phil exam 1
According to Aristotle, courage is _____.
to be desired at all costs.
Plato _____ Protagoras' position.
utterly rejects
Plato rejects skepticism, the view that _____.
we lack knowledge in some fundamental way
Socrates was said to be _____
charismatic
The reductio ad absurdum shows an assumption to be _____.
false
That for which a thing is, is called the _____ cause.
final
Aristotle tells us that _____ is an "activity of soul in conformity with excellence."
human good
One commonality between Socrates and the Sophists was the latter's focus on _____.
humanistic inquiries
Arguments that are supposed to give probable support to their conclusions are _____.
inductive
_____ goods are what all our actions are pointed toward.
intrinsic
The study of correct reasoning is called _____.
logic
Thales' great contribution to philosophy and science is (are) his _____, whereby he sought natural and simple explanations for natural phenomena.
method
The Sophists prefer _____ of phenomena.
naturalistic explanations
Plato thinks that _____ should govern.
philosopher kings
Socrates employed _____ in his interactions.
question and answer
The Sophists were skilled at, among other things, _____.
rhetoric
A preoccupation with _____ is a clear indication, according to Socrates, that one's soul is unhealthy.
social status.
Socrates claims that nothing is more important than caring for one's _____.
soul
For Aristotle, scientific knowledge is not so much knowing _____ but _____.
that something is true; why it is true.
The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true simply because many people believe it is known as _____.
the appeal to popularity.
Parmenides argues that reality consists of _____.
the one
_____ is the contradiction regarding the gods that Socrates says his accusers put forth.
Atheism and creating new divinities.
The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called _____.
the philosophical method
Socrates professes _____.
ignorance
For Socrates the good of the soul is attained only through an uncompromising search for _____.
what's true and real.
Aristotle says that virtue is _____.
a mean lying between two vices
A group of statements in which one of them is meant to be supported by the others is _____.
an arguement
Anaximander contends that everything came from a formless, imperishable substance called _____.
apeiron
The reductio ad absurdum is a type of _____.
argument
Aristotle calls a proof a demonstration when _____ and the conclusion follows deductively.
both the premises are true.
Socrates claims to be a _____ for Athens' sake.
gadfly
Plato counters the view that the _____ is better off than the _____.
immoral person; moral one.
Plato argues that the soul is _____.
immortal
Socrates' method shows a belief in a connection between virtue and _____.
knowledge
Socrates asks the Athenian jury to _____.
listen to his words and arguments
The study of reality in the broadest sense, an inquiry into the elemental nature of the universe and the things in it, is known as _____.
metaphysics
Plato reasons that, if truth is objective, it must also be about _____.
real things.
A(n) _____ is an assertion that something is or is not the case and is therefore the kind of utterance that is either true or false.
statement
Aristotle says, "That which is primarily and is simply (not is something) must be _____.
substance
Parmenides is famous for, among other things, his _____.
systematic employment of deductive argument.
For Aristotle, the primary explanation of the development of all living things is _____.
teleological
A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as _____.
the Socratic method.
_____ is the study of value, including both aesthetic value and moral value.
Axiology
For Plato, the greatest Form is the Form of the _____.
Good
Heraclitus' central idea is the _____.
Logos
At his trial, Socrates cross-examines _____.
Meletus
The _____ is used to expose errors in ethical thinking.
Socratic method.
According to Plato, a part of the soul's harmony involves the rational part _____.
ruling wisely over appetite and spirit.
_____ gives us the raw materials for reliable knowledge.
sensation
In the type of fallacy known as _____, we argue that a particular actions should not be taken because it will lead inevitably to other actions resulting in some dire outcome.
slippery slope.
The fallacy of misrepresenting a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed is called the _____.
straw man fallacy.
Aristotle asserts that _____ consist(s) of form plus essence, and matter.
substance
As the prisoner makes his way out of the cave, he begins to see _____.
that things closer to the outside of the cave are more real than those closer to the back.
Happiness is possible when _____.
the balance, stability, and integration of the inner parts of ourselves dispel internal conflict.
Aristotle argues that the good life is lived according to _____ .
the light of reason
For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to _____.
the soul
One argument Plato offers in favor of the view that the soul is immortal is expressed by _____.
the theory of recollection.
Thrasymachus thinks the unjust person _____.
will fare better than the just person.
According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has _____ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure
an unhealthy soul
Democritus advances the theory known as _____.
ancient atomism
The fallacy of rejecting a statement on the grounds that it comes from a particular person is known as _____.
appeal to the person.
Plato's tripartite soul is constituted by _____, _____, and _____.
appetite; spirit; reason.
Democritus' theory includes the view that reality consists of _____ and the void.
atoms
Plato considers belief insufficient for knowledge, which requires that a proposition also _____ and _____.
be true; justified.
Initially, the servant boy in the Meno _____.
believes he knows, but does not.
Words such as consequently, therefore, and as a result are _____.
conclusion indicator words.
From the time he is freed, until he finally becomes accustomed to being outside the cave, the prisoner experiences _____ and _____.
confusion; pain.
Socrates claims that _____ is not to be feared.
death
Arguments intended to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions so that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true are _____.
deductive
To say that nature is teleological is to say it is _____.
directed toward a goal or objective.
That which initiates or is the source of a change is called the _____ cause.
efficient
When we arrive at a generalization about an entire group of things after observing just some members of the group, we are making a(n) _____.
enumerative induction.
Questions like "What is knowledge?" and "What is truth?" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as _____.
epistemology
Socrates is concerned with _____ questions.
ethical
Heraclitus claims that although all things _____, they are really _____.
flow; unchanging.
According to Aristotle, we always desire happiness _____.
for its own sake.
The _____ cause explains why something is the way it is by citing the structure and properties that make it when it is.
formal
The _____ cause tells us "that for the sake of which" something is.
formal
A thing's properties constitute its _____.
formal cause
Plato calls the objectively real, eternal, and abstract entities that serve as models or universals of higher knowledge, _____.
forms
Aristotle distinguishes between a(n) _____ and functioning well.
function
Aristotle thinks _____ is the highest good for a human being.
happiness
At his trial, Socrates declares that _____.
he will not stop philosophizing
Sophists were _____.
itinerant professors
A harmonious soul is a _____ soul.
just
For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of _____.
knowledge
The four main divisions of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and _____.
logic
That out of which something is, is called the _____ cause.
material
A thing's material composition is its _____.
material cause
In The Republic, Plato argues that the only kind of society that can ensure people get their due is a _____.
meritocracy
Socrates claimed he did not accept _____ for teaching.
money
According to the Sophists, _____ are determined neither by the gods nor nature.
moral beliefs and legal codes
According to Plato, a part of the soul's harmony involves the appetitive part _____.
motivating a man to act confidently and satisfy basic needs.
The Oracle at Delphi declared _____.
no one was wiser than Socrates
Plato believes in _____ knowledge.
objective
Particular things are said to _____ the Forms.
participate in.
At his death, Socrates asks his friend Crito to _____.
pay a debt.
In an argument, the statement being supported is the conclusion, and the statements supporting the conclusion are the _____.
premises
Heraclitus' central idea is a(n) _____ principle.
rational
According to Thales, the universe is fundamentally _____.
water
In the Apology, Socrates declares _____.
"The unexamined life is not worth living"
_____ asserts, "Moderation is the greatest virtue."
Heraclitus