Phil 201 Exam 3
Nagel and Jackson: The Moral
It seems that we can know everything about how a being's brain works. And still have no knowledge of what it is like to be that thing. Best explanation?: consciousness is something more than the brain
According to logical behaviorism
Mental states are nothing more than bodily behavior, or dispositions for such behavior
The attribute or property dualist would reject which of the following claims?
Mental states are properties of a non-physical substance.
According to behaviorism
Mental states are reducible to behavioral states, or dispositions to have such states.
According to interactionism
Mental states cause/influence physical states. Physical states cause/influence mental states.
According to interactionism
Mental states cause/influence physical states. Physical states cause/influence mental states.
According to parallelism
Mind and body do not interact
Which of the following views faces the problem of mind-body interaction?
epiphenomenalism
The Sorites' paradox concerns
A. How a thing can exist through a series of small changes.
True or false: numerical identity can come in degrees.
False Bruce Wayne is either batman or business man
True or false: any two things that are numerically identical are qualitatively identical
False Counter example: You right now and you ten years ago, very different qualities kind of like A and B same thing but different qualities
True or false: Any two things that are qualitatively identical are numerically identical
False Counter example: identical twins
Which of the following best describes the phenomenon known as blind sight?
Someone sees, but does not have any corresponding qualitative consciousness.
In the philosophy of mind, a "zombie," is what?
Something that acts just like you and I, but lacks any consciousness.
True or false: according to Locke, for a living thing like a plant or an animal to persist over a period of time, that being's substance must persist over that period of time.
false
True or false: according to Locke, for a person to persist over a period of time, that person's substance must persist over that period of time.
false
True or false: according to Locke, one can survive complete and total amnesia — that is, the loss of all one's memories, with no possibility of their being retrieved.
false
True or false: according to Locke, one can survive the complete and total amnesia — that is, the loss of all one's memories, with no possibility of their being retrieved.
false
True or false: according to Nagel, functionalism provides an adequate explanation of qualitative consciousness.
false
True or false: according to Nagel, qualia are accessible, or knowable from multiple perspectives or points of view.
false
True or false: according to Searle, the Turing Test is a good test for whether or not something has a mind.
false
True or false: any two things that are numerically identical are qualitatively identical.
false
True or false: having a broken foot would be an example of a mental state.
false
True or false: if interactionism is correct, then some physical events do not have physical causes.
false
True or false: if property dualism is correct, then one can survive the death of one's body.
false
True or false: numerical identity comes in degrees.
false
True or false: one can have knowledge of the mental states of others through introspection.
false
True or false: property dualism is a form of substance dualism.
false
Which of the following is an example of qualitative consciousness?
feeling pain in one's elbow
According to which of the following views are mental states multiply realizable in different material systems?
functionalism
Chinese room is a counter example to what
functionalist
Qualitative consciousness is
the content of experience
Suppose that we were able to make a sophisticated robot that was a functional duplicate of you. What would functionalism imply about your duplicate?
the duplicate has a mind
Suppose that Alice and Betty are identical twins. Then they are:
Qualitatively nearly identical.
True or false: qualitative identity can come in degrees.
True
Substance and property dualists disagree about
Whether mental states are states of the brain
physicalism
mind and body are one
One problem raised for dualism in the text is
It is difficult to understand how mind and body interact if they are two very different kinds of things.
Plutarch's example of the ship of Theseus
Which had every one of its parts replaced over time Question does ship one equal ship two Suppose you say yes, then a thing can be completely different than itself Suppose you say no, then you have to explain what point the first ship ceased to exist
Dualism faces the problem of explaining mind-body interaction
Your mind can cause your material today to do things And your material body can cause changes in your mind
Sortes's Paradox
1. It is determinately true that a pile of 1 million grains of sand is a heap 2. It is determined true that one grain of sand is not a heap 3. But for some numbers of grains of sand N, it is indeterminate whether N grain of sand is a heap
psychological continuity
100,000 is psychologically continuous with 2 insofar as there is a series of psychological connections that binds them together
Two things, A and B, are numerically identical insofar as
A and B are the very same thing
Two things, A and B, are qualitatively identical insofar as
A and B have similar qualities, or properties.
In the Parfit selection, which of the following cases does he discuss?
A case of fission — where a person seemingly splits into two persons. A case of fusion — where a person seemingly combines with another person to form one person. A case of immortality — where an individual lives forever, changing over time.
In the discussion of personal identity a "fission case" is
A case where one individual seems to split into two.
Epistemological indeterminacy
A claim P is epistemically indeterminate insofar as one does not know whether P or not P
In Searle's article, "Strong AI" refers to which of the following positions?
A computer program could be a mind.
Suppose that it is metaphysically indeterminate whether or not God exists. Then
A. It is not true that God exists. B. It is not true that God does not exist. C. No one knows whether or not God exists.
Which of the following would be an example of a conscious mental state?
An experience of feeling joy. Being acutely aware of being very thirsty. Wondering to oneself whether or not it will snow this weekend.
Which of the following is true if the identity theory of the mind is correct?
Anything that is made up of different material stuff than you and I could not possibly have a mind.
psychological connectedness
At any given time the person will retain some of her earlier memories and intentions
Which of the following view is a materialist account of the nature of mind?
Behaviorism Identity Theory
Searle's example of the Chinese Room is supposed to show that
Cognition is not just about manipulating symbols or words in the way that minds do.
Searle's Chinese Room Argument is supposed to show
Functionalism cannot explain the nature of intentional consciousness.
Which of the following would be considered a mental state, rather than a non-mental physical state?
Having an experience of a headache. Consciously believing that it will snow this weekend. Desiring pizza for lunch.
True or false: Locke would say that one can survive the complete loss of all of one's memories.
false
Parfit defends which of the following theses?
In some cases, there is no correct answer to the question of whether a person exists after some undergoing some change.
Classify the following form of consciousness: Remembering that the French Revolution occurred in 1789
Intentional
Suppose that one knows Paris is the capital of France. Your having this knowledge is an example of:
Intentional consciousness.
Suppose that one mistakenly believes that the earth is flat. Your having this belief is an example of:
Intentional consciousness.
You know that you are conscious. What is the source of this knowledge?
Introspection
The Turing Test
Is a test for whether something has a mind or not.
Persistence
Numerical identity across time
To that some claim P is metaphysically indeterminate is to say that
P is neither true nor false
According to Heraclitus,
Persons do not persist things that are not persons do not persist
According to epiphenomenalism
Physical states cause/influence mental states
Classify the following form of consciousness: Seeing a Jackson Pollock
Qualitative
Classify the following form of consciousness: being terrified
Qualitative
When Nagel discusses the subjective character of experience he is referring to which aspect of consciousness?
Qualitative consciousness
When Nagel is talking about the "subjective character of experience" he is referring to:
Qualitative consciousness
Suppose that you experience a toothache. The pain you experience is an example of:
Qualitative consciousness.
When we say that two identical twins are identical, which concept of identity are we using?
Qualitative identity.
On which of the following views might it be possible for your mind to survive the death of your body?
Substance dualism.
Searle's argument relies on the idea that human thoughts have "semantics". What does Searle mean by this?
That human thoughts influence what we say and do. That we are free when it comes to thinking what we want to think, That human thoughts have contents, or meanings that allow them to be about the world.
"Blindsight" refers to which of the following?
The ability to perceive objects without having any qualitative experiences.
Survival
The degree of psychological connectedness between you and a later self
All dualists agree that
The mind, or mental properties, are somehow distinct from the body.
Which of the following is a kind of physicalism?
behaviorism, identity theory, and functionalism
True or false: Necessarily, if A is numerically identical with B, and B is numerically identical with C, then A is numerically identical with C.
True
True or false: according to functionalism, something that is functionally identical to you would be mentally identical to you.
True
True or false: at a specific point in time, if X is numerically identical with Y, then X and Y are qualitatively identical.
True
According to Nagel and Jackson, why is qualitative consciousness a problem for physicalism?
We can know all the physical facts without knowing the facts about qualitative consciousness.
In the Nagel selection, Nagel considers which of the following questions?
Whether we can imagine what it is like to be a bat.
True or false: Parfit would say that in a fission case you persist.
false
Parfit would say that getting married and having a family would be
both survivable and partial survival. Some people change a lot when they have kids
When it comes to the philosophy of personal identity, to "persist" is to
continue to exist
Suppose that a student taking a math test does not know the answer to a given problem. We would say that the answer for the student is
epistemically indeterminate
Any two things that are qualitatively identical are numerically identical
false
If nothing persists, then nothing is qualitatively identical across time.
false
It's plausible that if we know that any other human being is conscious this is based on some inference from observing his/her behavior. For example, when someone is hurt we know that he/she is in pain because of the particular way in which he/she acts. True or false: such reasoning from the behavior of a person to the claim that they are conscious would be deductively valid reasoning.
false
Suppose that a human being is brain dead in a total vegetative state. And let's suppose that means that the human being has absolutely no consciousness or thoughts anymore. True or false: Locke would say that that human being is still a "person."
false
True of false: according to Parfit, one could survive a process that completely wipes out one's psychology, including all of one's memories.
false
True or false: If functionalism is correct, then zombies are possible.
false
Which of the following is an example of qualitative consciousness?
hearing a trombone
Suppose that one knows Paris is the capital of France. Your having this knowledge is an example of:
intentional consciousness
The Chinese Room thought experiment is supposed to show that functionalism cannot explain
intentional consciousness
According to which of the following views do mental states causally influence, or effect, physical states?
interactionism
forms of dualism
interactionism, epiphenomenalism, parallelism
Which of the following characterizes intentional consciousness?
it involves representing the world as being a certain way.
Heraclitus held the position that
material things do not persist, persons do not persist
According to the reading, which of the following views is the most popular amongst philosophers?
materialism
functionalist
mental properties are just functional properties of the brain
dualism faces the problem of how...
mind and body interact
According to Locke, it is possible that you have done some things that you have completely forgotten
no
According to Locke, you could exist, but in totally vegetative state with no physiological properties
no
According to Locke, you could survive total irreversible amnesia
no
According to Locke, you could survive being cloned
no, you lose the memories
Parfit would say that cloning is
not survivable
Parfit would say that total irreversible amnesia would be
not survivable
When we say that Superman and Clark Kent are the same person, which concept of identity are we using?
numerical identity
behaviorism
o Having a mind equals behaving in a certain way o Having a particular mental state equals behaving in a particular way o Being in pain equals engaging in pain behavior
identity theory
o Having a mind equals being made of certain kind of stuff o Being water equals being made up of hydrogen and oxygen, in a particular arrangement o Being a mind equals being made up of neurons, in a particular arrangement
Which form of dualism denies that mind and body ever interact?
parallelism
Which of the following is a dualist theory of the mind?
parallelism
Parfit would say that growing old is
partial or non survival
Parfit would say that fusion is
partial survival
Parfit would say that life-altering psychological trauma would be
partial survival
Nagel's "what it is like to be a bat" argument is supposed to show that functionalism cannot explain
qualitative consciousness
Suppose that you experience a toothache. The pain you experience is an example of
qualitative consciousness
Parfit would say that in a fission case with transportation is
survivable
Parfit would say that transportation would be
survivable
Which of the following test for whether a system has a mind is discussed in Searle's article?
the Turing Test
substance dualism
there are two kinds of substance, or things in the world- minds and matter
If nothing persists, then nothing is numerically identical across time.
true
True or false: A and B can be numerically identical, but not qualitatively identical.
true
True or false: Locke would say that in a fission case you persist.
true
True or false: Locke would say that one can survive the loss of some of one's memories.
true
True or false: Locke would say that one could survive being transported, as depicted in Star Trek.
true
True or false: according to Locke, a living thing, like an oak tree or a human being can continue to exist even if it loses or changes some of the underlying physical matter out of which it is made.
true
True or false: according to Locke, two different people could, at two different times, occupy the very same soul.
true
True or false: according to Locke, you as a person could survive a complete change of the material substance that makes up your body.
true
True or false: according to Locke, you could be transferred from one body or soul to another.
true
True or false: according to Nagel, physical facts are accessible, or knowable from multiple perspectives or points of view.
true
True or false: according to Nagel, qualitative content is the subjective character of experience.
true
True or false: according to Parfit, in some cases it is metaphysically indeterminate as to whether we persist or not
true
True or false: according to functionalism, a functional duplicate of you would have intentional consciousness.
true
True or false: according to functionalism, the Turing test is a good test for whether something has a mind.
true
True or false: according to functionalism, the mind is "multiply realizable"
true
True or false: according to the property dualist, all mental properties are states of physical entities, most likely the brain.
true
True or false: two things can be numerically identical and yet not be qualitatively identical.
true
True or false: two things can be qualitatively identical but not numerically identical.
true
According to Locke, if you remember being socrates, then you are socrates
yes
According to Locke, in principle, it should be possible for two people to swap bodies
yes
According to Locke, it is possible to survive the death of your body
yes
According to Locke, you could survive being transported
yes
You could survive being transported according to Locke
yes
According to Locke (as presented by Bennett), your personal identity is most closely associated with which of the following:
your consciousness
According to Locke your persistence is tied to
your consciousness
According to Locke, your personal identity is most closely associated with which of the following:
your consciousness