PHIL ch2
value claim
A claim that something is good, bad, right, or wrong, Variable, bound; free; individual; predicate, statement
The definition "'Official' means a person appointed or elected to office" is an example of:
A definition by genus and difference.
The definition "'Furniture' means tables, chairs, couches, beds, credenzas, and so on" is an example of:
A definition by subclass.
synonymous definition
A definition in which the definiens is a single word that connotes the same attributes as the definiendum
persuasive definition
A definition intended to engender a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward what is denoted by the definiendum
precising definition
A definition intended to reduce the vagueness of a word
lexical definition
A definition intended to report the way a word is actually used in a language
definition by genus and difference
A definition that assigns a meaning to a term by identifying a genus term and one or more difference words that, when combined, convey the same meaning as the term being defined
extensional (denotive) definition
A definition that assigns a meaning to a term by indicating the members of the class that the term denotes
definition by subclass
A definition that assigns a meaning to a term by naming subclasses of the class that the term denotes, Definitional techniques, Definitions of the logical operators
etymological definition
A definition that assigns a meaning to a word by disclosing the word's ancestry in both its own language and other lan guages
intensional definition
A definition that assigns a meaning to a word by indicating the qualities or attributes that the word connotes
enumerative definitions
A definition that assigns a meaning to a word by naming the members of the class that the word denotes, Equivalence.
operational definition
A definition that assigns a meaning to a word by specifying experimental procedures that determine whether or not the word applies to a certain thing
theoretical definition
A definition that assigns a meaning to a word by suggesting a theory that gives a certain characterization to the entities that the term denotes
stipulative definition
A definition that assigns a meaning to a word for the first time
definition
A group of words that assigns a meaning to a word or group of words
The definition "'Neoconservative' means a political ideologue committed to massive federal deficits, proactive wars, environmental destruction, and special benefits for the wealthiest citizens" is an example of:
A persuasive definition.
The definition "'Covenant' means agreement" is an example of:
A synonymous definition.
term
A word or group of words that can serve as the subject of a statement.
Which of the following groups of terms is in the order of increasing extension?
Albacore, tuna, ocean fish, fish.
The definition "'Pre-Socratic philosopher' means someone such as Thales, Anaxagoras, Parmenides, or Heraclitus" is an example of:
An enumerative definition.
vague expression
An expression that allows for borderline cases in which it is impossible to tell if the expression applies or does not apply, Vague hypotheses, Valid argument forms. See also Rules of inference; Valid syllogistic forms
ambiguous expression
An expression that can be interpreted as having more than one distinct meaning in a given context
Which of the following are all connoted by the term "scientist"?
Analytical, intelligent, systematic.
As a lexical definition, the definition "'Seditious' means given to sedition" may be criticized as:
Being circular
As a lexical definition, Ambrose Bierce's definition "Politician: An eel in the fundamental mud upon which the superstructure of organized society is reared" may be criticized as:
Being figurative
As a lexical definition, the definition "'Art' is what separates man from beast" may be criticized as:
Being vague
As a lexical definition, the definition "'Expensive' means costing a lot" may be criticized as:
Being vague
demonstrative (ostensive) definitions
Definition:A definition that assigns a meaning to a word by pointing to members of the class that the word denotes
Which of the following are all denoted by the term "scientist"?
Einstein, Newton, Galileo.
Which of the following statements makes a value claim?
Euthanasia is morally wrong.
Which of the following groups of words all tend to be vague?
Excessive, fresh, normal.
denotation
Extensional meaning or extension, Denotative definition.
As a lexical definition, the definition "'Hourglass' means a device consisting of two conically shaped chambers containing sand and connected at their apexes" may be criticized as:
Failing to convey the essential meaning of the word being defined.
definiendum
In a definition, the word or group of words that are proposed to be defined
definiens
In a definition, the word or group of words that do the defining, Definite description
connotation
Intensional meaning or intension; conventional, Connotative definition.
Which of the following terms has empty extension?
King of the United States
Which of the following groups of terms is in the order of increasing intension?
Living thing, plant, flower, daisy
Which of the following groups of words all tend to be ambiguous?
Mad, bank, race.
empty extension
The extension of a term that denotes something that does not exist
What does "definiens" mean?
The group of words that does the defining
conventional connotation
The intensional meaning conventionally agreed on by the members of the community who speak the language in question
cognitive meaning
The meaning by which terminology conveys information, Coherence. See Internal coherence Cold reading, Collective hallucination
emotive meaning
The meaning by which terminology expresses or evokes feelings
extensional meaning
The members of the class that a term denotes
decreasing extension
The order of decreasing class size
decreasing intension
The order of decreasing specificity or increasing generality
increasing extension
The order of increasing class size
increasing intension
The order of increasing specificity
intensional meaning
The qualities or attributes that a term connotes, Intent, role of, in fallacies
What does "definiendum" mean?
The word that is supposed to be defined
Which of the following pairs of terms have the same extension?
Werewolf, square circle
"Galaxy" means a system of stars.
a definition by genus and difference
"Fruit" means a peach, pear, apple, and so on.
a definition by subclass
"Automobile" means that and that and that (as you point to a number of automobiles).
a demonstrative (ostensive) definition
"Chamber" means room.
a synonymous definition
Which of the following words or groups of words is not a term? a. Frequently b. Consistency c. The best student in the class d. Thomas Jefferson e. He who hesitates
a. Frequently
Will Rogers's definition "A professional athlete is someone who earned all he could in college as an amateur" is primarily _______.
affective
"Singer" means someone such as Britney Spears, Janet Jackson, and Bruce Springsteen.
an enumerative definition
"Consequent" is derived from the Latin word consequi, which means "to follow."
an etymological
The kind of definition that assigns a meaning to a term by indicating the members of the class that the term denotes is ___________________ .
an extensional definition
Which of the following statements is ambiguous? a. All of the apples that I bought are golden delicious. b. The stolen bicycle was found by a man resting on a park bench [was the man resting or the bike resting on the park bench?]. c. Gail has a new hair do. d. Ibuprofen can relieve a headache. e. Professor Johnson, my anthropology teacher, is old.
b. The stolen bicycle was found by a man resting on a park bench [was the man resting or the bike resting on the park bench?].
Which of the following groups of terms are in the order of increasing extension? a. Orange, Valencia orange, fruit, citrus fruit. b. Valencia orange, orange, citrus fruit, fruit. c. Fruit, citrus fruit, orange, Valencia orange. d. Orange, citrus fruit, fruit, Valencia orange. e. Citrus fruit, orange, Valencia orange, fruit.
b. Valencia orange, orange, citrus fruit, fruit.
Which of the following statements is vague? a.Dominique, my roommate, was born in France. b. Bob saw the lost dog driving in his car. c. This breakfast cereal is made from natural ingredients [doesn't say which natural ingredients, there are many kinds]. d. Some sleep disorders can be treated. e. Mold causes allergic reactions in many people.
c. This breakfast cereal is made from natural ingredients [doesn't say which natural ingredients, there are many kinds].
The statement "Wellington defeated Napoleon at Waterloo" has primarily ______ meaning.
cognitive
"Intension" means roughly the same thing as ______ .
connotation
Which of the following statements has primarily cognitive meaning? a.Mr. Parker's proposals for reorganizing the company are positively bizarre. b.Ansel Adams' photographs are amazingly beautiful. c. The government is currently run by maniacs. d. The number of deaths linked to prescription drugs is on the rise. e. I am disgusted by the proposals to drill for oil in wildlife refuges.
d. The number of deaths linked to prescription drugs is on the rise.
Which of the following are all denoted by the term "watchmaker"? a. Sales, profits, assets, liabilities. b. Stylish, functional, accurate, battery operated. c. American, French, Swiss, Japanese. d. Timex, Cartier, Omega, Casio. e. United States, France, Switzerland, Japan.
d. Timex, Cartier, Omega, Casio.
Which of the following are all connoted by the term "comedian"? a. American, French, Spanish, Italian. b. New York, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Atlantic City. c. Jerry Seinfeld, Dan Aykroyd, Steve Martin, Bob Newhart. d. Sitcoms, dramas, musicals, fantasies. e. Humorous, quick witted, clever, articulate.
e. Humorous, quick witted, clever, articulate.
The statement "I think licorice ice cream is yucky" has primarily _______ meaning.
emotive
Jim: In 1960, President Kennedy received 52 percent of the popular vote. Jane: You're wrong. Kennedy received less than 51 percent of the popular vote.
factual
Sidney Lanier's definition "Music is love in search of a word" is primarily _______ .
figurative
"Bronchitis" means an inflammation of the bronchial tubes.
lexical
Eliminating the ambiguity of a word is one of the purposes of a ________ definition.
lexical
A substance is "radioactive" if and only if a Geiger counter shows a reading when the probe is placed near the substance.
operational definition
"Integration" means a communist-inspired policy that forces white parents to send their children to inferior schools.
persuasive
"Rare," in connection with roast beef, means cooked to a temperature of 140 degrees Fahrenheit.
precising
"Elephino" means the offspring of a male elephant and a female rhinoceros.
stipulative
A plumber's helper is a helper used by a plumber.
the definition is primarily circular
"Efficient" means the condition of not being inefficient.
the definition is primarily negative
"Brawl" means quarrel.
the term "brawl" is the definiendum
"Cistern" means a large vessel for storing water.
the term "cistern" is the species
"Giraffe" means a large mammal having a very long neck.
the term "mammal" is the genus
"Icon" means a sacred image.
the word "sacred" is the difference
"Light" means a form of electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength of 4,000 to 7,000 Angstroms.
theoretical
A moose is a large animal with horns.
this definition is primarily too broad
Emotive terminology is often used to make _____ claims.
value