must be served by midnight of the 5th day (counting holidays and weekends) ○ Authorized to use "all necessary force" in execution of the warrant ○ Must be returned within 48 hours of execution (excluding holidays and weekends) ○ May search any person on the warrant site if warrant specifies or allows ○ Knock and announce requirement

Identify situations in which a high-risk contact is warranted.

4 considerations: ○ Nature of the offense ○ Occupants with warrants for violent offenses ○ Pursuits ○ Occupants with violent history

Identify the steps to follow in conducting a high-risk contact.

6 step process: ○ Report the location and vehicle information to dispatch and request back-up ○ Coordinate other responding officers ○ When other officers are in position, make the stop ○ Position law enforcement vehicles properly ○ Using the P.A., order occupants out one at a time and secure them ■ Begin with driver then have each occupant after that come out ○ Clear the vehicle properly

Define mandatory arrest (Wis. Stats §968.075).

968.075 (2): LEOs shall arrest a person if more than one of the following applies: ○ Reasonable grounds (almost the same as probably cause) to believe that the person has committed or is committing domestic abuse and that the person's actions constitute the commission of a crime and either or both of the following are present: ■ The officer has reasonable grounds to believe that continued domestic abuse against the alleged victim is likely ■ There is evidence of physical injury to the alleged victim ■ The person is the predominant aggressor ● In general, only arrest the predominant aggressor ○ When the reported domestic abuse is received more than 28 days after the incident is alleged to have occurred, the arrest can still be made but it is NOT mandated

Describe how to manage non-cooperative subjects.

Consider: ○ They can't hear you ○ They can't understand you ○ They are refusing to cooperate ■ TAKE YOUR TIME! ■ Try to find a forward observer ■ May request a specialized unit to assist ■ Last resort: have officers approach the vehicle ● Subjects running: ○ If there is any possiblity that someone is still in the vehicle, maintain coverage of the vehicle ○ Never allow anyone to chase the suspect forward of the suspect vehicle ■ Crossfire ■ Someone could ambush them from the vehicle ○ Always broadcast a description and direction of travel for other officers on the perimeter ○ If you lose sight of the running subject, guard against an attack from the rear

Explain the unique offender/victim relationship in domestic violence situations.

Domestic violence occurs in intimate relationships, intimate relationships include: ○ Current or former spouses, partners, and significant others ○ Family members (blood and familial ties, foster family) ○ Those who currently or have formerly resided together ○ Those who share a child in common or created a child in common ○ Those who provide services to a dependent person, such as attendants or caregivers for an elderly person for a physically, cognitively or mentally disabled person ● Characteristics of victims ○ Can be anyone!! ○ Emotional and family bonds with the offender ○ Wil suffer long term and complex effects from the violence ○ Worked out survival techniques to attempt to resolve the violence either by leaving or getting the abuser to stop ○ May view police presence or intervention as unreasonable and more dangerous for themselves ● Cycle of violence: ○ Abusive person: ■ Learned to abuse ■ Opportunity to abuse without suffering negative consequences ■ The person makes a conscious choice to abuse ■ Controls the person ● Doesn't allow the officer inside ● Will say the victim is sleeping or taking a shower (making them hide) ● Follows officer from room to room ● Using an aggressive stance ● Using children by sending them away or saying they "will agree with me"

Identify how the disturbance resolution model applies to emergency vehicle operation.

Mode: - Presence Tactics: - Authorized emergency vehicle Purpose: - To present a visible display of authority Mode: - Dialog Tactics: - Emergency lights - Communication with dispatch - Approach contact Purpose: - To persuade Mode: - Control Alternatives Tactics: - Multiple units - Tire deflation devices - Barricades - Channelization - Non-approach contact Purpose: - To overcome passive resistance, active resistance, or their threats Mode: - Protective Alternatives Tactics: - Pursuit intervention technique (PIT) - Moving roadblock (boxing in) - Roadblocks with escape routes - High-risk contact Purpose: - To overcome continued resistance, assaultive behavior, or their threats Mode: - Deadly Force Tactics: - Ramming - Roadblock with no escape route - Shooting from a moving vehicle - High-risk contact with shots fired Purpose: - To stop an imminent threat

Identify the steps in conducting an approach contact.

Model 1: 1. Make the decision to stop the vehicle 2. Initiate the stop by signaling the driver to pull over 3. Position your vehicle properly 4. Report the location of the contact and vehicle description to dispatch 5. Approach the subject vehicle properly 6. Make contact with the subject 7. Return to safety to your squad and handle citation, radio, MDT 8. Re-contact the driver 9. Return safely to your squad and assist the vehicle into traffic 10. Complete your paperwork Model 2: 1. Make the decision to stop the vehicle 2. Report the location of the contact and vehicle description to dispatch 3. Initiate the stop by signaling the driver to pull over 4. Position your vehicle properly 5. Confirm the location of the stop with dispatch 6. Approach the subject vehicle properly 7. Make contact with the subject 8. Return safely to your squad and handle citation, radio, MDT 9. Re-contact the driver 10. Return safely to your squad and assist vehicle into traffic 11. Complete your paperwork/TraCS forms ● Make a decision to stop the vehicle: ○ Legally justified? ○ Desirable? ● Report the location of the contact and vehicle description to dispatch ○ Make ○ Color ○ License plate number ○ Number of occupants ○ Year ○ Model ○ Style ● Position the vehicle properly: offset or angle-left, minimum of 15 ft. away ● Approach the vehicle properly: driver's side or passenger's side approach ○ Minimize use of flashlight ○ Minimize noise (don't slam door) ○ Check the trunk ○ Look inside the vehicle ○ Continue to assess threat ○ Position yourself properly - behind the driver (B Pillar) with gun side not accessible to the occupants

Define predominant aggressor.

Most SIGNIFICANT aggressor (not always the "first") ○ History of domestic abuse ■ Information provided by witnesses ○ Statements made by witnesses ○ The relative degree of injury inflicted on to the parties ○ The extent to which each person appears to fear any party ○ Whether any party is threatening or has threatened future harm against the other ○ Whether any part acted in self-defense or in defense of any other person

Identify the recommended guidelines for a law enforcement officer to follow when responding to a person with a possible mental disorder.

Options you have: ○ Release the person and refer him or her to a helping agency ○ Release the person to the custody of family or friends ○ Consult with a mental health profession in your community ○ Contact a crisis intervention team (if available) ○ Contact a local mental health crisis center ○ Arrest the person for a statutory violation ○ If warranted, conduct an emergency detention or an emergency protective placement of a person ● Dealing with a person who may be seriously depressed: ○ Take time to listen ○ Do not argue with the person about the source of depression ○ Do not tell them to just "snap out of it" ○ Be aware of medication needs ○ Be aware of suicide risk

Identify driving strategies used in basic patrolling.

Patrol strategies - for effective policing ○ Know where you are ○ Vary your route ○ Stay alert ○ Play "what if" / crisis rehearsal ● Traffic strategies - for safe and defensive driving ○ The Smith System - keep driver constantly aware of traffic ■ Aim high in driving ■ Get the big picture ■ Keep eyes moving ■ Leave yourself an out - don't get boxed in and leave a space cushion ■ Make sure that others can see you ○ SIPDE - systematic means to gather information about traffic ■ Search - find a distant reference point and steer towards it while searching along the route ■ Identify - looking ahead to identify potential hazards ■ Predict - predict what would happen when you do find a hazard ■ Decide (how to best respond) ■ Execute ● Driving techniques - for effective maneuvering of the vehicle ○ Hand position ■ 9 o'clock and 3 o'clock hand position recommended for all LE driving ■ Shuffle steering/ hand-to hand steering - good for slippery conditions ■ Hand-over-hand steering - rapid turning but compromises control ■ 12 o'clock - mainly used for backing ○ acceleration/deceleration - Always make it as smooth as possible to maintain traction and control ○ Managing distractions ■ Radio - use good ediquette ● Short transmissions ● Use your professional communication skills to have a respectful, calm voice ● Avoid airing sensitive info ● Don't step on other officer's transmissions ● Don't cut off your own transmission off ■ Cell phones ■ MDTs and laptops ● NEVER type and drive at the same time ● Try to avoid reading the screen while driving

Identify priorities and safety concerns of providing medical interventions in a tactical hot zone, and while in an area of relative safety using cover and concealment.

Tactical environment dictates the medical care - "good medicine" in the wrong tactics can be deadly still

Identify the recommended guidelines for a law enforcement officer to follow when responding to a person who has or may have mental retardation or another form of developmental disability.

Treat the person with respect ○ Don't talk down to them ○ Never make demeaning or sarcastic comments about the person ○ Avoid using the word "retarded" or "Retardation" ● Be patient ○ Explain who you are ○ Remain persistent but calm if they become hostile, aggressive, or don't comply ○ Minimize distractions if possible (radios, outside noise) ○ Make the person comfortable ○ Be careful with touching as it may be seen as a threat ● Keep things simple ○ Speak directly to them ○ Speak slowly ○ Use simple language that they can understand ○ Ask only one question at a time ○ Keep in mind that who, what, when, where, and why questions can be difficult for those with cognitive or developmental disabilities ○ May need to help them understand your questions with concrete details ■ I.e. "what color was the man's hair?" "was she driving a car or a truck?" ○ Avoid questions that are confusing or require much reasoning ○ Check frequently to be sure you have understood correctly by paraphrasing what the person has said ○ Explain written information, if appropriate, and help the person fill out paperwork

Identify the conditions that warrant termination of a pursuit.

When the risks outweigh the benefits of continuing ○ When supervisor orders to you terminate ○ When the suspect has been IDed and there is no need for immediate apprehension ○ When you no longer can see the suspect or know their location ○ When the suspect vehicle is so far ahead that apprehension seems unlikely ○ When any equipment or vehicle part fails ○ When you believe continuing the pursuit would unreasonably endanger others ○ When you need to stop to render aid to an injured person and there isn't another available unit to do it ● What to do: ○ Notify dispatch and other officers that you are terminating ○ Reduce speed to speed limit ○ Turn off lights and siren ○ Confirm terminating pursuit with dispatch and notify them of location ○ Pull over and stop for a breig time ○ Continue to drive normally along suspects last known route to check for crashes or other problems ○ Return to normal patrol duties

Identify situations where a search of a vehicle is warranted.

When you make a custodial arrest: ○ The arrestee is within reaching distance of the vehicle's passenger compartment at the time of the search ○ You have reason to believe that the vehicle contains evidence supporting the arrest ● If you have probable cause to believe that the vehicle contains evidence of a crime ○ Can search anywhere in the vehicle where there is a chance to find the evidence that you are looking for ● Inventory search of a vehicle in conformity with the department policy if the vehicle is going to be impounded ● May always search the vehicle with the consent of the owner or person in control of the vehicle whether or not there are grounds to do so ● Keep in mind while conducting a search: ○ Remove all occupants when searching ○ Never search a car unless if you have backup to monitor the occupant(s) ○ Avoid asking to search routinely - "fishing" ○ When you search a vehicle, do it systematically: ■ Cut it up into sections ● Frisking vehicle: ○ Can frisk for weapons if you reasonably believe that you or someone else is in danger of physical injury ○ Can only look in places where a weapon is accessible to the occupant

Describe the power differential and its effect on the offender/victim relationship.

■ Victim has a lot of barriers to leaving - the hardest thing to do for a victim is leave ○ Economic dependence on the abuser ○ Fear for their safety and their family members ○ Isolated by the abuser - does not have a strong support system ○ Low self esteem ○ Beliefs about family - believes that they should not air their "dirty laundry" ○ Beliefs about marriage - victim believes that they must stay married forever ○ Belief that they are the only one who can stop the abuser ○ Belief that the abuser will find them no matter what they try to do to leave ■ Abuser threatens them or their loved ones ■ Fear of being seriously hurt or killed if they try to leave ○ Want to believe that the abuse will stop ○ Especially with elderly victims, others might not always believe that the bruises, cuts, etc are a result of abuse but rather falling and other stuff related to health or age.

Identify the elements of physical abuse of a child (948.03).

● (2) Intentional causation of bodily harm. ○ (a) Whoever intentionally causes great bodily harm to a child is guilty of a Class C felony. ○ (b) Whoever intentionally causes bodily harm to a child is guilty of a Class H felony. ○ (c) Whoever intentionally causes bodily harm to a child by conduct which creates a high probability of great bodily harm is guilty of a Class F felony. ● (3) Reckless causation of bodily harm. ○ (a) Whoever recklessly causes great bodily harm to a child is guilty of a Class E felony. ○ (b) Whoever recklessly causes bodily harm to a child is guilty of a Class I felony. ○ (c) Whoever recklessly causes bodily harm to a child by conduct which creates a high probability of great bodily harm is guilty of a Class H felony. ● (4) Failing to act to prevent bodily harm. ○ (a) A person responsible for the child's welfare is guilty of a Class F felony if that person has knowledge that another person intends to cause, is causing or has intentionally or recklessly caused great bodily harm to the child and is physically and emotionally capable of taking action which will prevent the bodily harm from occurring or being repeated, fails to take that action and the failure to act exposes the child to an unreasonable risk of great bodily harm by the other person or facilitates the great bodily harm to the child that is caused by the other person. ○ (b) A person responsible for the child's welfare is guilty of a Class H felony if that person has knowledge that another person intends to cause, is causing or has intentionally or recklessly caused bodily harm to the child and is physically and emotionally capable of taking action which will prevent the bodily harm from occurring or being repeated, fails to take that action and the failure to act exposes the child to an unreasonable risk of bod

Identify the protocols to follow when off-duty and encountering a situation that requires a law enforcement response.

● 175.40(6m)(a) states that an off-duty LEO can arrest a person or provide aid or assistance outside their jurisdiction but in the state if ALL of the following criteria are met: ○ Responding to emergency situation that poses a significant threat to life or bodily harm ○ Taking action that they would be allowed to take under the same circumstances in their own jurisdiction ○ The supervising agency has adopted written policy authorizing off-duty officer to make arrests or provide aid/assistance outside the jurisdiction but in the state ○ The supervising agency's policies address reasonable responses to an emergency situation that poses a significant threat to life or bodily harm ○ The supervising agency's policies address notification of and cooperation with an LE agency of another jurisdiction regarding arrests made and other actions taken in the other jurisdiction ○ The officer's action is in compliance with the policies of the supervising agency ● Liability is covered under 175.40(6m) ○ (c)1: considered to be acting in an official capacity as an officer of the state ○ (c)2: gets same worker's compensation benefits as if they were on-duty from supervising agency ○ (c)3: considered to be performing their duty and engaging in their occupation

Evaluate how the Disturbance Resolution process or First Responder Philosophy applies to professional communication.

● 3 components: ○ Approach considerations ○ Intervention Options ■ Presence and Dialogue - if these don't work then force is needed ○ Follow-through considerations ■ Need to have good follow-through steps to make the contact with the person as positive as possible

Analyze information gathering opportunities where the 4th amendment does not apply (dog sniffs, fly-overs, looking for VIN numbers, inspection of prison cells, abandoned property).

● A person may be searched when: ○ Incident to lawful arrest ○ Consent ○ Pursuant to valid search warrant ○ With the authority and within scope of a right of lawful inspection ○ As otherwise authorized by law ● Exceptions to the search warrant requirement: ○ Automobile probable cause search (Carroll Doctrine) ○ Inventory searches ○ Exigent circumstances ○ Protective sweep ○ Terry stop and frisk ○ Community caretaker doctrine ○ Custodial searches ○ Hot pursuit ○ Private Searches ○ Probation search at behest a Probation and Parole Agent ○ Special Needs Doctrine ○ Third Party Doctrine ○ Plain view ● No expectation of privacy (thus you may search): ○ Open fields ○ Abandoned property ○ Dog sniffs in public areas ○ VIN numbers ○ Open view ○ Fly overs

Identify officer/subject factors when making a vehicle contact.

● Ability to assess the officer/subject factors are limited when the subject is the vehicle ● NUMBERS - more than one occupant in the vehicle automatically puts them in favor ● Their vehicle vs. yours ○ Larger, faster, etc. if you were to get into a pursuit

Describe the advantages, limitations, and nomenclature of patrol rifles.

● Advantages: ○ More accurate ○ More powerful ■ These mean quicker and more accurate stopping of threats ● Should deploy on EVERY call that could reasonably be expected to potentially result in a gunfight in order to maintain a tactical advantage ○ Alarms, high risk traffic stops, burglaries in progress, shots fired, suspect with a gun, etc. ● Sling - equal to the holster, allows you to free your hands ● Single-action weapons: the hammer is cocked when there is a round in the chamber ○ Safety selector switch - always on safe unless shooting II-T-6.1 Load, deploy, carry, reload, and unload rifles in a safe manner. ● State of readiness: ○ Administrative carry- selector on safe, no magazine, bolt locked open, weapon slung or carried vertically ○ Squad ready - selector on safe, chamber empty with bolt closed, (loaded) magazine in magazine well, rifle stored where it needs to be in squad ○ Call ready- selector on safe, chamber loaded, (loaded) magazine in magazine well, any battery powered optics are turned on, rifle is slung, in hands, or shouldered ■ Need to set it to call ready immediately upon removing it from the squad ● Loading the magazine: use the push-pull technique to determine if magazine is seated properly ● Charging the weapon: with a loaded magazine entered in, pull the charging hand back and let it go.

Identify the five steps in the "Crisis Intervention Format."

● Approach - safety consideration ○ Continue to conduct tactical evaluation ● Try to get the person's attention ○ Good positioning and body language: ■ Move to where the person can see you and maintain an open stance (if safe) ■ Avoid crowding the person the the extent possible ● Leave the perception of an "escape route" ■ Control distance and maintain (your) bailout route ■ Remain alert but try to not appear tense ○ Talking to the person: ■ Use given name rather than a title ■ Learn and use the individuals name ■ Ask the person to look at you (but don't ORDER this) ■ Get the person to focus ON you and not AT you ● "Reverse yelling" - instead of talking loudly when you feel like you need to, talk slowly and softly. This behavior is unexpected and may be effective. ■ Use simple commands ● Rational thinking of the person has diminished in a crisis situation ■ Use the person's first name if you know it ● Check on the person's perception of reality ○ Ask basic questions to determine their orientation to reality: ■ "Who are you?" "where are you?" "what time is it?" "What is the date?" ○ Ask the person what they are seeing or hearing ○ If the person doesn't answer you, tell them you cannot hear what they are thinking ○ Recognize that the person may feel the need to touch you to determine if you are real ■ Allow them to touch you - but you are putting your safety at risk ■ Do not allow the person to touch you and step back ■ While verbalizing that you are real, establish the physical contact yourself ● Try to establish rapport with the person ○ Tell the person that you are here to help and to protect them ○ Listen to the person using your active listening skills ○ Use "I" as much as possible ■ "I understand" "I hear you" ○ Acknowledge the person's sensory or e

Assess threat to determine if it has been neutralized.

● Assess, breath, cover, scan, and reload ○ Assailant fell from sight but make sure that they are neutralized for sure ■ Behind cover? Ran away? ■ Can you hear them? ○ Scan 360 for other threats/assailants ● Communicate with suspect and dispatch ● Plan approach to the assailant ● Approach the subject and begin follow through ● Plan and write report

Summarize initiatives and public education regarding prevention and tactics.

● Attack Prevention - watch for someone planning to make an attack ● Encourage Reporting- in a lot of shootings, many peers were aware of the plot but did little or nothing to stop the attack ● Identification of Suspects - find possibilities of motives, listen to people and pick out concerning aspects about them ○ Changes in behavior ○ Changes in attitude ○ Demonstrations of violence ● It is law enforcement's job to know about statistics and prevention methods to help teach the public ○ Why attackers stop before LE arrives: 1. Commits suicide 2. Subdued by victims 3. Shot by victims 4. Leaves ○ Why attack ends after LE arrives 1. Attacker commits suicide OR LE shoots attacker 2. LE subdues attacker or attacker surrenders ○ Run/Hide/Fight ○ Training and planning with schools

Intervene in incidents using appropriate tactics.

● Building entry - breaching ○ Force entry through doors (with the hooligan and/or ram or ballistic) ○ Can also force entry through windows and any other opening ■ Break and rake windows (window breaker, heavy flashlight, etc.) ○ Good to have one officer cover while the other one breaks in ○ ALWAYS make sure the window/door is actually locked before you attempt breaching ● Searching the building ○ Methodical searching - slow and thorough, good for situations where innocent lives are not at risk (not active) i.e. business alarms, burglaries in progress, open doors ■ Threshold evaluation: ● Slicing the pie ● Quick peeks ■ All areas encountered must be covered, cleared, or secured ● NEVER bypass rooms ■ Stay out of fatal funnels ■ Stabilizing subjects found: ● Dominate and stabilize ● Disengage and stabilize ■ Entering a room / crossing a threshold ● Button hook technique ● Cross room - 1st officer is always right ■ Clearing the room: follow your wall ● Active Shooter response ○ Guiding principles: Stop the killing and save the wounded ○ Common procedures: ■ Contact Team - first arriving officers form this team ● Teams of 5, 4, 3, and 2 ■ Rescue Team - those who enter the scene to render first aid and remove wounded individuals ● Must also be prepared to encounter and stop perpetrators ■ Communications and Control - Incident command system ● Bombers - establish perimeter ○ "Bomb-go" if within 15 ft of the contact team ■ Rush past the device to immediately engage and stop the bomber ○ "Bomb-cover" if farther than 15 ft from the bomb ■ Attempt to find cover that will deflect the shock wave and stop shrapnel ● Put weapon side ear on shoulder and use reaction hand to cover other ear while opening mouth to reduce shockwave effects

Examine communication strategies used during crisis intervention.

● Calm yourself ● Center yourself and get focused ● Develop a strategy for intervention ● Crisis intervention format: ○ Try to get the person's attention ■ Come into their line of sight ■ Avoid crowding them ■ Remove the person from the scene of the crisis if possible ■ Lower yourself to them (if it is safe) ■ Control distance and bailout routes ■ Remain alert but try to not appear tense ■ Use simple commands ■ Take your time ○ Check on their perception of reality ■ Basic questions to determine their orientation to reality ● Who are you? ● Where are you? ● What time is it? ■ Ask the person what they are seeing ■ If they don't answer you, tell them you cannot hear what they are thinking ■ A person may need to touch you to determine if you are real ● Allow it to happen ● Do not allow the person to touch you ● While verbalizing that you are real, establish the physical contact yourself ○ Try to establish rapport ■ Tell them you are here to help and to protect them ■ Ask them what's going on ■ Acknowledge their sensory or emotional experience ■ Acknowledge that you would feel upset too if the same thing were happening to you ■ Possibly establish physical contact ○ Explain your perception of reality ○ Move toward the resolution of the situation ■ Separate person and "audience" if possible ■ Allow the person to "save face" ■ Do not lie or make promises you can't keep ■ Might need to ask the person for help in reaching a resolution ■ Creative confusion technique ● You appear as if you don't understand something and ask the other person to help you ■ Be directive and supportive ■ In a jail setting, once the inmate calms down, encourage them to talk with you and express their feelings about the situation

Describe the authority and limitations of a search incident to arrest as it relates to searches of persons, vehicles and residences.

● Can search all of the person ● Can search anywhere that arrestee has immediate control (lunge area) ● Can search wallet, purse, backpack, and etc. ● Vehicles: ○ Gant v. Arizona ■ Threat to Officer Safety: The person must be in the vehicle while you search (otherwise there is no longer a threat in the car) ■ Reasonable suspicion that there is evidence related to the crime ● Phones, tablets, computers, and other electronics CANNOT be searched incident to arrest ● House: can do a protective sweep

Identify the limits that the constitution, Wisconsin law, agency policies and your own training place on the use of force.

● Can use force: ○ To achieve and maintain control of resistive subjects ○ To detain persons reasonably suspected of criminal behavior ○ To make lawful arrests ○ To defend yourself or others ○ To prevent escape ● U.S. Constitution: ○ 4th amendment - unreasonable search and seizure ■ Graham v Connor ■ Severity of crime ■ Whether the subject poses an imminent threat to the safety of officers and/or others ■ Whether the suspect is actively resisting or attempting to evade arrest by flight ○ Totality of the circumstances ○ Use of force must be objectively reasonable ● WI Law ○ 939.45 Privilege ■ Conduct occurs under coercion or necessity ■ Conduct is in defense of persons or property ■ Conduct is in good faith and authorized and reasonable fulfillment of any duties of a public office ■ Conduct is reasonable accomplishment of a lawful arrest ■ Privileged by the statutory or common law of this state ● Agency Policy ○ Set of policies and procedures on expectation of how you carry out your duties ○ 66.051(2) states that there must be a use of force policy ● Officer Training ○ Trained technique ○ Dynamic application of a trained technique - not the classroom model but close to it as possible under the circumstances ○ Not trained but justified

Describe the automobile exception to the warrant requirement, aka the Carroll Doctrine, and describe the permissible scope of a search under this doctrine.

● Car is mobile - exception is made ● Moveable vehicle + probable cause that the vehicle contains evidence of the crime ● May search anywhere in the vehicle that is reasonable to believe the object of the search might be located

Identify legal and policy issues related to pursuits.

● Case Law: ○ Graham v. Connor - objectively reasonable based on: ■ Severity of alleged crime ■ Whether the suspect poses an imminent threat to the safety of officers and/or others ■ Whether the suspect is actively resisting or attempting to evade arrest by flight ○ County of Sacramento v. Lewis (federal) and Estate of Cavanaugh v. Andrade (state) - police officers can be held potentially liable for the manner in which the pursuit was executed ■ Lewis: police were not liable because only "conduct that shocks the conscience" leads to police liability in police pursuit cases ● Made it so police had to act with purpose to cause harm unrelated to the motivation to make an arrest to be held liable ■ Andrade: sued the city for vague policy on pursuits (didn't say anything about the severity of the offense) and the officer for failure to operate the vehicle with due regard under the circumstances ● Factors that affect decision to pursue: ○ Agency policy and procedures ○ legal/liability considerations ○ Nature of the offense ○ Your abilities ○ Conditions at time of the incident ○ Your vehicle and its performance capabilities ○ The pursued driving and vehicle occupants ● Policy: ○ Every agency that uses authorized emergency vehicles shall have written guidelines regarding pursuits ○ Types of policies ■ No pursuit ■ Permissive pursuit - encourages pursuits in a safe and efficient manner ● Vague or little guidance ■ Restrictive pursuit - limits officer's discretion in pursuits ● When you can pursuit, what crimes, etc. ■ Discretionary pursuit - provides guidelines for the officers that grant them the authority to conduct pursuits

Identify the elements of battery (940.19).

● Causing bodily harm to another ● By an act done with intent to cause bodily harm to that person ● Without consent of the person so harmed

Identify the issues involved when shooting in low light levels.

● Conceal threats ● More difficult to identify threats or see if someone is holding a weapon ● Flashlight use can expose you ○ Blip or strobe the flashlight ○ Use light to disorient adversary ○ Move immediately after using flashlight ○ Avoid backlighting yourself or other officers ● Muzzle flash will reveal location ● Shooting with flashlight: ○ Harries Technique (back of hands together) ○ FBI Technique (hand with light far away from you) ○ Weapon mounted light

Explain when a valid consent search can be made and what can be searched.

● Consent was freely, knowingly, willingly given ● Person has the authority to give consent ○ Exceptions: ■ Parents cannot give consent to search child's room if the child has a reasonable expectation of privacy in their room ■ Hotel and motel employees cannot give consent to search a room during paid occupancy ● Consent is not coerced ● Can search anywhere that you have the consent to search - Person who consents can limit the scope of the search

Contain incidents using appropriate tactics.

● Contain, communicate, and call when immediate intervention is not required ○ Contain - establishing perimeter and initiate the incident command system ○ Communicate- suspect, dispatch, victims, other officers ○ Call - additional resources (SWAT, K9, Fire/EMD, other departments, etc.) ● Setting a perimeter ○ Inner perimeter ■ Set by the first arriving officers ■ Bystanders will be sheltered in place or moved in possible ○ Outer perimeter ■ Building is labeled by sides: front door is A and it goes down the alphabet clockwise ■ Keeps the bystanders on the outside, officers will be in the inner perimeter ○ Contain, communicate, and call (additional resources)

Describe items that may be seized pursuant to a valid warrant.

● Contraband ● Evidence of the crime (described in the search warrant)

Define contraband and the requirements for its seizure.

● Contraband: property of any nature, real, personal, tangible, or intangible, that is used in the commission of a crime or has been altered from its original intended use ● Must be seized legally under: warrants or under the search warrant exceptions

Identify the concept of "control alternatives" and the circumstances under which they are appropriate.

● Control subjects that are resisting or threatening to resist lawful order ○ Overcoming both passive and active resistance or their threats ■ Passive resistance: non-threatening, noncompliant behavior Active resistance: behavior which physically counteracts an officer's control efforts which creates a risk of bodily harm to the officer, subject, and/or other persons ● 4 Modes: ○ Escort holds - safely initiate physical contact ○ Compliance holds - overcome passive resistance ○ Control devices (OC and ECDs) - overcome active resistance or it's threat ○ Passive countermeasures- to decentralize

Identify the circumstances under which "control alternatives" is appropriate, and apply it in a simulated environment.

● Control subjects that are resisting or threatening to resist lawful order ○ Overcoming both passive and active resistance or their threats ■ Passive resistance: non-threatening, noncompliant behavior ■ Active resistance: behavior which physically counteracts an officer's control efforts which creates a risk of bodily harm to the officer, subject, and/or other persons ● 4 Modes: ○ Escort holds ○ Compliance holds ○ Control devices (OC and ECDs) ○ Passive countermeasures

Identify cover and how to use cover.

● Cover: anything that will stop an incoming round ○ Solid brick wall, 1000 year old oak tree, concrete pillar, etc. ● Concealment: hides you from adversaries but doesn't necessarily provide cover ○ Drywall wall in house, bushes, etc. ● How to use cover: ○ Do not crowd your cover - stay far enough back to cover yourself fully and get a good view ○ Leave cover only to gain a tactical advantage ○ Use weapon as "3rd eye" - keep it at tactical ready and bring it out cover to look with you ■ Do this to make sure you are ready to shoot when looking for threats behind your cover ○ Slice pie to shoot - move slightly out of cover with weapon and head. Slowly slice out until threat is seen. ○ Repositioning to shoot - move back behind cover and reposition (ex. If you were standing then kneel, or go to the other side of cover if possible) before moving back out again to shoot

Identify the criteria that a law enforcement officer is to use when determining the appropriateness of taking a person into custody for purposes of emergency detention, under Wis. Stat. § 51.15.

● Criteria: ○ Danger to self - suicidal ■ RECENTLY threatened or attempted suicide or self harm ○ Danger to others - homicidal ■ Recent homicidal or violent behavior ■ Recent act that placed other people in reasonable fear of violent behavior and serious physical harm (not necessarily violent behavior) ■ Recent attempt at serious physical harm that placed others in reasonable fear of violent behavior and serious physical harm ■ A recent threat to do serious physical harm which places others in reasonable fear of violent behavior and serious physical harm ○ Inability to care for self - impaired judgement ■ Creates a danger of physical harm ■ Recent act or omission (something a person has failed to do) ■ CANNOT be a substantial probability of physical impairment or injury if either of the following apply: ● There are community resources to help the person (such as a psych treatment facility) and keep them safe and it is likely that the person will take advantage of such services ○ Family and friends caring does NOT count ● If the provisions for protection under the Children's or Juvenile Justice code are met, then they cannot be a candidate for civil commitment under this standard ○ Inability to satisfy basic needs ■ Unable to satisfy basic needs of nourishment, medical care, shelter or safety ■ Without prompt or adequate treatment so that a substantial probability exists that death, serious physical injury, serious physical debilitation, or serious physical disease will immediately ensue

Compare "open fields" to curtilage where the 4th amendment does apply.

● Curtilage: area immediately surrounding a dwelling and counts as the home for legal purposes ○ Curtilage can be determined by 4 factors: ■ Proximity to the home ■ Area is included in an enclosure surrounding the home ■ The use of the area ■ Steps taken to protect area from observation ● Open fields: pastures, wooded areas, open water, and vacant lots ○ Visible to those in the public ○ No expectation of privacy

Interpret the conditions in the acronym DONE prior to physical intervention.

● Danger: you or someone else is in imminent danger of being assaulted, hurt, or killed, it is time to act ● Overriding Concern: whenever a matter of higher priority requires your immediate attention or your presence, it is time to act. ● No Progress: you feel you have exhausted all of your verbal options and the subject is still not complying, it is time to act. ● Escape: whenever a subject unlawfully flees your presence, it is time to act.

Describe the responsibilities and requirements of pursuit driving.

● Decision making: ○ Agency policy and procedures ○ Nature of offense ○ Danger posed by driver ○ Capabilities and limitations as a driver and of the vehicle ○ Weather, roadway, and traffic conditions ○ Likelihood of apprehending the driver without pursuit ○ Is it legal, necessary, and ethical? ● Initiating a pursuit: ○ Position behind suspect vehicle ○ Activate emergency lights and siren ○ Notify dispatch of location, reason for contact and info on suspect vehicle ○ Make it clear to dispatch and other units that you are in pursuit ○ Continue to evaluate decision to pursue ● During the pursuit: ○ Scan, breath, and talk ○ Keep dispatch updated ○ Drive effectively ○ Communicate with the other officers assisting you ○ Manage the conclusion of the pursuit ○ Document and debrief the pursuit ■ Communicating with dispatch can do this to keep a log of what the suspect did during the pursuit ■ Report in the pursuit reporting system in WILENET

Define pursuit as it relates to law enforcement.

● Definition: an active attempt by a law enforcement officer, on-duty, in an authorized law enforcement vehicle to apprehend one or more occupants of a moving motor vehicle, providing the driver of such vehicle is aware of the attempt and is resisting apprehension by maintaining or increasing his or her speed by ignoring the law enforcement officer's attempt to stop him or her. ○ 4 key parts: ■ Pursuing officer is in an authorized LE vehicle ● Sometimes unmarked squads, per policy, are not allowed to make a pursuit ■ The driver of the fleeing vehicle is aware of the officer's attempt to stop him or her ● seeing lights bounce off objects in front of the subject's car ● Other vehicles are pulling over ● Subject looking in the review mirror ● Speeding up, attempting to elude, making tight and fast turns to attempt to escape, etc. ■ The driver is resisting apprehension ■ The vehicle speed may vary ● Close Pursuit (967.04) - pursuit into an adjoining state which is governed by a different law which applies only to felonies ○ Officers from Minnesota, Michigan, Iowa, and Illinois may follow a pursuit if their is PC of a felony into Wisconsin. Once arrested, they will take the person to the judge of the county in which the arrest is made and there will be a hearing to determin if it was a lawful arrest ○ WI officers have the same law if they follow someone into another state as well ● Fresh Pursuit (175.40) - allows an officer to follow someone outside of their normal geographical jurisdiction if there was PC to believe a violation of any law or ordinance

Identify phases of care (and goals or each phase) when providing care in a hostile environment (direct threat, indirect threat care, and tactical evacuation care).

● Direct Threat: occurs inside the hot zone with the threat in close proximity to you. In this situation, directing the casualty to you is preferred or telling them to treat themselves. ○ Tourniquet might be possible, and positioning the casualty to maintain an airway ○ Secondary priority is to move them out of the threat area for additional medical care ● Indirect Threat: occurs in the warm zone, in an instance where officers have contained the suspect to another room. You have cover and/or concealment from the known threat but the building has not been searched completely. In this stage, medical care can be rendered. ● Tactical Evaluation: You can maintain and re-evaluate any life saving measures taken in the first two phases of care. It is important to provide rapid, secure extraction from the hot zone to EMS in the cold zone.

Identify radio use issues that influence emergency driving.

● Do not initiate radio contact when approaching an intersection - you need to focus on getting safely through the intersection ● Operate the radio by feel rather than looking at it ● Avoid long broadcasts ● Give useful information to other responding units ○ Where to set up a perimeter, "first in" report, etc. ● Always let dispatch know of your arrival on scene

Identify the key provisions of Wis. Stat. § 51.15, regarding conducting emergency detentions of persons.

● Emergency detention has 3 standards: ○ Person is mentally ill ○ Person is dangerous ○ Person is a candidate for effective treatment ● Procedure: ○ Take the person into custody ○ Complete and sign a statement of emergency detention ○ Transport the person to an approved facility for evaluation ○ File the statement of emergency detention with an appropriate official at the approved facility for evaluation, and another copy with the court ■ Can be legally detained in the evaluation facility for up to 72 hours, excluding weekends and holidays ■ Court will hold a PC hearing to decide on commitment

Frisk and search subjects in a simulated environment.

● Frisk - limited search for weapons ○ Terry v. Ohio (Terry Stop, temporarily detaining) ○ Reasonable suspicion that you or someone else is in danger from the subject ○ Always frisk from 2 ½ ○ Stabilize: ■ Same as setting up for handcuffing except reaction side hand is on top of the head palm facing up ○ Maintain contact with arm/wrist at all times in compliance hold style grip. Search with the hand that would be doing the pincer grip by the elbow ○ Pat down outer clothing areas most likely to contain a weapon ■ Do not manipulate anything in pockets or go in pockets ○ If a weapon is found, initiate appropriate arrest procedures ■ Stabilize and control so they cannot access, remove and secure the weapon ■ Disengage and arm self with superior weapon attempt to diffuse with strong verbal commands ● Search - thorough searching of all clothing and objects on subject ○ Handcuff before a search ○ Systematic and thorough ○ Search from behind, never from the front ○ No need to search areas not covered by clothing

Identify the circumstances under which "deadly force" is appropriate, and apply deadly force decision making in a simulated environment.

● Graham v. Connor: ○ Use of force must be objectively reasonable based on: ■ Severity of alleged crime ■ Whether the suspect poses an imminent threat to safety of officers and/or others ■ Suspect is actively resisting or attempting to evade arrest by flight ● Tennessee v. Garner ● Not reasonable to use deadly force against an unarmed fleeing felon unless there is probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious bodily injury to the officer or others ● In DAAT: use of firearm ● Can also be: hitting with squad car, ramming, road block with no escape, hitting in the head with a baton, etc. ● Purpose: stop the threat ● Definition: the intentional use of a firearm or other instrument that creates a high probability of death or great bodily harm ● Justification: behavior which has caused or imminently threatens to cause death or great bodily harm to you or another person or persons ○ Imminent needs 3 criteria: ■ Intent ■ Weapon ■ Delivery system ● Deadly force can NOT be used to prevent suicide or to solely protect property in WI ● Can use deadly force in 2 situations: ○ Defense of self and others ○ Defense of society at large ● Preclusion: you must believe that all other options have been exhausted or would be ineffective ● Target Requirements: ○ Target Acquisition - have an actual target to shoot at ○ Target identification - target is the imminent threat ○ Target isolation - can shoot at target without danger of harming innocent people ■ Greater danger exception - can shoot without target isolation if not stopping the threat would be worse than the possibility of hitting an innocent person

Implement the steps in the mediation process.

● Ground Rules: ○ Introduce yourself and anyone else ○ Explain your role ○ Make clear that everything that is said during the mediation process will remain a part of the professional police contact ○ Go over the mediation process in a basic way: ■ Only one person may speak at a time ■ There are to be no interruptions ■ The subjects must work together toward their own agreement ■ The agreement that they do come to will be noted in the report ○ Ask if they have any questions ○ Try to get verbal agreement to use the mediation process ● The mediation process: ○ Person #1 speaks to you ○ Person #2 speaks to you when person #1 is finished ○ The people speak directly to each other, giving their side and indicating how they would like to see the situation resolved ○ Work toward a mutually acceptable resolution ○ Create an agreement based on what the two parties have agreed to ○ Close the session ● Post Mediation Process: ○ It may not work! ○ Be prepared to "change gears" ○ Consider referring the parties to professional mediation

1 Describe the requirements for conducting a search of a physically disabled person (Wis. Stats. 968.256).

● If a search of a disabled person requires them to remove an assistive device, a person who has had training SHALL handle the search (can call EMTs, paramedics, etc. for this) ● Be careful and be reasonable

Define imminent threat and the criteria that need to be met in order for a threat to be imminent.

● Imminent needs 3 criteria: ○ Intent - intends to cause great bodily harm or death to you or someone else ■ Pointing a weapon at you deliberately ■ Stating an intention to kill you ■ Rushing at you with a knife ○ Weapon - conventional or unconventional weapon capable of inflicting death or great bodily harm ■ Beer bottles, baseball bats, broken glass, large rocks, bricks, pens, etc. ■ Hands and feet alone (officer subject factors) ■ Gun, knife, nunchucks, grenades, etc. ○ Delivery system - means to use the weapon to inflict harm ■ I.e. a person 50 yards away on the others side of a fence with a baseball bat doesn't have the means to hit you with it imminently

Examine debriefings that occur following an incident.

● Incident Debriefing ○ Identify improvements needed in policies, procedures, or training ○ Critical incident stress debriefing ■ Personnel can talk about feelings and get closure ○ Tactical debriefings ■ Review the course of the incident ■ What went well and what didn't ■ learning ● Subject Debriefing ○ Enabling the participants to come full circle ■ Return to the point at which you started ○ Completing the transaction ○ 5 Steps: ■ Calm self and partner ■ Calm subject ■ Provide initial medical assessment ● Level of consciousness ● ABC's (airway, breathing, circulation) ● Body check for injury ● Activate emergency medical system if needed and provide necessary treatment to training ● Continue to monitor the subject ■ Reassure the subject ■ Rebuild the subject's self-esteem

Identify parts of the patrol vehicle and the associated equipment that need to be inspected prior to placing a patrol vehicle into operation.

● Inspect at the beginning of each of shift: ○ Tires and wheels ■ Inflation, cracks in rim or tire, punctures, air leaks, bent rims, etc. ○ Exterior (body, chassis, engine) ■ Any new body damage, any equipment damaged, windows free of cracks ■ Muffler and tail pipe in good condition, fluid leaking, obvious broken or damaged parts ■ Fluid levels for washing fluid, oil, transmission fluid, steering fluid, brake fluid, radiator reservoir ■ Battery cables in tact and snug, belts look in good condition ○ Trunk ■ All items needed are secure and in place with no damage, all items needed are there ○ Passenger compartment ■ If seat is removable, remove seat to check for any belongings, weapons, etc. ○ Other equipment to check ■ Door locks ■ Screen or cage between front and rear seats ■ Seatbelts ■ Windshield wipers ■ Dashboard gauges ■ Lights ● Headlights, emergency lights, alley lights and take-down lights, spotlights, turn signals, brake lights, hazard lights/turn signals, interior lights, reverse lights ■ Electronics ● Computer, radio, P.A., siren, radar ■ Long gun (if carried in the squad) ● Mount and gun in squad ready

Identify the requirements under Wis. Stat. § 51.45(11)(b), for a law enforcement officer in responding to a person who meets the statutory definition of a person who is "incapacitated by alcohol."

● Intoxicated person 51.45(2)(f): a person who's mental or physical functioning is substantially impaired as a result of the use of alcohol ○ If an intoxicated person agrees, you or another person can assist them home or to a detoxification facility of other approved treatment facility or health care facility ○ CANNOT make them go against their will ● Incapacitated by alcohol person: unconscious or cannot make rational decisions as a result of use or withdrawal of alcohol ○ as a result from the use or withdrawal of alcohol, is unconscious or has their judgement otherwise so impaired that they are incapable of making a rational decision AS EVIDENCED objectively by such indicators as extreme physical debilitation, physical harm or threats of harm to themself or any other person or to property. ○ Required to take them into protective custody ○ If the person is a minor they can take the minor into custody under Children or Juvenile Justice code

Identify the effects of increased speed on steering, braking, and cornering.

● It takes less movement of the steerwheel wheel to turn the vehicle while going fast ● When you accelerate, weight is transferred to the rear wheels, and breaking weight is transferred onto the front wheels ● High speeds = more time needed to stop ○ Surface, moisture, tire wear, and etc. can affect this as well ● The distance it takes to stop at 30 mph will be x4 larger at 60 mph and 16x more at 120 mph Sudden weight transfer while cornering may cause the vehicle to skid

Identify the three basic categories of emotionallydisturbed persons (EDP's).

● Long term EDPs: chronically mentally ill, they have this mental illness all the time. ○ Symptoms might not always be the same ○ Can be treated but not cured ● Short term EDPs: people who are going through an acute mental or emotional crisis, or are simply upset for some reason ○ Acute or emotional crisis that may normally be rational ○ inability to deal with a situation(s), and generally lasts for short period of time ○ Situational crisis: individual crisis (injury, accident, fire, vehicle breakdown) or a series of situations (fight with wife, late for work, fired) ■ Normal life changes perceived as crisis ■ Loss or deprivation of some kind (relationship, family death) ● Chemical Abusers: people who abuse drugs or alcohol or both ○ Chronic abusers, people temporarily under the influence, people withdrawing

Describe forcible entry and no-knock issues as they relate to search warrants.

● May use force that is reasonable to carry out the warrant according to statute ● Knock and announce requirement - must knock and announce except: ○ No-knock authorization on warrant ○ Officer upon arrival on scene reasonably believes that knocking and announcing will create a strong likelihood of the destruction of evidence of danger to the officer or others

List the four mental disorders that are defined as "serious and persistent" mental illnesses.

● Mental disorders, including serious and persistent mental illnesses (depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders), as well as personality disorders ● Alcohol and/or drug abuse ● Developmental disabilities ● Alzheimer's disease or other dementia disorders

Identify the role that multi-tasking, weather, road conditions, night driving and fatigue play in normal patrol driving.

● Multi-tasking - cannot give full attention to the road and will be distracted with the many other things you have to do while driving ● Weather and road conditions - can affect visibility and traction on the road ○ First response to be slow down ● Night driving - decreased visibility, other drivers lights can be blinding, it is difficult to judge speed of oncoming vehicles, unable to see environment as well. ○ Don't overdrive headlights (don't drive faster than past your stopping distance allows) ○ Don't blind other traffic with your high beams ○ Avoid being blinded by other drivers ■ Flash high beams if another driver has their high beams on ■ Don't stare into high beams if they wont turn them off ■ Tip mirrors if driver behind you has high beams on ● Fatigue- impairs driving just as much as being drunk does ○ Stop frequently and walk around if possible ○ Snacks and coffee ○ Vary routine in some way so you have to give it more attention ○ Drive with the window open a little ○ If you are nodding off, pull over and stop

Define restraining order, injunction, and no contact violations that require arrest

● No Contact provision (968.075 (5)) - the 72 hours immediately following arrest, the person must avoid the victim, the residence of the alleged victim of the incident, and any other premises temporarily occupied by the alleged victim. ○ No one may contact or attempt to contact the victim on behalf of the arrestee except LE and/or attorneys ○ Victim has the right to waive the protection ○ Can also be attached to bail conditions, a condition of probation, or as part of a divorce or legal separation or temporary restraining order or injunction ● Temporary Restraining Orders and Injunctions ○ 4 types: ■ Domestic abuse ● Individual needs to file a petition with the courts alleging the domestic abuse or fear of it ● TRO will be filed it the judge or family court commissioner finds reasonable grounds that the respondent has or may engage in domestic abuse ● TRO must be served on the respondent ● TRO is vaild until the scheduled court hearing ● Petitioner must go to injunction hearing but the respondent's presence isn't required ○ Injunction must be held in 14 days of TRO being issued ■ At this hearing, an injunction may be served ● Injunction - similar to a TRO but can be served for a 4 years term (sometimes 10 years in specific cases) ■ Harassment ● Injunction for 4 years and can be extended up to 10 years ■ Child abuse ● Can be granted for up to 2 years but can only be extended up to 6 month after it expires or until the child turns 18, whichever comes first ■ Individuals at risk ● Injunction is for 4 years but cannot be extended beyond 2 years ○ Firearm surrender and prohibition: must surrender firearms for domestic abuse or child abuse injunction and MAY take such action for harassment or individual at risk injunction ■ Does not apply to TROs

List the seven steps of the crisis cycle.

● Normal state - no crisis yet ● Stimulation - something has happened to make the person become excited, upset, active, or physically uncomfortable ○ cause can be external or internal ● Escalation - obvious signs of distress, including observable physical changes and changes in behavior ○ Examples: ■ Reddening of the face ■ Tensing of muscles (clenched jaw and/or fists) ■ Talking more or louder ■ Sometimes becoming quieter or more withdrawn ■ Increased activity, such as pacing or rocking ● Crisis State - temporarily out of control ○ May scream, yell, curse, exaggerated movements ○ May become assaultive ● De-escalation - gradual decrease in the crisis behaviors ○ Can remain tense but is more controllable/in control ○ Person can go back into the crisis state if they are provoked ● Stabilization - returning to normal ● Post-crisis drain or depletion - person may drop below their normal level of stimulation ○ Most likely if the crisis was prolonged and/or physical ○ Typically quiet, tired, and/or withdrawn ○ May express regret about their actions

Compare "open view" to "plain view" and how it relates to search and seizure law.

● Open view: an area where there is no expectation of privacy from visual intrusion. Reasonable to believe that other people will look into that area ● Plain view ○ Officer is lawfully located in the place to see the seized item ○ Must have lawful right of access to the object ○ The incriminating item of the item is immediately apparent ○ Must be plainly viewed

Articulate action taken, both in verbal and written communication.

● Oral Articulation ○ Talking with supervisors ○ During meetings ○ Formal and informal debriefings ○ Community meetings (i.e. neighborhood watch) ○ Legal settings: ■ Charging conferences with prosecutors - have to explain an incident in detail ■ Dispositions - answer questions under oath ■ Testimony during court proceeding ■ Telephone conversations with anyone during an official course of business ● Written Articulation: ○ Incident reports ○ Use of physical force reports ○ Memorandums ○ Documentation for disciplinary matters ○ Evaluation reports ○ Interrogatories - written responses to specific questions from an attorney in the course of civil litigation

Identify the circumstances under which "protective alternatives" is appropriate, and apply it in a simulated environment.

● Overcome continued resistance, assaultive behavior or their threats ○ Continued resistance: maintaining a level of counteractive behavior that is not controlled with the officer's current level of force ○ Assaultive behavior: direct actions or conduct that generates bodily harm to the officer(s) and/or another person(s) ● 3 Modes: ○ Active countermeasures ○ Incapacitating techniques ○ Intermediate Weapon

Explain the scope of a search with a warrant and when it must be terminated.

● Persons may be searched on the warrant site if the warrant so specifies or allows for a search of unnamed people ● May search for the evidence or contraband of the crime ○ May search ANY items on warrant scene as long as it has the possibility of containing the evidence searched for and is not directly found on a person ■ Can search it even if it doesn't belong to residence's owner ● Can search the location specified in the warrant ● Must terminate search when you have found the evidence that you were looking for.

Assess whether alternatives to shooting are appropriate when encountering a potentially life threatening situation.

● Preclusion: you must believe that all other options have been exhausted or would be ineffective ● Retreating to cover or not engaging

Identify the circumstances under which "presence" is appropriate, and apply it in a simulated environment.

● Purpose: to provide a visible display of authority ● When to use it examples: ○ Traffic control: squad car may deter speeding and other violations ○ Standing by for citizens to prevent fights ● Uniform = display of authority

Identify the recommended guidelines for a law enforcement officer to follow when responding to a person in an apparent suicidal crisis.

● QPR: ○ Question a person about suicide ○ Persuade the person to get help ○ Refer the person to appropriate resources ● Follow these steps to accomplish QPR: ○ Conduct a continuing threat assessment ○ Try to get the person to talk (question) ○ Show empathy ○ Negotiate solutions (persuade) ○ Determine what action to take (refer)

Identify the issues involved when close combat shooting occurs.

● Reactionary Gap ○ Need to perceive, identify, and then respond - this takes anywhere from ½ - ¾ of a second ■ This doesn't give you enough time to draw and shoot before you will likely be shot ● Options in close combat: ○ Step-slide ○ Attempt to disarm ○ Disengage ○ Escalate ○ Shoot (from position 2 or 3 depending on circumstance) ■ To shoot from position 2 cant the weapon so the slide doesn't hit you ■ For contact shooting, touch the target (index) and pull back a few inches before firing (otherwise you will malfunction)

Implement the steps in the arbitration process as set forth in the acronym REACT.

● Request Cooperation: Goal is to gain voluntary compliance by requesting cooperation. Make request polite but to the point. "Sir, you need to leave." ● Explain Reason: Explain the reasoning for the request. People do not like to be told what to do without an explanation. "Sir the owner of the bar wants you to leave." ● Allow Choice: This allows the person to save face, shows respect. Gives people the impression that they are the one making the choice and deciding what they want to do. "Sir you can either leave on your own or you will force me to remove you." ● Check decision: If the person does not choose one of the options presented right away, you need to be sure that you understand what the subject has or has not chosen to do. Keep the subject on tract and do not allow them to stray away to other options that were not given. "Is there anything I can say to get you to leave?" ● Take Action: Taking action after the subject continues to refuse or go along with verbal

List the four key goals for a law enforcement officer in managing crisis situations.

● Safety of officer and others ● Establishing and maintaining control of the situation ● Identifying and striving for positive resolutions ● Arrangement of follow-up care for those undergoing crises

Identify the circumstances under which "dialog" is appropriate, and apply it in a simulated environment.

● Search Talk - gather information ○ "Hi I'm Officer ______ what's your name?" ○ "Tell me what happened today." ● Persuasion - gain compliance (with a generally nonthreatening tone) ○ "Sir please step over here and talk to me." ○ "Ma'am it would be best if you left now." ● Light control talk - more pressing need for compliance ○ "Stop right where you are" ○ "Show me your hands" ○ "Step out of the car" ● Heavy control- situation requires immediate compliance ○ "Drop the knife or I'll shoot!" ○ "Get out of the car, do it now!"

Identify steps to take in conducting a death notification.

● Should be done in person ● 10 steps: ○ Go with Certainty - gather the facts and the confirm them ■ Is the victim really dead? ■ Has a positive ID of the victim been made? ○ Go without delay - be timely ○ Go in person - be present ○ Go in pairs ○ Make the approach ■ Proper address ■ Knock and ID self ■ Present credentials if not in uniform ■ Verify that you are at the correct address, with the correct family, and that they are the next of kin ○ Deliver notification in plain language ■ Be kind but direct ■ Let information soak in ○ Demonstrate compassion and gather support ■ Plan to take time to provide info and support ■ Do not leave them alone ■ Do not take the deceased person's personal items with you at the time of notification ■ Give them information about the cause of the death, location of the body, and how the body will be released and transported, what will happen to it, etc. ■ Never say "the body" but rather use past tense and their name ■ Avoid gruesome details ■ Offer to help make phone calls ■ Ask if they have a pastor/priest/rabbi, etc. that they would like you to call ■ Ask if they need anything (kleenex, water, medications, etc.) ○ Provide closure and follow up ■ Assure the survivors that they are in good hands with those around them ■ Offer condolences on your own behalf and behalf of the agency ■ Ask if they have questions ■ Present business card and offer that they can call you for assistance if needed ○ Exercise Self-Assessment and Care ■ Be honest with family and yourself ■ Give self time to recover ■ Share feelings with others ● It is ok to feel (empathy) ● Special Situations ○ Hospital/Assisted living facility ■ Find a quiet room ■ Arrange for doctor to be present to answer medical questions ■ Inform simply and dire

Describe the legal issues surrounding a silent emergency response.

● Statute 346.03(4) ○ Can exceed the speed limit without giving audible and visual signals under the following circumstances: ■ The officer is obtaining evidence of a speed violation ■ The officer is responding to a call which the officer reasonably believes involves a felony in progress and the officer reasonably believes any of the following: ● Knowledge of the officer's presence may endanger the safety of a victim or other person ● Knowledge of the officer's presence may cause the suspected violator to evade apprehension ● Knowledge of the officer's presence may cause the suspected violator to destroy evidence of a suspected felony or may otherwise result in the loss of evidence of a suspected felony ● Knowledge of the officer's presence may cause the suspected violator to cease the commission of a suspected felony before the officer obtains sufficient evidence to establish grounds for arrest

Identify techniques for steering, backing, cornering and braking.

● Steering - make it as smooth as possible ○ Changing lanes: ■ Cushion of space - 4 seconds in front of you to stop ■ Assess relative speed of vehicles you are going to ■ Check to make sure there is room for your vehicle to fit ■ Use turn signal ■ Check blind spot ○ Passing slower vehicle ■ Make sure there are no other vehicles in oncoming traffic when passing on a two lane road ● Backing ○ If possible, get out and look behind car before starting to back ○ 12 o'clock hand position with left hand ○ To keep straight, check a spot in the distance and use as line of intended travel path ○ Use outside mirrors to negotiate tight clearances ● Cornering ○ Scan 12 seconds ahead ○ Turn on signal at least 100 ft ahead of the turn ○ Avoid crossing lanes of traffic as much as possible ○ Slow before entering turn if needed ○ Aim for the apex of the curve ○ Once you hit the apex, aim for the exit of your turn ○ Keep in mind that in a rear drive vehicle, traction is increased on turns. On a front wheel drive vehicle, traction will decrease on turns ● Braking ○ Avoid following too close ○ Avoid left foot braking ○ Be aware of traffic behind you when you begin breaking (try to keep an escape path to avoid being rear ended ○ Controlled braking - use when you have control of the stopping distance ■ You will NOT lock the wheels in this technique if you lock the wheels then you can no longer turn and loose traction ■ Early and smooth - steady constant pressure early ■ Trail breaking - gradually reducing brake pressure after you have begun to turn into a corner ○ Sudden stops - cannot control the braking distance ■ ABS - anti-lock breaks ● To use these, apply steady, firm pressure until the vehicle stops ■ Threshold braking - maximum brake pressure until just before lock

Describe a strip search and the requirements for conducting a strip search (Wis. Stats. 968.255).

● Strip Search: a search in which a detainee's genitals, pubic area, buttock or anus, or a female detainee's breast, is uncovered and either is exposed to view or is touched by a person conducting the search ● Requirements: ○ Person being searched must be a detainee (adults and juveniles) ○ Detainee will be lawfully taken into custody and will be incarcerated, imprisoned, or otherwise detained in a jail or prison with one or more persons ○ Any felony or certain listed misdemeanors ■ Can do any misdemeanor if there is probable cause to believe the person is concealing a weapon, or a thing which may constitute evidence of the offense for which he or she is detained ○ Searcher must be the same sex ■ Body cavity search must be done by a licensed physician, physician assistant or registered nurse and does NOT have to be the same sex ○ Detainee cannot be exposed to view by outsiders ○ Cannot be audio or visually recorded ○ Must have prior written approval from the Chief ■ Unless you have probable cause to believe the detainee is concealing a weapon

Handcuff and remove handcuffs from subjects in a simulated environment.

● Tactical Handcuffing: ○ Can use for subject who is standing, kneeling, or prone ○ Stabilize the subject standing: ■ Hands overhead with palms forward and fingers spread ■ Turn slowly until they are facing away from you ■ Feet wide apart and toes pointing out ■ Arms straight out to the side with the thumbs down, palms facing you ■ Bend slightly forward ■ Head away from you and arms slightly back ○ Handcuffing (standing): ■ Once stabilized, take handcuffs out and prep them, single strands facing toward the subject ■ Approach from position 2 ½ , and step slide in with hands at high guard ■ Use reaction hand to grab in reverse handshake. ■ Apply single strand to "handcuff groove" with touch - push - ratchet ■ Swoop under while maintaining grip on the handcuffs and grabbing the subject's other hand with reaction hand. ■ Touch-push-ratchet other handcuff ■ Establish compression hold with pincer grip on elbow and compliance hold on wrist ■ Check for tightness ■ Safety lock ■ (IF TAKING INTO CUSTODY) ask if they have any injuries, scan for injuries and thoroughly search ○ Stabilizing the subject on the ground/prone: ■ Hands overhead with palms forward and fingers spread ■ Turn slowly in circle, end facing you ■ Go to one knee, then the other ■ Put hands on ground in front of them ■ Walk backwards onto their stomach ■ Hands straight out to the side with palms up ■ Spread feet with toes out ■ Look away and strong hand on the back with the fingers up ■ Approach with strong shin over the shoulders/back and reaction knee on the ground, pushing elbow in. Grab their arm in pincer grip on the elbow with reaction hand, reverse handshake/compliance with strong hand ○ Handcuffing subject on the ground/prone: ■ Switch hands to have reaction hand in reverse handshake, take

Identify the target requirements that must be met in order to use deadly force.

● Target Requirements: ○ Target Acquisition - have an actual target to shoot at ○ Target identification - target is the imminent threat ○ Target isolation - can shoot at target without danger of harming innocent people ■ Greater danger exception - can shoot without target isolation if not stopping the threat would be worse than the possibility of hitting an innocent person

List the recommended steps that a law enforcement officer should follow as part of pre-intervention preparation.

● The recommended steps to follow in pre-intervention preparation are as follows: ○ Find out as much as you can about the person/situation ○ Calm yourself ○ Center yourself and get focused ○ Develop a strategy for the intervention

Describe the inventory exception to the warrant requirement.

● There MUST be an inventory policy that is routinely used ● Protection of law enforcement when car is impounded/taken into police custody

Describe induce-to-stop methods.

● Tire deflation devices - Spiked strips or sticks that deflate a tire running over them ● Channelization - diverting the subject where you want them or inducing them to stop, usually with squad vehicles ● Moving road blocks (boxing in) - surrounded by 3 squad cars, one in front, one in back and one on the side. Then you all slow down together to make the subject slow ○ Good to use for slow pursuits or intoxicated drivers ● Roadblock with escape route - using vehicles or other objects in the road way to impede or alter the normal flow of traffic ● Pursuit intervention technique (PIT) - controlled contact of squad vehicle to suspect vehicle at low speeds to cause the suspect vehicle to lose control

Implement resolution strategies in crisis intervention situations.

● To make the right decision and achieve resolution requires that you: ● Move toward resolution of the situation ○ Keep the subject as calm as possible ■ Separate the person in crisis and their audience ■ Try to allow the person to save face ○ Figure out as much as you can about the situation ■ Open ended questions ■ Previous mental health treatment and medical history ○ Use available resources such as: ■ Mental health professionals ■ The subject - sometimes, they can help themselves out of a situation ■ The subject's family or friends ○ Remain realistic and honest in your dealing with the subject ■ Small and concrete goals ■ Don't make promises that you cannot keep, intend to keep, or don't have the authority to follow up on

Identify route selection issues that affect emergency driving.

● Traffic patterns ● Construction ● Road condition ● Intersections - the fewer the better ○ Evaluate the intersection as far ahead as possible ○ While approaching, slow down and be prepared to stop if needed ○ Search the intersection for other traffic ○ Look for any additional emergency vehicles responding to the same call (might not hear sirens while yours is on

Approach incidents using appropriate tactics.

● USE TIME TO YOUR ADVANTAGE! ● Determine whether the contain or enter ○ Does it need immediate intervention in order to save lives? ○ Can it be contained and you can negotiate with the suspect? ● Invisible deployment- the suspect doesn't know where you are and does not know that you entered undetected ● Movement considerations: ○ Rural areas: ■ Stay at least one meter apart in a wedge formation ■ Stop, look, and listen when animals or birds are disturbed ■ Avoid silhouetting yourself on hills, sunny areas, and open areas ■ Avoid moving through thick brush ■ Use a rear guard when moving through an unsecure area ■ Have a weapon capable of engaging a suspect hundreds of yards away ○ Urban areas: ■ Use shadows to your advantage. It is good to fight from the dark into the light ■ Avoid pets or other animals that can reveal your location ■ Do not linger in doorways - the "fatal funnel" ■ Stay low under ground floor-windows, avoid step over or basement windows ■ Gates in fences are similar to doorways ○ Leapfrogging ■ Officers take turn moving farther and farther (one covers as the other moves) ○ Crossing a hostile area ■ One partner covers while the other moves ■ Keep rush to less than 3-5 seconds if all possible

Identify at least three behavioral indicators that a person may have a possible mental disorder.

● Verbal Indicators (What People Say) ○ Expressing extreme hostility or excitement ○ Expressing thoughts or ideas that seem to be illogical, disconnected, unrelated, or bizarre ○ Expressing "paranoid" or extremely suspicious ideas or feelings ○ Using unusual speech patterns, such as rapid or forced speech, or rhyming speech, or sometimes, delayed verbal responses ● Behavioral Indicators (What People Do) ○ Body language and other nonverbal expressions can be just as important as verbal indicators of a person's state of mind. Some of the behavioral indicators to watch for include ■ Bizarre or inappropriate clothing, makeup, or accessories ■ Unusual body postures or movements ■ Lethargic, or sluggish, movements and responses ■ Repetitious, ritualistic movements ■ Apparent hallucinations, such as seeing things that are not there or seeming to hear voices ■ Extreme or unusual or inappropriate agitation or anger ■ Expression of or appearance of extreme emotions or emotional reactions, such as fear, happiness, sadness, or anxiety ■ Seemingly inappropriate emotional reactions, such as laughing at being told bad news, or giving only limited responses to questions that are asked ■ Being very withdrawn, Unusual or extreme confusion

Describe how domestic violence trauma affects the victim's response to law enforcement.

● Victims are told: ○ Not to trust law enforcement ○ Not to talk about what happened ○ Threats of what will happen if there is an arrest ○ Threats to kill the officers if the victim tells ○ If they do call the police that they will go away for a long time and there will be no one there to take care of you and the kids financially ○ You will lose the kid(s)

Demonstrate weapon control techniques in a simulated environment.

● Weapon retention techniques ○ Being aware of surroundings ○ Actively avoiding someone taking your weapon ■ Gun side turned away ■ Verbally telling someone not to touch/reach for your weapon ○ Techniques ■ Reaction technique w/ gun cover ■ GUN technique ● In the holster ○ Grab- secure in the holster ○ Undo- make subject let go of your weapon ■ Strike the subject's hand or arm ■ Directing them to the ground ■ Use active countermeasures to strike the subject ■ Use deadly force if justified ○ Neutralize- don't let the subject continue or re-initiate the disarming attempt ■ Disengage ■ Verbalize ■ Passive or active countermeasures ■ Baton ■ Deadly force if justified ● Out of the holster: ○ Grab- secure with both hands (reverse blanket) ○ Undo- J-stroke technique (up then forcefully down in a circular motion with a sidestep) ○ Neutralize ■ Disengage if safe to do so ■ Use active countermeasures with firm grip on the weapon ■ Deadly force if justified ○ Armed Subjects: ■ Sweep and disengage ■ Disarm with descending strike of baton ■ GUN Technique

Identify the elements of robbery (943.32).

● With intent, knowingly took property from the person or presence of the owner, ● Without consent of the owner ● With force or the threat of force