philo chapter 1

Q. A strong inductive argument that contains only true premises is...

Cogent argument

Q. A counter example ________ with a theory?

Conflicts

Q. A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as _____.

the Socratic method.

Q. The study of reality in the broadest sense, an inquiry into the elemental nature of the universe and the things in it, is known as _____.

Metaphysics.

Q.Reality consists of one substance

Monism

Q. Mental terms refer to behavior

Philosophical Behaviorism

Q. The truth of premises makes the conclusion more probable (degrees of strength)

Induction

Q. An argument is not synonymous with persuasion.

True

Q. Consequences are one factor among many that determine the moral rightness of an act

Moderate

Q. No one knows anything

Skepticism

Q. A deductive argument is an argument intended to give probable support to its conclusion.

False

Q. A sound argument is a strong inductive argument that contains only true premises

False

Q. Denying the antecedent has the following form: If p, then q; q; therefore, p.

False

Q. Thought experiments describe situations that are...

Imaginary

Q. For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of _____.

Knowledge

Q. Philosophical problems arise when

all of the above.

Q. Something is causally impossible when it violates

All of the above

Q. study of value

Axiology

Q. The moral rightness of an action can be determined by looking at its consequences

Consequential Theories (Axiological)

Q. Which step is not part of testing a philosophical theory?

Deciding on the most conspicuous theory

Q. The truth of premises is supposed to guarantee the truth of the conclusion

Deduction

Q. Analogical induction is the sort of reasoning we use when we arrive at a generalization about a group of things after observing only some members of that group

False

Q. If inductive arguments succeed in lending probable support to their conclusions, they are said to be valid.

False

Q. It is logically impossible for a cow to jump over the moon

False

Q. It is possible to control all the variables in an experiment.

False

Q. Philosophy looks for subjective truth while science looks for objective truth.

False

Q. Socrates preferred exile to death.

False

Q. Socrates thought that the primary occupation of a good citizen should be the pursuit of wealth and prestige.

False

Q. The principle that nothing can both have and lack a property at the same time and in the same respect is known as causal impossibility

False

Q. Reality consist two substances

Dualism

Q. Knowledge is derived from experience;the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

Empiricism

Q. Questions like "What is knowledge?" and "What is truth?" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as _____.

Epistemology

Q. The study of knowledge

Epistemology

Q. Consequential Theories (Axiological)The morally right act is the act that produces the most moral goodness in its consequences for the agent (compared to any other act).Decisions are based on what is best for the individual making the decision. The persons best self-interest

Ethical Egoism

Q. The study of Arguments

Logic

Q. Only material substance (physical matter) exists

Materialism

Q. Mind-Brain Identity Theory

Mental terms refer to brain processes

Q. The study of moral values (moral rightness and moral goodness)

Ethics

Q. The philosophy of science, religion, math, history, psychology, philosophy...

Meta Studies

Q. Consequences are completely irrelevant to the moral rightness of an act

Extreme

Q. The conditions that need to be met whenever a concept applies are known as...

Necessary Conditions

Socrates was executed because he dealt in offensive and dangerous ideas. Have there been others in history who have also suffered because society thought their ideas were unacceptable? Is a society ever justified in punishing people for expressing such ideas?

No

Q. Only particulars (individual things) are real

Nominalism

Q. The moral rightness of an act cannot be determined by the moral goodness of its consequences.

Non-consequential Theories (Deontological)

Q. The law of noncontradiction says that

Nothing can have a property and lack it at the same time.

Q. The study of being

Ontology

Q. Which is not part of the various criteria for adequacy?

Plenitude

Q. Reality consist of more than two substances

Pluralism

Q. The study of sovereignty and just social organization

Political Philosophy

Q. Knowledge is derived from rational thought (reason);A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

Rationalism

Q. Both particulars and universals (qualities and relations) are real.

Realism

Q. Showing that a theory leads to a logical contradiction ________ the theory.

Refutes

Q. The famous statement "An unexamined life is not worth living" is attributed to _____.

Socrates

Q. For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to _____.

Soul

Q. A valid deductive argument that contains only true premises is...

Sound argument

Q. An inductive argument that would establish its conclusion with a high degree of probability if its premises were true is...

Strong argument

Q.If you assume that a set of statements is true, and yet you can deduce a false or absurd statement from it, then the original set of statements as a whole must be false. This kind of argument is known as _____.

reductio ad absurdum.

Q. The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called _____.

the philosophical method

What does Socrates mean by "the unexamined life is not worth living"? How does this view relate to Socrates' activity as the city's intellectual gadfly? Socrates seems to think that many of his juniors lead unexamined lives. Why does he think this?

The unexamined life is not worth living

Q. A premise is a reason given for accepting the conclusion of an argument.

True

Q. According to Socrates, we should always consider doing anything whether we are doing right or wrong.

True

Q. Conservatism, scope, and fruitfulness are all good ways to measure the adequacy of an explanation , but not the only ways.

True

Q. In philosophy—and in any other kind of rational inquiry—accepting a conclusion (statement) without good reasons is an elementary mistake in reasoning.

True

Q. Persuasion does not necessarily involve giving any reasons at all for accepting a claim.

True

Q. Philosophy differs from science in that it tries to explain how its possible for a concept to apply rather than how it is possible for an event to occur

True

Q. Simplicity is a measure of the number of assumptions made by the hypothesis

True

Q. The American revolution was fueled in part by philosophy

True

Q. The philosophical problem of explaining how it is possible for a material object to have a mind is the mind-body problem

True

Q. Thought experiments can provide objective checks on philosophical theories.

True

Q. Thought experiments test claims about the logical relations between concepts by helping us determine whether the claims hold universally.

True

Q. The morally right act is the act that produces the most moral goodness in its consequences for everyone affected by the act (compared to any other act).

Utilitarianism

Q. A deductive argument in which the conclusion logically follows from its premises is a...

Valid Argument

Q. According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has _____ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure.

an unhealthy soul.

Q. To assess a philosophical claim you need to

examine its implications

Q. The study of (beauty) values

Aesthetics

Q. Only immaterial (mental/spiritual) substance exist.

Idealism