Philo Stock Part 1

* longest work is written in a question and answer format in which answers are presented with the response "sed contra," or "on the contrary."

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* mere "straw" and refused to finish it after a mystical experience.

AQUINAS-

* not permissible to charge money to lend, because money is meant to be consumed

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* often cited using (*) the Leonine Edition

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* patristic ideas in this philosopher's magnum opus with the visions of John of the Cross.

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* refrains from citing the Old or New Testament since it was intended as a treatise for missionaries to help convince members of the title group of the value of God

AQUINAS-

* second part of the Summa Theologica introduces this ethical doctrine in its description of how one may justifiably kill someone in self-defense. This doctrine argues that an action can be permissible if the good outweighs the bad. ANSWER: doctrine of double effect

AQUINAS-

* separated out eternal, divine, natural, and human forms of law, of which eternal law consists of the mind of God

AQUINAS-

* soul existed in both the spiritual and material worlds, and he advocated resurrection in his form of dualism

AQUINAS-

* three part philosophical text that applies Aristotelean thinking to Christianity in a series of questions and responses ANSWER: Summa Theologica

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* three qualities, termed integritas, consonantia, and claritas

AQUINAS-

* ultimate goodness must exist. This philosopher expanded on a book consisting of sections of 114 and 198 quaestiones in his Summa Contra Gentiles

AQUINAS-

* work seemed like "straw," refusing to write for the last four years of his life. His typical formula was saying "On the contrary" and "I respond that

AQUINAS-

2 types of passions=irascible and concupiscible

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Aeterni Patris

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Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard;

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First Part of the Second Part

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Gaetano Sanseverino

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Haldane and Kenny are leaders of a movement that attempts to fuse his thought with analytic philosophy

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On the Eternity of the World

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On the Unity of Intellect

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Opposed Eastern Church in letter to Pope Urban 4 in Contra Errores Graecorum

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Raymond of Penafort

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Student of Albertus Magnus

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The Jurist, The Commentator and The Philosopher=Ulpian, Averroes, and Aristotle

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Used "on the contrary" and "I respond to that" in his Summa Theologica

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aeviternal=mean between time and eternity

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built on Avicenna

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disagree with Siger of Brabant

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divided law into eternal, divine, natural and human types,

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double effect

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human unity, and he denied that Socrates's soul was equivalent to Socrates.

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just war

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on kingship

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on there being only one intellect

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straw

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subsistent and substance

AQUINAS-

* "Doctrine of the Mean" between excess and deficiency was the ultimate expression of virtue in his Nichomachean Ethics.

ARISTOTLE-

* "Tomorrow there will be a sea battle" to argue that future contingents are neither true nor false

ARISTOTLE-

* "being qua being" is titled for its position after his treatise Physics,

ARISTOTLE-

* "enthymeme" as an argument lacking one or more obvious facts that the listener fills in by themselves

ARISTOTLE-

* "great chain of being" described in Mirandola's Oration. He discussed the pursuits of eudaimonia in his Nicomachean Ethics.

ARISTOTLE-

* "hexis" to describe acquired characteristics that must be maintained, like health and virtue

ARISTOTLE-

* "imperfect seeks its perfection,"

ARISTOTLE-

* "impetus" theory of motion in his Physics

ARISTOTLE-

* "man is by nature" an animal devoted to this practice. A life devoted to it is second only to the contemplative life according to his Ethics, and his treatise on this practice made the controversial natural slave argument.:POLITICS

ARISTOTLE-

* "nutritive" faculty exists even in the souls of plants

ARISTOTLE-

* "polity," a type of mixed constitutional regime whose "perversion" is democracy, among a triad of ideal regimes.

ARISTOTLE-

* "the First Teacher"; Aquinas's main project was to reconcile this man's philosophy with Christianity

ARISTOTLE-

* "unmoved mover" and includes a long account of primary substances. ANSWER: Metaphysics

ARISTOTLE-

* "unmoved mover," he wrote that each virtue consists of a mean between vices at extremes

ARISTOTLE-

* Alasdair MacIntyre partially rehabilitated this philosopher's ethics in After Virtue

ARISTOTLE-

* Aristotle discusses the existence of this cause or being, an object that all events can be traced back to, which can push other things but never be pushed itself. UNKNOWN MOVER

ARISTOTLE-

* Aristotle's position that form and matter are inseparable. Bernard Williams disparagingly called this concept "everybody's moderate metaphysics of mind" for its avoidance of both strict materialism and strict dualism. HYLOMORPHISM

ARISTOTLE-

* Book VIII of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle championed a form of this concept based on the good. He claimed that that form of this concept was superior to those based on pleasure or utility: frienship

ARISTOTLE-

* Buridan's theory of impetus rejects this philosopher's notion of external causes continuously affecting movement. Buridan's Summulae is an update of the Organon of this student of Plato.

ARISTOTLE-

* English edition was edited by Julian Barnes's brother, Jonathan

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* Henri Bergson wrote a dissertation on this man's "Conception of Place," and Porphyry penned the Isogage

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* History of Animals.

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* History of the Animals,this thinker was the first to arrange organisms on a "Great Chain of Being."

ARISTOTLE-

* Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples ("luhFEV dayTAP") is best known for his summaries of this philosopher's works

ARISTOTLE-

* Like many medieval logicians, Buridan commented on this commentary on Aristotle's Categories by Porphyry, which Boethius translated into Latin. It contained a famous tree of dichotomous divisions called the Arbor Porphyriana. ANSWER: Isagoge

ARISTOTLE-

* Lyceum's Peripatetic School, the most famous student of Plato

ARISTOTLE-

* Nicomachean Ethics admits that unlucky people are unlikely to exist in this state of happiness caused by "doing well and living well." EUDAIMONIA

ARISTOTLE-

* Organon

ARISTOTLE-

* Peripatetic school.

ARISTOTLE-

* Porphyry's Isagoge was an introduction to one of this philosopher's works

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* Sorites paradox arises partly due to the Law of the Excluded Middle, which was elucidated by this peripatetic Greek philosopher and student of Plato in one section of his Organon.

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* The Situations and Names of Winds and On Melissus, Xenophanes, Gorgias

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* Theophrastus (THEE-oh-FRASS-tuss) as leader of his school

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* Theophrastus advocated the arrangement of arguments using deductive logic and the syllogism.

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* added aether, the "divine" substance, to the four traditional elements

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* anagnorisis (aa-nag-nor-EE-sis), or moment of recognition, and the peripeteia

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* ancient Greek thinker who wrote Rhetoric and Poetics and tutored Alexander the Great.

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* arguments were held by Aristotle to be the cornerstone of deductive logic. They include a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion which follows from the two. ANSWER: syllogism

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* bulk of the philosophy of Averroes

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* character's self-discovery, anagnorisis

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* claims that the namesake entity is dynamic and comes before family and individual in Politics, and examined ethos, pathos, and logos in Rhetoric

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* conceived of science as proceeding from self-evident first principles via demonstrative syllogisms.

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* copy of Aristotle's Comedy is eaten by the monk Jorge of Burgos, who had poisoned its pages to commit the central crimes. For 10 points, identify this historical murder mystery starring Adso of Melk and William of Baskerville, a 1980 novel by Umberto Eco.

ARISTOTLE-

* e founded this group of philosophers, which included the historian Eudemos of Rhodes, Phanias of Eresus, and Theophrastus. It got its name from the fact that its members walked around while philosophizing. PERIPATETIC SCHOOL

ARISTOTLE-

* final (*) cause, an aspect of his hylomorphism.

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* first actuality of a plant, animal, or human, allowing for second actualities like nutrition and sense. Plato's Phaedo argues that it is immortal, unlike the body it is paired with SOUL

ARISTOTLE-

aether, the "divine" substance to the four traditional elements

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anagnorisis

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catharsis or the release of emotions one gets watching tragedy

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divided mental capacities into the nutitive, perceptual and intellectual

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doctor to distinguish between empirical "experience" and techne or "art" in the first chapter of a work that postulates a "prime mover"

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enthymeme

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final cause

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four causes of change in his Physics

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future contingents are neither true nor false

ARISTOTLE-

impetus theory of motion

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list of properties which are "in" a primary substance versus which are "said of" a primary substance

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mimesis

ARISTOTLE-

nutritive faculty

ARISTOTLE-

polity as type of mixed constitutional regime whose "perversion" is democracy among a triad of ideal regimes.

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propeteia and astheneia or impetuosity and weakness were forms of akrasis (contradict reason for emotion)

ARISTOTLE-

science as proceeding from self evident first principles via demonstrative syllogisms

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soul and body are special cases of matter in comparison to a tool

ARISTOTLE-

spectacle or opsis

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teleological explanation of the purposes of kidneys and teeth

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thought thinking about thinking turns potentialities into actualities

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* book establishes mind-independent existence as being consistent with God's creation of the world by tying all existence to God's conceptions and decrees. Name this book, in which a character argues that all qualities perceived by sense must be ideal, rather than belonging to material objects.: Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous

BERKELEY-

* book on the "principles of human knowledge" rejects Locke's idea of primary qualities, and includes the maxim "to be is to be perceived."

BERKELEY-

* botanical observations of Theophrastus and Pliny when "expounding on the virtues of tar-water" in Siris

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* concepts like "action" and "reaction" are merely useful "mathematical hypotheses" that do not represent physical reality

BERKELEY-

* considers the objection that a square tower might appear round from a distance.

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* contemporary "corpuscular" theory of matter could be allowed as a "useful fiction" for "reckoning" in science but not as a demonstration of the true nature of matter in his pamphlet De Motu.

BERKELEY-

* countered the notion that ideas resemble material objects with his "likeness principle."

BERKELEY-

* criticized Bernard de Mandeville in his Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher, while his political thought is contained in such works as the Essay Towards preventing the Ruin of Great-Britain. Identify this philosopher whose other important works include De Motu and Of the Principles of Human Knowledge.

BERKELEY-

* criticized Newton's idea of infinitesimal change in a work addressed to the "infidel mathematician" and claimed in another work that the sensation of touch helps perceive distance as much as the title concept

BERKELEY-

* criticized the idea of infinitesimal calculus in his "discourse addressed to an infidel mathematician," titled The Analyst

BERKELEY-

* defended Christianity against freethinkers in Alcipheron and attacked the notion of fluxions and their use in calculus in The Analyst

BERKELEY-

* described what we see as just light and color, while in another work, he argued that since we perceive objects and all our perceptions are ideas, all objects are ideas. This author of An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision

BERKELEY-

* distinction between ideas and notions, the latter of which are intuitive concepts known through introspection rather than sensory data.

BERKELEY-

* do not represent the abstract concept of "numbers"

BERKELEY-

* drinking pine-tar in one work while in another the narrator is named "Dion." That work's dialog occurs between Lysicles, Euphranor, Crito and the title "Ten Minute Philosopher" as they combat the arguments of free-thinkers like Shaftesberry

BERKELEY-

* e first major objection to Locke's theory of qualities was made by this philosopher who extended the relativism of secondary qualities to all properties of objects in his Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous.

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* examined along with Malebranche by his best-known scholar, A. A. Luce.

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* examples of a tree and a cherry to illustrate what Andre Gallois terms this man's (*) "Master Argument"

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* found in Arnauld and Nicole's Logic or the Art of Thinking

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* icholas Malebranche is examined in a book by Arthur Luce

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* ideas can only be compared to ideas, not objects, in his "Likeness Argument." A noted limerick about a tree in the quad was composed to mock this man's "Master Argument."

BERKELEY-

* ideas cannot represent material objects, because they can only resemble other ideas. That is his "likeness principle."

BERKELEY-

* inability of the human eye to distinguish between rays and lines

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* internal reflection in a book that proposes an instrumental theory of motion

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* moon is "a plain lucid surface, about a foot in diameter

BERKELEY-

* natural phenomena constitute a divine universal language

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* opposed John Locke's abstractions, personified as Hylas, and advanced his own philosophy, which he called "immaterialism" and represented as Philonous in three namesake Dialogues

BERKELEY-

* philosopher argued that numerals are signs representing quantities of particulars and do not represent the abstract concept of "numbers".

BERKELEY-

* piece of wheat is small to a man and huge to a mite, and also introduced the quote, "Westward the course of empire takes its way."

BERKELEY-

* piece of wheat is small to a man but larger to a mite in pointing out the inadequacy of the extension argument

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* pleasure and heat to support the "master argument."

BERKELEY-

* portrays John Locke as Hylas and himself as Philonous. For 10 points, name this Irish philosopher of A Treatise Concerning the Principle of Human Knowledge.

BERKELEY-

* presented his "master argument" in both Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous and A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge.

BERKELEY-

* proof of God's existence rested in his belief that human perceptions of the outside world are consistent because a Spirit maintains them

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* publication of this work caused Peter Browne, who had been attacked in it, to add a final chapter to his Divine Analogy as a response to its fourth and seventh sections. Identify this philosophical work in seven dialogues, subtitled "The Minute Philosopher," which rails against "free-thinkers" and aims to prove God's existence: Alciphron: or, the Minute Philosopher

BERKELEY-

* published in 1734 was a critique of infinitesimal calculus "addressed to an infidel mathematician.": The Analyst

BERKELEY-

* school for the natives of Bermuda failed, he donated the funds to Yale and Harvard

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* small disk which is quite unlike the actual moon, in his attempt to explain how distance is perceived in the Essay Toward a New Theory of Vision.

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* tar-water as medicine

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* this philosopher considers the objection that a square tower might appear round from a distance

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* tree secluded by a park and a book hidden in a closet as two examples for his "master argument," and wrote that "magnitude" and "distance" are mapped by the mind onto human (*) vision

BERKELEY-

* ultimate cause of the motion of all bodies is the mind of God, opposing Newton, who he called later the "infidel mathematician."

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* virtues of drinking tar-water in his book Siris. Name this Irish philosopher who believed that the world consisted only of ideas, an idea expounded in his book Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous.

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* visible square and a tangible square have nothing more in common than do a man and his name in a work entitled An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision.

BERKELEY-

* water shooting up and falling back into a fountain as an analogy for the path from skepticism to common sense

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* we "mediately" perceive objects through "immediately" perceiving ideas.

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* we cannot conceive of mind-independent objects, because the very act of conception requires a mind, is referred to as his "master argument."

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* lecture series Discourse and Truth, which was "an attempt to consider truth-telling as a specific activity." He began a book subtitled "An Archaeology of the Human Sciences"

FOUCAULT-

* literary "ship of fools"

FOUCAULT-

* opened one of his books by noting the superimposition found in a model's gaze in a work of (*) art in which the painter is looking back at us

FOUCAULT-

* opens by claiming that Shakespeare and Cervantes depicted one title concept as an "ultimate region" beyond understanding that has has now been rationalized and contained

FOUCAULT-

* opens describing the public torture and execution of Robert-Francois Damiens, representative of the second title concept, whose transition into the first led to the widespread use of the prison: Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison

FOUCAULT-

* parrhesia, or truthful speech

FOUCAULT-

* presence of a series of Xs [exes] in the opening of a work that explores the origins of the humanities and the concept of representation from Descartes to Kant.

FOUCAULT-

* presented an (*) "archaeology of the human sciences" in a 1966 book which opens with an analysis of Diego Velazquez's painting Las Meninas

FOUCAULT-

* presented the Victorian "repressive hypothesis" in The Will to Knowledge

FOUCAULT-

* priests compiled peoples' darkest secrets into a quasi-scientific study of the title phenomenon.

FOUCAULT-

* public torture of Robert-François Damiens

FOUCAULT-

* reforms of the Tuke brothers and Philippe Pinel are partially blamed for a new theory of the central concept based on opposing reason;

FOUCAULT-

* s concept that Foucault developed in his late lectures at the Collège de France denotes the means that regimes use to produce ideal, self-regulating citizens. He used it to analyze transitions from the medieval state of justice to the early modern administrative state.: governmentality

FOUCAULT-

* statement, or "énoncé," as that which gives speech acts meaning, and was intended to be an anti-humanist examination of the humanities. Name this work which was written in response to the reception of an earlier work about the "human sciences" which examined linguistics, biology, and economics.: The Archaeology of Knowledge

FOUCAULT-

* subject of a book by Hubert Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow titled Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. Identify this philosopher whose lectures on the term parrhesia were collected in Discourse and Truth.

FOUCAULT-

* this earlier work, Foucault developed the notion of episteme as the historical a priori that underlies discourse. It opens with an exegesis of Velasquez's Las Meninas and argues that, after Kant, we need an analytic of human finitude.: The Order of Things

FOUCAULT-

* uses examples of The Ship of Fools and Don Quixote to argue that a certain group of people have been subjected to increasingly harsh treatment since the Middle Ages.: Madness and Civilization:

FOUCAULT-

* work inspired by his time in a mental hospital which argues that "the Other" was increasingly viewed as mad during the Age of Reason

FOUCAULT-

* work was further explained in Foucault's The Archaeology of Knowledge. It begins with a discussion of Las Meninas, and it argues that different time periods considered different things acceptable as scientific truth.: The Order of Things

FOUCAULT-

* wrote The History of Sexuality. He also penned The Order of Things and looked at "The Birth of the Prison" in Discipline and Punish.

FOUCAULT-

* Kojève's reading of this philosopher, who described three successive spheres of right - abstract right, morality, and ethical life - in his Elements of the Philosophy of Right.

HEGEL-

* Lectures "on Aesthetics"

HEGEL-

* Lectures on Aesthetics.

HEGEL-

* Lectures on the Philosophy of History

HEGEL-

* Left Hegelian ruined his chances at a tenured position with his controversial Thoughts on Death and Immortality. His The Essence of Christianity called God a "chimera" for being a projection of man's inner nature.: Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach

HEGEL-

* Lowith's history of Western philosophy is titled "From [this man] to Nietzsche,"

HEGEL-

* Owl of Minerva

HEGEL-

* Phenomenology of Spirit, this term refers to a three-stage process of thesis-antithesis-synthesis. The "master-slave" type of this is a "struggle to the death" between two beings.: dialectic

HEGEL-

* Science of Logic

HEGEL-

* The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's Systems of Philosophy.

HEGEL-

* The Phenomenology of Spirit.

HEGEL-

* These lectures by Hegel attribute the natural progress of world events to the absolute spirit, and controversially claim that Africa had "no movement or development to exhibit.": Lectures on the Philosophy of World History

HEGEL-

* ] Hegel proposed that change occurs through this process, which Marxists defined as a thesis, opposed by a rival antithesis, resolving into a synthesis of the two.: dialectic

HEGEL-

* abstract universal" of science with the more social "concrete universal" in the final "Concept" section of one work

HEGEL-

* argued that Jesus knew sin and evil when he cried out "why hast thou forsaken me" on the cross.

HEGEL-

* being, essence, and concept, that work makes use of logical triads

HEGEL-

* church community.

HEGEL-

* describing how "independent and dependent selfconsciousness" arise, which is often read as an encounter between master and slave.Name this German philosopher who described history as a World Spirit, or Geist, coming to know itself. This Jena resident described property as an instance of "abstract right" in his Elements of the Philosophy of Right.

HEGEL-

* expressed that thought and being are equivalent and that thinking is only the Spirit expressing itself and only finished the first part of his proposed "System of Science."

HEGEL-

* form of custom called Sittlichkeit,

HEGEL-

* former focused on beauty, whereas the later aimed at the "beauty of inwardness."

HEGEL-

* history of philosophy

HEGEL-

* individual freedom arises from the synthesis of the universal and subjective will and distinguishes between the abstract, moral, and ethical realms of the title subject

HEGEL-

* introduced the idea of respecting others as "non-interference" and wrote about three spheres of righteousness in Elements of the Philosophy of Right.

HEGEL-

* lambasted Schelling's definition of absolute knowledge as similar to a night "in which all cows are black" in his Phenomenology of Spirit.

HEGEL-

* master-slave relationship in a work that introduced his namesake three-part dialectic

HEGEL-

* mediation of the weltgeist, or "World Spirit,"

HEGEL-

* most famous passage in The Phenomenology of Spirit describes this concept, whereby two independent self-consciousnesses fight each other, with one being subjugated, and neither being recognized as self-conscious by the other.: master-slave dialectic

HEGEL-

* most famous work, often compared to a bildungsroman

HEGEL-

* objective and subjective forms of the title approach in his Science of Logic

HEGEL-

* origin of symbolic art in the poetry of Zoroastrians, whom he believed were pantheists because they treated light itself as divine.

HEGEL-

* philosopher of panlogism and sought to distinguish between useful and useless aspects of his philosophy.

HEGEL-

* polyglot friend of Leo Strauss were collected in his Introduction to the Reading of Hegel. He was also an early theorist of the "end of history.": Alexandre Kojève

HEGEL-

* private property defines individuality, it is not a natural right, but rather a socially constructed "mutual recognition" and therefore an (*) "abstract right"

HEGEL-

* proper comprehension of religious art required traversing (*) "three spheres,"

HEGEL-

* put Hegel in the "absolute" subtype of this view that the thoughts of the individual are the basis of reality. Other Germans of the era, such as Friedrich Schelling and F.H. Jacobi, also held it.: idealism

HEGEL-

* role of architecture as manipulating external inorganic nature." This thinker used the term "Romantic" to refer to art originating from Christianity and contrasted the aims of Classical and Romantic art

HEGEL-

* s preface closes with the observation that "the owl of Minerva takes its flight only when the shades of night are gathering." Name this 1820 book that postulates three spheres of the title concept, the second and third of which are morality and ethical life.: Elements of the Philosophy of Right

HEGEL-

* self-consciousness through mutual recognition in another work that culminated with a chapter on (*) "Absolute Knowledge"

HEGEL-

* state as the union of the "subjective particular" with an "objective universal" in a (*) compilation of lectures that claims Africa has not exhibited development.

HEGEL-

* state of "determinate being"

HEGEL-

* state, civil society, and family as respectively representing moments of individuality, particularity, and universality

HEGEL-

* superior's self-consciousness is dependent on an inferior's recognition

HEGEL-

* synthesizing Plato and Aristotle in the portion Doctrine of Essence

HEGEL-

* thesis, antithesis, and synthesis the dialectic

HEGEL-

* this German philosopher who distinguished between God's aspects of perfection and the ground of being in his book Philosophical Enquiries into the Nature of Human Freedom.: Friedrich [Wilhelm Joseph von] Schelling

HEGEL-

* this philosopher better known for exploring the link between intuitive and expressive knowledge and expanding the aesthetic theories of Kant, whose work was translated extensively by Collingwood.: Benedetto Croce

HEGEL-

* three "spheres" of the abstract, morality, and ethical life in one work.

HEGEL-

* title discipline has not changed since the time of Aristotle were true, the clear conclusion would be to completely reconstruct that discipline

HEGEL-

* understand this philosopher's system as "circular."

HEGEL-

* world history is man's consciousness awakening to freedom and divided another work into "being," "essence," and "concept".

HEGEL-

* young German university students who discussed and wrote about his legacy were known as "Young" adherents of his philosophy. Name this philosopher who described the three-stage life of the geist in The Phenomenology of Spirit.

HEGEL-

A 1907 Croce essay is often translated as "What is Living and What is Dead in the Philosophy of" this German advocate of the dialectic who wrote The Phenomenology of Spirit.

HEGEL-

* "all against all"

HOBBES-

* "appetite, with an opinion of attaining."

HOBBES-

* "kingdom of darkness," the "war of all against all," and a life that is "nasty, brutish, and short."

HOBBES-

* "nasty, brutish and short" state of human nature that exists in the absence of government is described in the Leviathan as this condition "of all against all." : "war of all against all"

HOBBES-

* "reason" as the mathematical reckoning of the consequences of agreed-upon names, and defined "right" as the liberty to make use of that faculty of reason

HOBBES-

* "right of nature," by which each man can do whatever, from the "law of nature," which implies that men ought to endeavor peace and use self-defense, in his Leviathan.

HOBBES-

* Abraham Bosse to create a frontispiece depicting a body composed of hundreds of smaller faces

HOBBES-

* Bishop John Bramhall published a work castigating this man's Animadversions

HOBBES-

* Catholic hierarchy to broods of fairies

HOBBES-

* Cromwell and the Papists and the dissolution of Great Britain in his book Behemoth.

HOBBES-

* De Cive (day KEY-vay), presages his magnum opus

HOBBES-

* De Cive, translated Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War, and penned Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes

HOBBES-

* De Corpore, De Homine, and De Cive were to be part of this man's Elements of Philosophy

HOBBES-

* De Homine and De Cive

HOBBES-

* English philosopher and tutor of the exiled Charles II during the English Civil War wrote Leviathan to argue for an absolute sovereign.

HOBBES-

* Hobbes and mathematician John Wallis feuded over the supposed proof of squaring the circle in this Hobbes work, which concerned logic and geometry and accompanied De Cive and De Homine.: De Corpore;

HOBBES-

* Hobbes first used the famous phrase "war of all against all" in this 1642 Latin work which described the natural human condition and rejected Aristotle's claim that men are naturally political.: De Cive

HOBBES-

* Hobbes rejected this philosophical movement originating with Aristotle and including such members as Peter Abelard, Thomas Aquinas, and William of Ockham.: scholasticism

HOBBES-

* Holbach's materialism derived from his study of this 17th-century English philosopher, whose De Cive and De Homine he translated into French.

HOBBES-

* John Wallis over his essay De Corpore

HOBBES-

* Leviathan is a political structure imagined by this English philosopher, who warned that the alternative is a state of nature where life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short".

HOBBES-

* Leviathan, Hobbes argued that this type of agreement is formed when individuals cede their rights to the sovereign, thus ending the state of nature. This type of agreement is the name of a work by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. : social contract

HOBBES-

* Parfit's most recent book, On What Matters, transmutes three different kinds of ethical theories into his own "triple theory." One philosopher whose work was incorporated was this Englishman who wrote De Corpore and Leviathan.

HOBBES-

* Rebel's Catechism.

HOBBES-

* Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer wrote a book analyzing a scientific debate in which this philosopher denied the existence of the concept of a vacuum

HOBBES-

* The Fool appears in Leviathan, a treatise by this 17th-century English political theorist whose favor of a strong central authority grew out of his experiences during the English Civil War.

HOBBES-

* Thomas Hobbes defined a "covenant" as one of these which requires somebody to "perform his part at some determinate time after" in a work that examined a specific type of these things: contracts

HOBBES-

* Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War into English.

HOBBES-

* attacked Robert Boyle for his attempts to convince the priesthood in the existence of an "incorporeal substance."

HOBBES-

* book argued that the Nazi takeover of Jewish property served the interests of corporations that supported the government.Name this book subtitled "The Structure and Practice of National Socialism," Franz Leopold Neumann's analysis of the German regime published during World War Two. It is named after a creature that represents discord.: Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism

HOBBES-

* demonology and claimed that mixing Aristotle with Christian thought leads to a "confederacy of deceivers."

HOBBES-

* e "Kingdom of Darkness,"

HOBBES-

* he argued that theologians who use the demons and angels of heathen poets are part of a "confederacy of deceivers" that populate the Kingdom of Darkness

HOBBES-

* his book Behemoth; or, The Long Parliament.

HOBBES-

* hypothetical vehicle in philosophy is the Ship of Theseus, whose continuously-replaced planks were discussed at length by this English thinker and author of Leviathan.

HOBBES-

* metaphor of a "body politic" in an introduction which compared life to a mere "motion of limbs." For 10 points each: Name this treatise which contains a section on the "Natural Condition of Mankind" that posits a "war of all against all" in the absence of a "covenant" to form a commonwealth.

HOBBES-

* rejected Aristotle's claim that man is a political animal in a Latin work written to convince mathematician Marine Mersenne of his views

HOBBES-

* section "Of Man."

HOBBES-

* state of nature was described as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" in one section of this English philosopher's treatise Leviathan.

HOBBES-

* this hypothetical period of time of human history before the establishment of organized society or political institutions. : state of nature

HOBBES-

* treatise Leviathan.

HOBBES-

* treatise attacking the experiments of Robert Boyle,

HOBBES-

* universal cause of all things

HOBBES-

* "Of Suicide,"

HUME-

* "Of Superstition and Religion."

HUME-

* "Of the Standard of Taste"

HUME-

* "Of the Standard of Taste" is a rare work of aesthetics by this Scottish empiricist, also known for his Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.

HUME-

* "On the Passions."

HUME-

* "fork" awoke Immanuel (*) Kant from his "dogmatic slumber"

HUME-

* "is-ought" problem

HUME-

* "missing shade of blue" was a potential counterexample to the correspondence between simple ideas and simple impressions advocated in his Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

HUME-

* "moral philosophy"

HUME-

* "relations of ideas"

HUME-

* "uniformity principle" of nature cannot be proven, cause-and-effect relationships are only "matters of fact," as part of his repudiation of induction

HUME-

* "universe of the imagination."

HUME-

* "vegetation" and "generation" as alternatives to analogizing the universe to a machine in a work in which Philo

HUME-

* , although we think emeralds are green, it is conceivable that they are in fact this color, which changes at some future time t, much like the similar color bleen.: grue

HUME-

* A Dissertation on the Passions.

HUME-

* A Treatise of Human Nature and An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.

HUME-

* A Treatise of Human Nature, an 18th-century empiricist Scotsman

HUME-

* An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

HUME-

* Cicero's eloquence accounts for why people take pleasure in his description of the sorrowful scene of Verres slaughtering some Sicilian captains

HUME-

* Enlightenment thinker, a major influence on Hume's aesthetics, claimed that beauty arose from "uniformity amidst variety" in his System of Moral Philosophy. His ideas of beauty are connected to his theory of an innate "moral sense.": Francis Hutcheson

HUME-

* F and G have an equal number of elements only if there is a bijection between F and G; that principle was derived by Frege.

HUME-

* Four Dissertations

HUME-

* Four Dissertations include "Of Tragedy" and "Of the Standard of Taste."

HUME-

* Good is pleasure and Evil is pain in his essay Of the Passions.

HUME-

* Hume argued that we can never be certain of this relation between two events, despite our prior experience of "constant conjunction," and that our belief in it is mere "custom." : causation

HUME-

* Hume was, along with John Locke, a member of this philosophical school that believed that knowledge only comes from experience and emphasized the importance of experiments.: empiricism

HUME-

* Hume's Treatise quipped that reason is, and ought to be, in this relation to the passions, because reason cannot motivate moral decisions.: the slave of the passions

HUME-

* Hume's guillotine, of deriving prescriptive statements from descriptive ones.: is-ought problem

HUME-

* Hutcheson provided feedback on the rough draft of this man's Treatise of Human Nature. This man wrote against miracles in An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.

HUME-

* John Searle's earliest adaptation of Anscombe's distinction between brute and institutional facts appears in an article titled for this problem

HUME-

* Modern commentators have noted similarities between Buddhist views on the self and this philosopher's bundle theory, introduced in a work which advocated a "science of man" and claimed that reason is slave to the passions.

HUME-

* Philo and Demea

HUME-

* Relations of Ideas and Matters of Fact

HUME-

* This man's longest book claims that personal identity is a mere "bundle" of perceptions, and downplays the strength of reason in its second part, "Of Passions."

HUME-

* Two of his Treatise of Human Nature, Hume wrote that "reason is, and ought only to be the slave of" these entities. Hume considered them a kind of reflective impression and divided them into indirect and direct types.: passion

HUME-

* Two of the three "connexions" proposed by this man are resemblance and contiguity, which link "matters of fact."

HUME-

* all ideas come from prior "impressions," except perhaps a spectrum's missing shade of blue

HUME-

* all simple ideas are derived from simple impressions

HUME-

* argued against testimony and revealed religion as a basis for proofs of God's existence in a section called "Of Miracles."

HUME-

* claims that there are "blameless" differences in aesthetic preference, as might arise between two different cultures, and absurd ones, like claiming John Ogilby is a greater poet than Milton. This work was published in 1757 as part of its author's Four Dissertations.: "Of the Standard of Taste"

HUME-

* creator of Philo and Cleathes divided statements into relations of ideas and matters of fact and formulated the (*) copy principle.

HUME-

* dialogue between the author and an imaginary Epicurean friend

HUME-

* discussed billiard balls to unravel the assumption that "constant conjunction" of events implies "necessary connexion" between them.

HUME-

* divided the human perception into ideas and impressions and proposed the is-ought problem regarding the leap from descriptive to prescriptive. Identify this philosopher, who authored such works as Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals and Dissertation on the Passions.

HUME-

* employs both the problem of evil as part of a criticism of the titular phenomenon in this work, in which Philo, Demea, and Cleanthes discuss the nature of God. : Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

HUME-

* ethical precepts of the Koran are incontrovertible by virtue of the meaning of words like "justice" and "charity," but that Muhammad nonetheless praises numerous immoral actions

HUME-

* his skepticism about induction

HUME-

* image of colliding billiard balls;

HUME-

* included sections like "Of the Origin of Ideas" and "Of Miracles" in a book that contradicts the "copy principle" by describing a man who knows all but one shade of the color blue.

HUME-

* inventor of the Copy Principle caused Immanuel Kant to wake from his "dogmatic slumber."

HUME-

* joked that an early essay "fell dead-born from the press".

HUME-

* man was governed by custom, and argued that humans justified the use of induction by assuming that causes and effects were "constantly conjoined"

HUME-

* merit of that action's motive, which in turn depends on the action's merit, in his "circle argument."

HUME-

* minds combine simple ideas together to understand complex ideas, an idea known as his "copy principle."

HUME-

* miracles as transgressions of the laws of nature;

HUME-

* naturalistic fallacy is related to this philosopher's claim that one cannot derive statements about what ought to be from statements about what is the case, found in A Treatise of Human Nature. This empiricist also wrote An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.

HUME-

* notion of (*) "delicacy of imagination," that essay recounts a story from Don Quixote in which two men argue about whether a cask of wine tastes like leather or iron

HUME-

* past experience leads to the impression that necessity creates all (*) causal connections.

HUME-

* people understand necessary connections because of the "constant conjugation" of cause and effect through time.

HUME-

* posthumously published Hume work takes the form of a conversation between the philosophers Cleanthes, Demea, and Philo, who rejects Cleanthes's a posteriori argument for God's existence based on design.: Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

HUME-

* praises Archbishop of Canterbury John Tillotson's concise argument against the real presence

HUME-

* proposition that the sun will not (*) rise tomorrow in distinguishing between "Relations of Ideas" and "Matters of Fact."

HUME-

* reason is never the sole motive for an "action of the will.

HUME-

* reason is never the sole motive for an "action of the will."

HUME-

* secret atheist

HUME-

* solution to this problem was Searle's, and considers the promise of Smith to pay $5 dollars, claiming that promises tautologically create obligations

HUME-

* t problem of declaring that statements about how things are cannot tell you how things should be?: is-ought problem

HUME-

* thinker's formulation of the problem of evil includes the metaphor of an architect whose design for a house subjects its residents to "noise, confusion, fatigue, [and] darkness."

HUME-

* wrote a work styled as a dialogue between Pamphilus, Cleanthes, Philo, and Demea, who all discuss the "natural" type of this institution.: natural religion

HUME-

* "Becoming Sober"

KIERKEGAARD-

* "Concluding Unscientific Postscript"

KIERKEGAARD-

* "Diapsalmata" and "The Diary of a Seducer.": Either/Or:

KIERKEGAARD-

* "Disciple at Second Hand."

KIERKEGAARD-

* "Preliminary Expectoration"

KIERKEGAARD-

* "Preliminary Expectoration," in the first of three Problemata.

KIERKEGAARD-

* "Problema III" section contains a series of discussions about Amor seducing Psyche and the Merman's abortive seduction of Agnes

KIERKEGAARD-

* "The Immediate Erotic Stages or the Musical Erotic" is a section of this book that presents aesthetic and ethical ways of living. This book was written under the pseudonym Victor Eremita.: Either/Or

KIERKEGAARD-

* "a relation [relating] itself to itself."

KIERKEGAARD-

* "dizziness of freedom."

KIERKEGAARD-

* "infinite absolute negativity"

KIERKEGAARD-

* "reconciling the finite with the infinite."

KIERKEGAARD-

* "subjectivity is truth"

KIERKEGAARD-

* "the Crowd.

KIERKEGAARD-

* "tragic heroes."

KIERKEGAARD-

* Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac allows the author to draw a distinction between the knights of faith and infinite resignation

KIERKEGAARD-

* Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac as a "teleological suspension of the ethical.

KIERKEGAARD-

* Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac in Fear and Trembling

KIERKEGAARD-

* Aesthete recounts the story of how a man named Johannes emotionally and romantically manipulates a girl into liking him, then breaks up with her.: "The Diary of a Seducer"

KIERKEGAARD-

* Agamemnon's dilemma was entirely ethical but Abraham had to choose between ethics and religion in this man's analysis of the sacrifice of their respective children.

KIERKEGAARD-

* Concluding Unscientific Postscript

KIERKEGAARD-

* Dialectical Result of a Literary Police Action;

KIERKEGAARD-

* Either/Or

KIERKEGAARD-

* Either/Or, Kierkegaard discusses how Don Giovanni's pursuit of the aesthetic ideal is an avoidance of this concept, while Judge Wilhelm's ethical approach misconstrues this concept as "sameness". This term also titles a Kierkegaard work written under the pseudonym Constantin Constantius.: repetition

KIERKEGAARD-

* Fear and Trembling then asks if we have this sort of duty to God. Hegel scholars often modify his idealism with this adjective, which British Idealist F.H. Bradley used as a noun to denote the first principle of existence.: absolute

KIERKEGAARD-

* God is indistinguishable from man, his absolute paradox

KIERKEGAARD-

* Johannes's seduction of Cordelia

KIERKEGAARD-

* Kierkegaard argues that a happily married man in the ethical sphere maintains his happiness by means of this process, which he contrasts with recollection.: repetition

KIERKEGAARD-

* Kierkegaard dubbed Abraham one of these figures, in contrast to a similar figure "of infinite resignation.": knights of faith

KIERKEGAARD-

* Kierkegaard's university thesis described the "concept of irony" and made "continual reference" to this philosopher, who was forced to drink hemlock in ancient Greece.: Socrates

KIERKEGAARD-

* Philosophical Fragments

KIERKEGAARD-

* Problema I of Fear and Trembling asks this question, which roughly means: Can an individual ever stand above universal rules of proper conduct, ignoring them to fulfill a specific end goal given directly by God?: "Is there a teleological suspension of the ethical?"

KIERKEGAARD-

* Some thinkers have speculated this work may have been written by its author to help cope with his breakup with Regine Olsen. For 10 points each:: Fear and Trembling

KIERKEGAARD-

* Symparanekromenoi

KIERKEGAARD-

* The Book on Adler;

KIERKEGAARD-

* The Concept of Anxiety and Fear and Trembling

KIERKEGAARD-

* The Knight of Faith in a work asking whether Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac was ethical. For 10 points, name this author of The Sickness Unto Death and Fear and Trembling, a Danish existentialist

KIERKEGAARD-

* Two Ages

KIERKEGAARD-

* analyzes the musical erotic in Mozart's operas and contains the sections "Diary of a Seducer" and "Crop Rotation."

KIERKEGAARD-

* banquet entitled "In Vino Veritas."

KIERKEGAARD-

* character is King Agamemnon, who chooses to sacrifice Iphigenea to fulfill his ethical duty over his personal desire. Name this philosophical archetype, contrasted with a similar person "of Faith.": the Knight of Infinite Resignation

KIERKEGAARD-

* criticized Hans Lassen Martensen, who was a supporter of Hegel [HAY-gul]

KIERKEGAARD-

* described aesthetics, ethics and religion as the three stages of life

KIERKEGAARD-

* doctoral thesis outlined the "Concept of Irony" with "continual reference" to this Greek philosopher, the main speaker of most of Plato's dialogues. : Socrates

KIERKEGAARD-

* engaged in a conflict with the satirical newspaper The Corsair

KIERKEGAARD-

* ethical life of Judge Vilhelm in this author's "Seducer's Diary,"

KIERKEGAARD-

* f The Concept of (*) Anxiety

KIERKEGAARD-

* first two of these concepts are typified by (*) Don Giovanni and Faust, respectively, according to an analysis of the "musical-erotic." The first two of these concepts are represented by "A" and Judge Wilhelm respectively, in Either/Or. For 10 points, name this trio of concepts which Søren Kierkegaard identified as the aesthetic, the ethical and the religious.: stages of existence

KIERKEGAARD-

* good and evil depends on God

KIERKEGAARD-

* his work argues that the highest truths are inherently paradoxical notions believed through a process of "passionate inwardness" and that therefore "truth is subjectivity". Name this work whose title reflects its status as a follow-up to its author's Philosophical Fragments. It was one of three works published under the name of Johannes Climacus.: Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments

KIERKEGAARD-

* immortality would still exist if Jesus had not raised Lazarus from the dead in a book that claims that it is not death, but rather despair, that can kill the soul.

KIERKEGAARD-

* mode, or "sphere," of existence which is discussed by "A" and Johannes Climacus in the first part of Either/Or. It is characterized by attention to personal experiences and imagination, and is contrasted with the ethical.: aesthetic

KIERKEGAARD-

* name of the girl whom Johannes manipulates. When she becomes strongly romantically engaged with Johannes, she's described as being "enthroned in her meaning as a woman.": Cordelia

KIERKEGAARD-

* non-being that precedes birth is greater than the non-being that precedes re-birth through religious conversions in a work that introduces the concept of being a "Disciple at Second Hand

KIERKEGAARD-

* other Kierkegaard work focuses on two different life views, hedonistic and altruistic. The former is analyzed in its "Diary of a Seducer" section.: Either/Or

KIERKEGAARD-

* philosophical concept which another philosopher stated was "infinite absolute negativity" in a book that continuously references Socrates.: concept of irony

KIERKEGAARD-

* pseudonym Johannes Climacus.

KIERKEGAARD-

* pseudonyms such as Victor Eremita and Johannes de Silentio in order to separate himself from his ideas

KIERKEGAARD-

* quotes Schlegel's translations of Richard II and Macbeth

KIERKEGAARD-

* raising of [*] Lazarus

KIERKEGAARD-

* series of letters from Judge William to "A" warn that a choice between the aesthetic and ethical stages must not become meaningless.

KIERKEGAARD-

* subject of a chapter on "The Immediate Erotic Stages," in which a writer named "A" argues that it is the "absolute medium" of "sensuous immediacy." : music

KIERKEGAARD-

* three stages of life including the aesthetic and religious, while one of his works contains the section "The Seducer's Diary." Either/Or

KIERKEGAARD-

* unhappiest man of all is he who has "his ideal...outside of himself."

KIERKEGAARD-

* work was Kirkegard's thesis paper and it examined the title phenomenon by comparing Socrates to modern day philosophers.: On the Concept of Irony, with Constant Reference to Socrates

KIERKEGAARD-

* state of nature as a war of all against all and describes life as "nasty, brutish and short." For 10 points, name this philosophical work defending the absolute monarchy written during

LEVIATHAN-

* summum malum, or greatest evil, is death

LEVIATHAN-

* the eternal fires of hell can't sustain themselves because bodies don't burn forever, so new bodies must keep dropping into hell as people die to replace the burnt ones.

LEVIATHAN-

* words that have no meaning "absurdities,"

LEVIATHAN-

* "Of Conquest,

LOCKE-

* "Of Conquest,"

LOCKE-

* "Of Slavery," which may be a justification for his involvement in writing the pro-slavery Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina

LOCKE-

* "Some Thoughts Concerning Education"

LOCKE-

* "Some Thoughts Concerning Education" used the examples of a ball and the scent of a rose to outline the difference between simple and complex ideas in a work that refutes the idea that the mind has innate knowledge and instead proposes it is a tabula rasa, or blank slate.

LOCKE-

* "a little piece of yellow metal" let people get more than they needed in a chapter which discusses falling acorns

LOCKE-

* "association of ideas"

LOCKE-

* "but the state of war continued"

LOCKE-

* "castles in the sky"

LOCKE-

* "castles in the sky" in a work that uses gold to illustrate the importance of language in bridging the gap between real and nominal essences.

LOCKE-

* "common store" by mixing their labor to acquire an apple

LOCKE-

* "in the beginning, all the world was America,

LOCKE-

* "in the beginning, all the world was America,"

LOCKE-

* "prerogative" which rulers have in matters where laws don't exist yet

LOCKE-

* "promises, covenants, and oathscan have no hold on an atheist"

LOCKE-

* "pure (*) substance in general" was postulated by this secretary to Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury.

LOCKE-

* "rational creatures" once they reach maturity.

LOCKE-

* "sortals"

LOCKE-

* "species" and "genus"

LOCKE-

* "species" and "genus" terms are nominal essences.

LOCKE-

* "the false principles and foundation" of the Patriarcha

LOCKE-

* "triangle" and "beauty" to distinguish between simple and mixed modes

LOCKE-

* A Letter Concerning Toleration

LOCKE-

* Censor of Moral Philosophy at Christ Church, he drafted a series of lectures known as Essays on the Laws of Nature

LOCKE-

* Censor of Moral Philosophy at Christ Church, he drafted a series of lectures known as Essays on the Laws of Nature.

LOCKE-

* Enlightenment philosopher who wrote An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.

LOCKE-

* Epistemology and Ontology were written by M.R. Ayers

LOCKE-

* Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina

LOCKE-

* God exists with the second highest degree of certainty

LOCKE-

* Herbert of Cherbury

LOCKE-

* Robert Nozick came up with the example of a man who mixes tomato juice with the ocean to mock this thinker's claim that a man gains ownership over something by mixing his labor with it.

LOCKE-

* Second Treatise of Government

LOCKE-

* Some Thoughts Concerning Education

LOCKE-

* Some Thoughts on Education

LOCKE-

* The Reasonableness of Christianity

LOCKE-

* William Molyneux questioned whether a blind man given sight could recognize touched items

LOCKE-

* all knowledge derives from experience and our minds are a tabula rasa at birth.

LOCKE-

* attacking the monarchist (*) Robert Filmer, proposes that a "state of war" can arise from disputes in the state of nature

LOCKE-

* attacks the Patriarcha of Robert Filmer.

LOCKE-

* ball and the scent of a rose to outline the difference between simple and complex ideas

LOCKE-

* belief could not be compelled by violence, but nevertheless advocating the harshest punishment for atheists

LOCKE-

* blind man identifying objects by touch could, with restored sight, recognize them visually

LOCKE-

* born without innate ideas, introduced in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

LOCKE-

* cannot be a rightful king since it is impossible to tell who the heir of Adam is to attack the contradictory propositions that man is un-free and that kings have a divine right to rule

LOCKE-

* children's faults and claims parents must respect their children as "rational creatures

LOCKE-

* collaborated with Robert Boyle to study the nature of human blood

LOCKE-

* criticized Robert Filmer's view of monarchy

LOCKE-

* distinction between primary qualities, like shape and motion, and secondary qualities, like color

LOCKE-

* emphasized virtue as self-control and rationality

LOCKE-

* enclose land to own it.

LOCKE-

* enslavement of Africans on the grounds that they were the defeated aggressors in a just war

LOCKE-

* example of pounding an almond to change its texture to distinguish between the "utterly inseparable"

LOCKE-

* first chapter "Hardening the body" in his book Some Thoughts Concerning Education

LOCKE-

* governed Adam was "the law of reason" and the fundamental purpose of all laws after him is to "preserve and enlarge freedom."

LOCKE-

* imple ideas of sensation and complex ideas of the mind and primary and secondary qualities of the external world

LOCKE-

* justifying William III and Mary II's role in the Glorious Revolution

LOCKE-

* knowledge of mathematics and morality are more certain because they are based on ideas of modes

LOCKE-

* letter to Philipp van Limborch and also authored the pro-slavery Constitution of the Carolinas

LOCKE-

* light falling on porphyry rock to argue that colors are observer-dependent secondary qualities.

LOCKE-

* light striking the mineral porphyry

LOCKE-

* man who stays in a room voluntarily, but could not have left anyway since the door is locked. A chapter on personal identity by this thinker differentiates being a man from being a person with the thought experiment of a prince and a cobbler switching bodies.

LOCKE-

* metaphor of a sailor being unable to measure the depth of the ocean to argue that knowledge is sufficient despite being limited

LOCKE-

* money removed a natural limit on accumulation, and described man's mixture of his labor with nature as the basis of our entitlement to property.

LOCKE-

* ninety percent of character derives from education

LOCKE-

* presupposing Grotius's just war theory, a conquering nation cannot gain power over the conquered nation, just like native kings of the British isles gained the throne after the Norman conques

LOCKE-

* primary and secondary qualities

LOCKE-

* properties of objects based on whether or not they depended on the observer, designating them primary or secondary qualities

LOCKE-

* question of what holds up a tortoise supporting an elephant supporting the earth to illustrate the limits of human knowledge

LOCKE-

* refutes the idea of a divine right of kings put forth by Robert Filmer

LOCKE-

* rejected the notion of innate ideas

LOCKE-

* revolution is justified

LOCKE-

* rightful kings are direct descendants of Adam, refuting Robert Filmer.

LOCKE-

* rights of life, liberty, and property

LOCKE-

* secretary to Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury

LOCKE-

* ship heading to Algiers

LOCKE-

* slavery is in reality a state of conflict between a conqueror with absolute power and the conquered. In a namesake proviso, this man argued that one gained rights over an object from putting labor into it, a precursor to the homestead principle.

LOCKE-

* state of nature is more or less free and equal, in contrast to the pessimist (*) Hobbes

LOCKE-

* statement of Molyneux's problem;

LOCKE-

* tabula rasa

LOCKE-

* tate of conflict between a conqueror with absolute power and the conquered

LOCKE-

* term for a category of names that group abstract general ideas according to their natural similitude; those are called "sortals"

LOCKE-

* "the point" is to change the way philosophers interpret the world, in his Theses on Feuerbach, and criticized Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in Poverty of Philosophy. This author of the Critique of the Gotha Program wrote about "use-value" versus "exchange value," and stated, "from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs."

MARX-

* "vanguard" to bring about social change and wrote the article Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism

MARX-

* American Civil War, Horace Greeley hired this man as a pro-Union correspondent for the New York Daily Tribune

MARX-

* Baudrillard's The Mirror of Production essentially argues that this man's theory of dialectical materialism is rooted too much in class struggles. This philosopher wrote Capital.

MARX-

* C-M-C pathway had been replaced with the M-C-M pathway

MARX-

* Eleven short "Theses on Feuerbach" were written by this other German thinker who advocated historical materialism and emphasized the dialectical nature of class struggle.

MARX-

* Essence of Christianity was written by this German philosopher, who first developed the book's ideas in his earlier study Pierre Bayle.: Ludwig Feuerbach

MARX-

* France's 1851 coup d'etat, and another work took the form of a letter to the Eisenbach political party. In addition to The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon and Critique of the Gotha Program ;

MARX-

* French Marxist, who drew on Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory to describe ruptures in the status quo in his magnum opus Being and Event.: Alain Badiou

MARX-

* German philosopher who with Friedrich Engels wrote Das Kapital and The Communist Manifesto

MARX-

* History and Class Consciousness relates reification to this similar concept, the ascribing of objective value to objects as opposed to use-value or labor-value. It was labeled a "narcissism" in a 2012 book by Stephen Dunne and Robert Cluley.: commodity fetishism

MARX-

* Sartre's Critique of [this kind of] Reason tried to reconcile his own existentialism with Marx's view of the interplay of economic forces. : dialectical reason

MARX-

* Slavoj Zizek work that addresses the "shock therapies" of the capitalistic method after analyzing Silvio Berlusconi

MARX-

* Stirner comes in for some 300 pages' worth of criticism in this philosopher's The German Ideology; this thinker's other works include Kapital.

MARX-

* The Critique of the Gotha Program

MARX-

* The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon

MARX-

* The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis-Napoleon claimed "philosophers have only interpreted the world

MARX-

* The German Ideology

MARX-

* Theodor Adorno co-authored the seminal Frankfurt School text, titled after this concept "of Enlightenment." This Hegelian concept consists of a thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.: dialectic

MARX-

* Zizek's book First As Tragedy, Then As Farce took its title from this German thinker's The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon. This man collaborated with Friedrich Engels on The Communist Manifesto.

MARX-

* author of The 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon and Critique of the Gotha Program. He also co-wrote The Communist Manifesto with Engels.

MARX-

* author of Welcome to the Desert of the Real, a University of Ljubljana professor whose other books include The Parallax View, The Sublime Object of Ideology, and Did Somebody Say Totalitarianism?.: Slavoj Zizek

MARX-

* civil base and the political superstructure of society.

MARX-

* claimed that the focus of new materialism was human society in a work that criticized the contemplative philosophy of the author of The Essence of Christianity

MARX-

* claims that Colonel Charras has made the final words of that work true. Those final words describe a bronze statue falling from a column.

MARX-

* collaborated with Friedrich Engels on this book, which was published in 1848. It condemned capitalism and famously contains the quote "Workers of the world, unite!" : The Communist Manifesto

MARX-

* critique of Hegel's Elements of the Philosophy of Right

MARX-

* e Frankfurt school was based on the ideals of this German philosopher, who wrote The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis-Napoleon and co-authored the Communist Manifesto.

MARX-

* examining a French coup in 1851, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon

MARX-

* founder of the Frankfurt school is this man, who co-wrote Dialectic of Enlightenment along with Theodor Adorno, and also wrote The Authoritarian State and Eclipse of Reason.: Max Horkheimer

MARX-

* history repeats itself "first as (*) tragedy then as farce" in one work, this thinker claimed that the "petty bourgeois" of today will see themselves disappear with the advent of "modern industry."

MARX-

* known for this multi-volume treatise, which posits that the tendency of the rate of profit to fall leads to the exploitation of labor by employers to produce the title asset.: Das Kapital

MARX-

* labeled the practice of adding superficial value to goods as "commodity fetishism."

MARX-

* one-time Young Hegelian originated the aphorism that "Religion is the opiate of the masses."

MARX-

* r figure Zizek likes to apply to political questions is this psychoanalyst, who posited a time in which a child can picture themselves outside of themselves called "the mirror stage".: Jacques Lacan

MARX-

* responded to the idea that the title group must give up their identity for political freedom in On the Jewish Question.

MARX-

* since goods are valuable not for the labor put into them, but their ability to be exchanged, they are attributed human characteristics, a process he calls "commodity fetishism."

MARX-

* society has developed a fetish for commodities and holds exchange value above labor and use value, and he distinguished his thought from French socialism in a work that urged the workers of the world to unite.

MARX-

* thinker claimed that everyone receives from society what he gives it; that work introduces the lower and higher phases of a certain philosophy.

MARX-

* thinker divided the economic and cultural aspects of a society into the "base" and "superstructure."

MARX-

* treatise that criticized the title system for exploitation of the labor market. Another work cowritten by this thinker described the ideal triumph of the (*) proletariat over the bourgeoisie

MARX-

* updated by Louis Althusser and Etienne Balibar, who added the concept of "interpellation" to his philosophy in Reading Capital. Name this social theorist. In The German Ideology, a collaboration with his financial sponsor Friedrich Engels, he called religion the "opium of the people."

MARX-

* wrote for Horace Greeley's New York Tribune until the departure of editor Charles Dana changed the paper's pro-abolitionist stance. This man's letter to Eisenach was later published as The Critique of the Gotha Program

MARX-

* wrote that history repeats, "first as tragedy, then as farce,"

MARX-

* wrote that the point of philosophy is not to interpret the world but to change it in his Theses on Feuerbach.

MARX-

* "Cicero is Cicero" and "Cicero is Tully,"

MILL-

* "Harm Principle." T

MILL-

* "Of Names," this British philosopher put forward a simpler theory in which the meaning of a name is its direct referent in our current world and nothing more.

MILL-

* "On the Logic of the Moral Sciences," reiterates a reductionist social view he uses while discussing Malthus and Ricardo in Principles of Political Economy.

MILL-

* "The Spirit of the Age" and Two Letters on the Measure of Value,"

MILL-

* "barbarians have no rights as a nation"

MILL-

* "better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied" in arguing for the superiority of intellectual pleasures, like reading Wordsworth, over physical pleasures

MILL-

* "lose that great portion of its pleasantness."

MILL-

* "method of differences" and a "method of residues" in his A System of Logic, and used the phrase "tyranny of the majority" to build on a Bentham

MILL-

* "perfect equality" and posits that freedom good for men is also good for women.

MILL-

* "there remain no legal slaves, save the (*) mistress of every house,

MILL-

* "tills the soil should have the power of obtaining a perpetuity on an impartial invaluation" when discussing the Irish Land Question.

MILL-

* "tyranny of the majority"

MILL-

* "unlimited increases of wealth and population"

MILL-

* A System of Logic argued that power can only be rightfully exerted over a person to prevent harm to others in his On Liberty

MILL-

* Avicenna to craft his namesake methods of induction in one work, and he labeled capital as the "accumulated stock of the produce of nature" in another work

MILL-

* Harriet Taylor, and another work introduced the harm principle. This author of A System of Logic and The Subjection of Women

MILL-

* Henry Mansel's claim that unknowable entities like God could only be described approximately in Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy

MILL-

* Kant's "intuitionism" in favor of empirical observation in one work

MILL-

* Kripke rejected this man's theory of general terms but resurrected his theory of proper names

MILL-

* Malthus, this man wrote a textbook called Principles of Political Economy, and this author of A System of Logic was inspired by Jeremy Bentham for another work

MILL-

* Marcus Aurelius, who made the mistake of persecuting Christians.

MILL-

* Mill held this principle, that the state should only restrict the liberty of civilized people if one person is causing damaging wrongdoing to another. : harm principle

MILL-

* Nozick's libertarianism has some similarities to the "harm principle" of this earlier British author of On Liberty. This prodigy's father James raised him to propound the theory of utilitarianism.

MILL-

* On Liberty and Utilitarianism.

MILL-

* Parliament from Westminster and his wife, Harriet Taylor, is referenced is his The [*] Subjection of Women

MILL-

* The Subjection of Women argued for the harm principle in one work and updated the ideas of Bentham to argue for the greatest happiness principle

MILL-

* The Subjection of Women was written by this British philosopher, who outlined several necessary freedoms in his book On Liberty.

MILL-

* The Subjection of Women, whose major writings defended maximal liberty and utilitarianism

MILL-

* William Hamilton's philosophy. This man debated the logic of induction with William Whewell, and he is the namesake of five methods of induction.

MILL-

* argued that all necessity is verbal and not metaphysical, which led to a theory of names attacked by Frege (FRAY-guh) in Sense and Reference

MILL-

* argued that the natural revulsion to death and a rapid execution makes capital punishment an effective deterrent and a humane punishment.

MILL-

* armchair physiology

MILL-

* championed inductive reasoning as freeing the empirical sciences by use of syllogisms in his A System of Logic

MILL-

* chapter titled "Of the Stationary State,"

MILL-

* cited Alexis de Tocqueville's phrase "tyranny of the majority" and advocated the harm principle in defending one book's title concept, and argued that actions should be judged by "the proportion to which they promote happiness"

MILL-

* claimed some interventions in free markets was justified in the textbook Principles of Political Economy

MILL-

* collaborated with his lover Harriet Taylor on an 1869 text in favor of female equality.

MILL-

* collaborated with his wife, Harriet Taylor, on a work that argued for female suffrage.

MILL-

* compassionate dictators as Charlemagne or Akbar.

MILL-

* concomitant variations, residues, difference, and agreement as "methods of experimental inquiry."

MILL-

* counter the "swine philosophy" of Jeremy Bentham

MILL-

* critical examination of William Hamilton's philosophy. This man debated the logic of induction with William Whewell, and he is the namesake of five methods of induction

MILL-

* criticized by G.E. Moore for setting an equivalence between "is desired" and "is worthy of desire."

MILL-

* death penalty was the least cruel mode of punishment and that it acts as an effective deterrent.

MILL-

* described syllogisms as "ratiocination" in a text which laid out reasoning "ratiocinative" and "inductive."

MILL-

* drew on the lived experience of his wife Harriet Taylor in arguing against The Subjection of Women.Name this 19th-century Briton, a classical liberal who foresaw a "tyranny of the majority" in his On Liberty.

MILL-

* economically beneficial in a textbook that was later modified to become more egalitarian.

MILL-

* elaborated on the Greatest Happiness Principle

MILL-

* first chapter of On Liberty accuses this philosopher, the author of Course on Positive Philosophy, of "aim[ing] at establishing... a despotism of society over the individual.": Auguste Comte

MILL-

* five methods of (*) induction

MILL-

* formulated the method of residues to go along with Avicenna's methods of agreement, difference, and concomitant variation

MILL-

* geometry and arithmetic are based on generalized experience

MILL-

* granting of special immunities to citizens and the creation of constitutional checks were the two ways that sovereign power has historically been controlled

MILL-

* great friend of Thomas Carlyle, even after his housemaid burned the only manuscript of Carlyle's book on the French Revolution;

MILL-

* identified offense, paternalism, and moralism as restrictions of liberty in a short work that introduces the "harm principle,"

MILL-

* later libertarian argued for a minimal "night watchman state" in his Anarchy, State, and Utopia, a reply to his Harvard colleague John Rawls. : Robert Nozick

MILL-

* mental breakdown at age twenty from the prodigy training regimen of his philosopher father James, this thinker wrote A System of Logic

MILL-

* mental chemistry

MILL-

* moral system founded by Jeremy Bentham. For ten points, name this author of On Liberty and Utilitarianism.

MILL-

* more fulfilling and valuable pursuit

MILL-

* offense, paternalism, moralism, or the harm principle

MILL-

* opened one book by aligning his own views with Socrates listening to "the old Protagoras" and rebutting "the so-called Sophist."

MILL-

* proposed the methods of agreement and difference as two of the four methods of experimental inquiry

MILL-

* s essay deplores the imposition of "the want of a worthy outlet for the active faculties" upon the title group of people, and argues against the "law of force" and the "law of the strongest." Name this essay co-written by the author's wife Harriet Taylor. It advocates "a principle of perfect equality" between the sexes.: The Subjection of Women

MILL-

* served in Parliament and sponsored the 1868 Married Women's Property Bill. He wrote that "the legal subordination of one sex to the other is wrong in itself." in his pamphlet The Subjection of Women.

MILL-

* simple theory of names, a name's meaning is merely the thing it refers to and nothing more

MILL-

* text discusses whether truth may be justifiably persecuted and argues that actions should only be limited if they restrict the freedom of other individuals.

MILL-

* title figures may have a "nervous temperament" and states that the only basis for the title "universal custom" is the perpetuation of the "law of the strongest."

MILL-

* work's fourth chapter suggests that it would be "a great misunderstanding of this doctrine, to suppose that it is one of selfish indifference," before distinguishing between personal disapproval and socially sanctioned punishment.Identify this philosophical work which ends by advocating " the greatest dissemination of power consistent with efficiency; but the greatest possible centralization of information, and diffusion of it from the centre.": On Liberty

MILL-

* Genealogy argues that the repression of this human trait results in "bad conscience." It titles a posthumous collection of notes which was stitched together and made more anti-Semitic by Nietzsche's sister.: the will to power

NIETZSCHE-

* Genealogy of Morals was written by this German philosopher who also wrote the "philosophical novel" Thus Spake Zarathustra.

NIETZSCHE-

* Genealogy of Morals, this pair of binary opposites underpins the master morality. Through ressentiment, the slave morality inverted the meaning of term in this binary and replaced the other with "evil.": good and bad

NIETZSCHE-

* German-American translator of Nietzsche translated Zarathustra's use of the verb untergehen as "go under." He included his dissertation as a chapter of his book, Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist.: Walter Arnold Kaufmann

NIETZSCHE-

* Human, All Too Human

NIETZSCHE-

* Human, All Too Human contains this kind of short, disconnected philosophical statements that concisely convey his thoughts. Examples of these include "And if you gaze for long into an abyss, the abyss gazes also into you.": aphorisms

NIETZSCHE-

* Human, All too Human

NIETZSCHE-

* Leopold and Loeb believed themselves to be Übermenschen, inspired by this philosopher who wrote The Gay Science and Beyond Good and Evil.

NIETZSCHE-

* Metaphysical Thinker."

NIETZSCHE-

* Nietzsche used this term to describe the hostility directed against stronger people by weaker people, which is the source of wrongheaded morality systems.: ressentiment

NIETZSCHE-

* Nietzsche work criticizes traditional Christian interpretations of morality. It was expanded upon in On the Genealogy of Moralsand was subtitled "Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future.": Beyond Good and Evil

NIETZSCHE-

* Nietzsche wrote on this depressive German thinker "as Educator." This man argued that people should turn towards art, and away from the thing-in-itself, in The World as Will and Representation.: Arthur Schopenhauer

NIETZSCHE-

* On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense

NIETZSCHE-

* On the Genealogy of Morals

NIETZSCHE-

* On the Genealogy of Morals examines the slave morality of this religion, placing it in opposition to the master morality of Rome and Greece. : Christianity

NIETZSCHE-

* Spinoza to be "the purest philosopher"

NIETZSCHE-

* The Antichrist

NIETZSCHE-

* The Gay Science and The Birth of Tragedy.

NIETZSCHE-

* The Gay Science claimed "God is Dead."

NIETZSCHE-

* This book, Nietzsche's first, describes how the dreamy, bright Apollonian impulse blended with the frenzied Dionysian to give ancient Greek art and drama their power.: The Birth of Tragedy

NIETZSCHE-

* Ubermensch in Thus Spake Zarathustra

NIETZSCHE-

* Untimely Meditations

NIETZSCHE-

* argues that past philosophy is tainted by dogmatic assumptions of morality and objective truth. It praises "free spirits" and advocates a subjective "philosophy of the future.": Beyond Good and Evil

NIETZSCHE-

* blames Euripides for causing the decline of the title art form by injecting naturalism and moralism into it. : The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music

NIETZSCHE-

* celebrated Arthur Schopenhauer "as educator"

NIETZSCHE-

* contained a parody of Christ's speech to the thief on the cross, but that passage was censored

NIETZSCHE-

* criticized David Strauss and described the influence of Arthur Schopenhauer

NIETZSCHE-

* develops the concept of ressentiment, a means that the slave uses to reverse the master's ideas of good and evil. Name this book divided into three treatises, the third of which examines the origins of the ascetic ideal. Its first treatise identifies the origin of the struggle between good and evil in the conflict between Rome and Judea. : On the Genealogy of Morals

NIETZSCHE-

* dichotomy between the Apollonian and Dionysian aspects of literature in The (*) Birth of Tragedy

NIETZSCHE-

* divided the title concept into the Apollonian and Dionysian in one work, while in another work he declared that, "God is dead."

NIETZSCHE-

* eternal recurrence could be reconciled through amor fati

NIETZSCHE-

* expelling anti-Semites from his country, believing that they were inferior to Jews;

NIETZSCHE-

* first introduced the concept of the Übermensch, which is described as the ultimate goal for humanity.: Thus Spoke Zarathustra

NIETZSCHE-

* great art is the result of hard work, not of genius or divine inspiration,

NIETZSCHE-

* identified free will and confusing cause and effect as two of four great errors of philosophy.

NIETZSCHE-

* ietzsche dualistic system of morality, central to On the Genealogy of Morals, credits traits like kindness and humility to one morality and traits like strength and nobility to another.: master and slave morality

NIETZSCHE-

* logical order of Socrates and sees the rebirth of society through Wagner's music

NIETZSCHE-

* love of his fate.

NIETZSCHE-

* make "new suns"

NIETZSCHE-

* man who encounters an eagle and a snake describes the process one undergoes in order to become a master of himself - the übermensch - and satisfy the will to power.: Thus Spake Zarathustra

NIETZSCHE-

* new brand of philosophers who are "free spirits",

NIETZSCHE-

* philosophical importance of his works in chapters with ironic (*) self-laudatory titles

NIETZSCHE-

* proudly called himself an "Immoralist" for a crucial discovery distinguishing him from all humanity and that before his work, there was no such thing as psychology.

NIETZSCHE-

* punned on Wagner with the title Twilight of The Idols and wrote The Gay Science

NIETZSCHE-

* referred frequently to this concept describing the infinite repetition of the events of the universe. In The Gay Science, he discusses this concept in relation to an individual living the same life over and over. : eternal recurrence

NIETZSCHE-

* reissued by its author with an additional preface, An Attempt at Self-Criticism. For 10 points each Name this work which contrasts the Apollonian and Dionysian interpretations of a certain art form.: The Birth of Tragedy

NIETZSCHE-

* rejected the passive response of the last man towards nihilism, instead believing that values should be reinvented with reference only to this world, rather than to another world

NIETZSCHE-

* renowned translator and interpreter of this philosopher's works was Walter Kaufman

NIETZSCHE-

* sin of pity and delivers the parable of the tight-rope walker

NIETZSCHE-

* two systems that distinguish between good and bad or good and evil, calling them master and slave morality, respectively

NIETZSCHE-

* virtue among Christians in The Genealogy of Morals

NIETZSCHE-

* we "must love the holy demon"

NIETZSCHE-

* Later members of this philosophical tradition, such as Proclus, practiced theurgy, as described in On the Egyptian Mysteries by Iamblichus. Name this philosophical tradition founded by Plotinus which posits a first principle called the One, which is simple and beyond being. Its other members include Plotinus's student Porphyry, who compiled the Enneads.

PLATO-

* Lydian who can become invisible by turning a ring on his finger and group of people who see by the light of a fire behind them and try to identify shadows on the wall.

PLATO-

* Manichean, he was among the "neo" Followers of this philosopher, whose own views included a theory of ideal forms

PLATO-

* Marius Victorinus,

PLATO-

* Meno and Timaeus also posited an ideal city-state governed by philosopher-kings and described chained prisoners observing shadows in its Allegory of the Cave

PLATO-

* Neoplatonism was an influence on some Italian Renaissance humanists, including this friend of Marsilio Ficino who wrote the "Oration on the Dignity of Man" to introduce 900 theses called the Conclusions.: Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

PLATO-

* Parmenides is accompanied by this student of his in the dialogue. The dialogue begins with this person reading from one of his books in front of a crowd. He asked how many grains of millet must be dropped to make a sound. : Zeno of Elea

PLATO-

* Phaedrus also wrote Symposium and The Republic.

PLATO-

* Phaedrus likened the soul to an ideal city in a ten-book work featuring his theory of Forms and the allegory of the cave.

PLATO-

* Platonic dialogue, Socrates recounts Diotima's speech about love, and a drunk Alcibiades barges in to talk about his attempted seduction of Socrates.: Symposium

PLATO-

* Popper claimed that readers of this man's works fell under his "spell" in The Open Society and its Enemies

PLATO-

* Republic is a dialogue featuring his master Socrates.

PLATO-

* Seventh Letter.

PLATO-

* Skepticism became popular in this teaching facility in the Hellenistic era, decades after Plato founded it within a walled olive grove.: Platonic Academy

PLATO-

* Socrates features in the dialogues of this Greek philosopher, his student. His many dialogues include the Timaeus and the Republic.

PLATO-

* Strauss notoriously interpreted much of this philosopher's writing as ironic, rebutting Karl Popper's discussion of this philosopher's "Spell" in The Open Society and Its Enemies.

PLATO-

* Sun as the child of the Form of the Good and uses a (*) parable of a ship to argue for justice as harmony

PLATO-

* The Allegory of the Cave in his work The Republic.

PLATO-

* The Open Society and Its Enemies was written by this philosopher, who also wrote The Poverty of Historicism. As a philosopher of science, he supported falsifiability as a scientific criterion.: Karl Raimund Popper

PLATO-

* The new, or "Neo", school of this man's philosophy was popular among early Islamic scholars and was criticized by al-Ghazali. This philosopher, who related Socrates's teachings in dialogues, was the teacher of Aristotle.

PLATO-

* The third man argument throws a wrench into the theory of forms of this philosopher, who also outlined the Euthyphro dilemma in another one of his namesake dialogues.

PLATO-

* This philosopher argued that universals are Ideal forms. His epistemic ideas can be found in Theaetetus and The Republic.

PLATO-

* This school, championed by Plotinus and Porphyry, drew on older texts to claim that the body is a mere trapping and all things are on a hierarchy of emanations from "the One". : Neoplatonism

PLATO-

* Timaeus describes the origin of the universe and Critias details the history of Atlantis.

PLATO-

* analogy of the divided line.

PLATO-

* argued that understanding of non-material abstract ideas allows the highest perception of reality and was credited by Edmund Gettier as defining (*) knowledge as "justified true belief."

PLATO-

* asserts that abstract idea, and not the materialistic world, is the most fundamental type of reality

PLATO-

* author of Meno wrote a multi-person drunken discourse on the nature of love, and advanced his theory of Forms with the allegory of the cave in a discussion of the ideal society

PLATO-

* because the world was created as an intelligent living creature, it must have a soul that is composed of Sameness, Difference, and Being.

PLATO-

* belief in up to three ochemata, or "vehicles" for the soul, was preferred by Iamblichus and Proclus, who both also advocated a form of folk-magic called theurgy.

PLATO-

* central character of this work responds to charges of corrupting the youth of Athens laid against him by proving Meletus's argument to be contradictory. Name this work of philosophy in which Socrates is sentenced to death.: The Apology

PLATO-

* character relate how humans once had two heads, before the gods split them apart to make them long for their other half

PLATO-

* character unusually does not appear in the Laws.Name this character, who claims that the soul is immortal in the Phaedo.: Socrates

PLATO-

* chariot pulled by two horses, one that is noble and one that is not.

PLATO-

* compared a chariot driven by two different horses to the soul.

PLATO-

* credited with being the first to write that knowledge is justified true belief in his Theaetetus.

PLATO-

* cyclical argument to prove the soul's immortality.

PLATO-

* decide between the right and wrong moment to undertake an enterprise, and thus he rejects the sovereignty of the law in Statesmen.

PLATO-

* discourse between the title character and Protarchus, who contrasted the title character's ideas about hedonism with Sophist argumentation; that work was Philebus

PLATO-

* divided his Enneads into six sections, with each section focusing on subjects like being and the soul. He formulated the idea of an indivisible "one."

PLATO-

* each element is represented by a perfect solid was introduced by - for 10 points - what creator of the Theory of Forms, who wrote dialogues like Timaeus and Theaetetus?

PLATO-

* examines whether poetic recitation is based on skill using a discussion about Ion.

PLATO-

* kairos,

PLATO-

* likened our desires to an orderly white horse and a wild dark horse pulling the chariot of the soul.

PLATO-

* man's philosophy, which described reality as decreasingly pure (*) emanations from "The One", appeared in the Enneads of Plotinus in the 200s CE.

PLATO-

* name often denotes the philosophical view that mathematical objects are ontologically real outside the imagination

PLATO-

* obscure work by this philosopher proposes a "Nocturnal Council" as part of the government of what is to be the "second-best state."

PLATO-

* philosopher-kings in a work that also includes the "Allegory of the Cave."

PLATO-

* prisoner in this story escapes from his buddies, who are chained up in front of a fire so that they can only see shadows in front of them. Name this story told by Socrates to Glaucon, whose title locale is an analogy for humans' inability to see the ideal Forms.

PLATO-

* pure earth in a pure heaven where gems lie like ordinary stones and a man who visits celestial spheres and the celestial plane after leaving Ur

PLATO-

* pure, transcendent ideas accessible to us only through images of them is known as his Theory of Forms.

PLATO-

* ring of invisibility to question morality in another work that advocates for rule by "philosopher-kings."

PLATO-

* s other dialogue, Socrates seeks a definition of piety from the title character, whom he meets outside the courthouse and is prosecuting his own father.: Euthyphro

PLATO-

* second section of this book, "The High Tide of Prophecy," blames Hegel and Marx for the rise of 20th-century totalitarianism.Name this 1945 book which criticizes historicist political philosophy.: The Open Society and Its Enemies

PLATO-

* slave solving a complicated geometry problem to show that certain knowledge is innate, and also explained how the universe was created from a combination of "Sameness", "Difference", and "Existence".

PLATO-

* student of Socrates

PLATO-

* theology was examined by Marisilio Ficino, a prominent Florentine.

PLATO-

* true knowledge are treated as useless stargazers

PLATO-

* wrote about a dinner party at which each person gives a speech about the nature of love, including a speech encouraging the guests to be lovers of wisdom

PLATO-

* wrote about a regime where honor or love of honor reigns supreme, called timarchy or timocracy.

PLATO-

* younger Dionysus, and his imprisonment was discussed in his Seventh Letter

PLATO-

* "A New Name For Some Old Ways of Thinking,"

PRAGMATISM-

* "A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking"

PRAGMATISM-

* "Intersection of [this concept] and Feminism," ;

PRAGMATISM-

* "On a New List of Categories."

PRAGMATISM-

* "The Fixation of Belief" and "How to Make Our Ideas Clear."

PRAGMATISM-

* "The Present Dilemma in Philosophy."

PRAGMATISM-

* "The Will to Believe" was written by a founder of this school

PRAGMATISM-

* "analytic" form of this philosophy is advocated by contemporary proponents like Robert Brandom

PRAGMATISM-

* "cash value," or sense of utility t

PRAGMATISM-

* "cash value. "

PRAGMATISM-

* "clever Hanschen"

PRAGMATISM-

* "conceptual" type of this philosophical school

PRAGMATISM-

* "monistic" and "pluralistic" interpretations, and offers "melioristic theism" as a middle ground between religious "absolutism" and pure naturalism

PRAGMATISM-

* "mystical way of pure cosmic emotion" that is used to read Whitman's poem "To You"

PRAGMATISM-

* "plural, genuine possibilities" that underlie the poem's composition

PRAGMATISM-

* "tender-minded" and "tough-minded" people is presented in this 1907 book

PRAGMATISM-

* A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking."

PRAGMATISM-

* American philosopher applied Pragmatism to his ideas for progressive schooling in Democracy and Education and expounded his aesthetic theories in Art as Experience.: John Dewey

PRAGMATISM-

* American thinker broke with pragmatism after defining truth as that which is "ultimately agreed to by all who investigate" in his essay How to Make Our Ideas Clear.: Charles Sanders Peirce

PRAGMATISM-

* Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity.

PRAGMATISM-

* Democracy and Education

PRAGMATISM-

* Divided into ten sections, this 1896 lecture by James drew much criticism from thinkers like Alfred Henry Lloyd. It revolves around defending the right to religious faith without religious evidence. : The Will to Believe

PRAGMATISM-

* Habermas's thought on truth was inspired by this school of U.S. thought started by William James, which seeks essential methods to understanding truth and knowledge.

PRAGMATISM-

* James criticized this theory's definition of truth and instead turned to a statement's "cash value". Unlike pragmatic or coherence theories, it states that a statement is true if it is congruent to a state of affairs in reality.: correspondence theory of truth

PRAGMATISM-

* Jane Addams, C.S. Peirce ("purse"), and William James

PRAGMATISM-

* John Dewey, Charles Sanders Peirce and William James

PRAGMATISM-

* Louis Menand

PRAGMATISM-

* Menand writes that philosophers of this school, like Josiah Royce, saw ideas as a "ways to cope with the world."

PRAGMATISM-

* Mind and the World Order

PRAGMATISM-

* Peirce's triadic semiotics, the connect of a sign or "representamen" to an object produces this, which is the effect of the sign on the person processing it.: interpretant

PRAGMATISM-

* analytic form of this philosophy is propounded by Robert Brandom. Name this school of philosophy which was supported by C.S. Peirce's (purse) "The Fixation of Belief" and "How to Make our Ideas Clear." Quine and Sellars used it to argue against logical positivism.

PRAGMATISM-

* categorized grades of clearness in "How to Make Our Ideas Clear" and advocated the scientific method in "The Fixation of Belief".: C.S. Peirce

PRAGMATISM-

* concept with "humanism."

PRAGMATISM-

* does not make a practical difference whether a man is actually going around a squirrel when chasing it around a tree

PRAGMATISM-

* educator and philosopher who debated Walter Lippman regarding the citizen's role in democracy and who wrote Democracy and Education.: John Dewey

PRAGMATISM-

* emphasized practical reasoning

PRAGMATISM-

* empiricism has no religion

PRAGMATISM-

* four methods to overcome the titular "Fixation of Belief"

PRAGMATISM-

* hugely controversial book by Richard Rorty debunked the idea in prior philosophy that the mind serves as one of these for objects in nature without modifying anything: mirrors

PRAGMATISM-

* inquiry" which was explained in Dewey's book Logic.

PRAGMATISM-

* judged ideas based on cash-value and introduced it as a "new way of thinking"

PRAGMATISM-

* late-20th-century Pragmatist author of Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity argued against the representational theory of perception in his Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. : Richard Rorty

PRAGMATISM-

* lecture series presenting this kind of method to disambiguate questions like whether a man can be said to circle around a squirrel. C.S. Peirce and John Dewey made major contributions to this tradition.

PRAGMATISM-

* metaphor from the author's friend G. Papini to compare its method to a "corridor in a hotel" that can combat "anti-intellectualist" tendencies with the corridor's rooms

PRAGMATISM-

* mystical experiences are ineffable and noetic, and that when faced with a momentous, living, and forced option, belief without adequate evidence is justified.

PRAGMATISM-

* pluralistic, rather than a monistic, reading of Walt Whitman's poem "To You"

PRAGMATISM-

* relationship between the title concepts in Democracy and Education and defended democratic ideals in The Public and Its Problems.: John Dewey

PRAGMATISM-

* theory of "cash-value" to try and resolve "the present dilemma in philosophy"

PRAGMATISM-

* theory of truth is advocated against the predominant correspondence theory in Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, a work by Richard Rorty

PRAGMATISM-

* two columns of the traits of "tender-minded" idealists and "tough-minded" empiricists

PRAGMATISM-

* used to attack the logical positivists by William Quine, while its namesake "maxim" describes how one should approach philosophy.

PRAGMATISM-

* work by James titled for the "Dilemma of" this concept includes a thought experiment about a novice and an expert playing chess. Incompatibilists believe in the hard form of this concept.: determinism

PRAGMATISM-

* This other philosopher discussed whether natural law permitted inequalities in his Discourse on the Origin of Inequality. He stated that "man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains" in The Social Contract.

ROUSSEAU-

* Two of his major works were translated into English by Maurice Cranston, whose three-volume biography of this man concludes with The Solitary Self

ROUSSEAU-

* Voltaire uncharacteristically admired a controversial anti-religious polemic appearing in the fourth book of this thinker's educational treatise framed as a Bildungsroman

ROUSSEAU-

* amour propre has led to a decrease in compassion in civil society in a work originally paired with his essay positing that communication became less emotional and more rational as humans moved to colder climates, Essay on the Origin of Languages.

ROUSSEAU-

* artists work to earn praise from others and art causes the decline of military virtue in an early prize-winning essay for the Academy of Dijon.

ROUSSEAU-

* can train someone to be a good man or a good citizen, but not both

ROUSSEAU-

* character who readily accepts the immateriality and immortality of his soul despite his inability to understand the infinite nature of God.

ROUSSEAU-

* children into ideal citizens who retain their innate goodness. Its second book explains that interaction with the world is a key component of education. ANSWER: Emile, or On Education

ROUSSEAU-

* chronicled a love affair with Madame de Warens

ROUSSEAU-

* conception of children as essentially being small versions of adults.

ROUSSEAU-

* condemns the development of the title disciplines because they are based in vanity, not true human needs, and rejects senseless growth of knowledge if it suppresses individual liberty.

ROUSSEAU-

* contrasted the natural differences between men with the artificial moral types that arise from property and the division of labor.

ROUSSEAU-

* defined the power to act according to duty as "moral freedom". He called the first man who (*) fenced off a piece of land

ROUSSEAU-

* devised a girl named "Sophie," the title character's eventual wife,

ROUSSEAU-

* does not legislate any laws himself

ROUSSEAU-

* first (*) fenced in a piece of land and said "This is mine."

ROUSSEAU-

* first man to fence off land as the origin of a three-part sequence by which society transitions from nature to the inequality between master and slave

ROUSSEAU-

* idea that Geneva would be better off with a theatre, and another stresses the superior value of the nascent society.

ROUSSEAU-

* life of Julie d'Etange.

ROUSSEAU-

* philosopher notes that people who fence off land are the founders of "civil society."

ROUSSEAU-

* pity is a social quality distinct from compassion that was given to man to balance out his egocentrism.

ROUSSEAU-

* prideful need to be recognized by others known as (*) amour propre.

ROUSSEAU-

* rhetorically asks "Milord Edward" if he hopes to kill truth along with the person who uttered it in this author's epistolary masterpiece, Julie, or the New Heloise. He's better known for philosophical works like The Social Contract.

ROUSSEAU-

* sciences were born out of human vices, corrupting natural morals.

ROUSSEAU-

* society's negative influence transformed a self-preserving "love of self" into a "love of pride."

ROUSSEAU-

* sovereign should run affairs according to this sentiment, which results from cancelling out the "pluses and minuses" of each individual's private interest. It leaves men "forced to be free." ANSWER: general will

ROUSSEAU-

* ten "walks" during which he reflects on his life.

ROUSSEAU-

* thought highly of Newton and Descartes but reserved his highest praise for Francis Bacon, despite often criticizing scientific advancement

ROUSSEAU-

* true founder of civil society as the first man to fence in a piece of land and proclaim, "this is mine.

ROUSSEAU-

* unused constitution for Poland, and claimed that the first man to say "This is mine" about land introduced social ill in Discourse on Inequality

ROUSSEAU-

Confessions and Reveries of a Solitary Walker=10 walks where he reflects on his life

ROUSSEAU-

Dijon Academy Essay Contest

ROUSSEAU-

Discourse on Arts and Sciences=questioned values and virtues of Science and Art

ROUSSEAU-

Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men: man can improve at will :perfectibility, self-preservation and self-love, fence off land, amour propre causes political domination

ROUSSEAU-

EMILE (on Education): Sophie=eventual wife created to make sexist arguments for raising women only to please men, Creed of a Savoyard Priest, natural religion, perfect woman is passive and weak

ROUSSEAU-

Enlightenment Philosopher

ROUSSEAU-

Essay on the Origin of Languages

ROUSSEAU-

Julie, the New Heloise is a novel=Saint_Preux

ROUSSEAU-

contributed music articles to Diderot's dictionary;

ROUSSEAU-

good man or good citizen but not both

ROUSSEAU-

love affair with Madame de Warens

ROUSSEAU-

monarchies should develop in warmer nations

ROUSSEAU-

moral freedom, noble savages

ROUSSEAU-

sciences were born out of human vices

ROUSSEAU-

unused constitution for Poland

ROUSSEAU-

urinated in his neighbor's cooking pot

ROUSSEAU-

* "Appearance and Reality."

RUSSELL-

* "George IV wanted to know if Scott is the author of Waverley" in his theory of descriptions from "On Denoting."

RUSSELL-

* "In (*) Praise of Idleness"

RUSSELL-

* "On the Nature of Acquaintance" cites William James' proposal that substances are not intrinsically physical or mental, but differ only in their context.

RUSSELL-

* "Scott is the author of Waverley."

RUSSELL-

* "The Problems of Philosophy."

RUSSELL-

* "Two Dogmas of Empiricism," Quine cites a puzzle about the descriptions "Scott" and "the author of Waverley," which was introduced in this philosopher's "On Denoting." He co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Alfred North Whitehead.

RUSSELL-

* "Why I Am Not a Christian."

RUSSELL-

* "definite descriptions" such as "Scott is the author of Waverley."

RUSSELL-

* "doctrine of external relations,"

RUSSELL-

* "knowledge by description" and "knowledge by acquaintance" in his book The Problems of Philosophy.

RUSSELL-

* "logical atomism" in a 1911 paper, and in "The Ethics of War,"

RUSSELL-

* "the golden mountain does not exist"

RUSSELL-

* "the present King of France is not bald."

RUSSELL-

* . Gödel's incompleteness theorem

RUSSELL-

* A History of Western Philosophy

RUSSELL-

* Analysis of the Mind

RUSSELL-

* Battersea Town Hall

RUSSELL-

* British analytic philosopher

RUSSELL-

* Drawing from William James, this philosopher developed a form of monism in which mental and physical entities reduce to a neutral substance, in his book The Analysis of Mind

RUSSELL-

* Ernst Zermelo and concludes that the set of all sets that are not members of themselves must not contain itself

RUSSELL-

* Ernst Zermelo and concludes that the set of all sets that are not members of themselves must not contain itself.

RUSSELL-

* Frege's On Sense and Reference

RUSSELL-

* In Praise of Idleness

RUSSELL-

* Kripke's theory of names outmoded this British philosopher's theory of definite descriptions, as presented in "On Denoting." This author of Why I Am Not a Christian co-authored Principia Mathematica with Whitehead: Bertrand Russell

RUSSELL-

* Marriage and Morals

RUSSELL-

* Naming and Necessity expands on the discussion of the "present king of France" and his bald-ass head in "On Denoting," an essay by this British thinker who co-authored Principia Mathematica with Whitehead.

RUSSELL-

* P.F. Strawson, this thinker posited an example of a phrase which describes one and only one event: "the father of Charles II was executed."

RUSSELL-

* Quine's book Mathematical Logic condensed many of the ideas of Principia Mathemathica, which was written by Alfred North Whitehead and this English philosopher, who wrote "On Denoting".

RUSSELL-

* Russell's teapot is in many ways similar to this deity. She is often a tool to explain the arbitrary nature of supernatural belief and occasionally is said to steal socks from dryers, later depositing them with newfound holes.: Invisible Pink Unicorn;

RUSSELL-

* The Future of Science

RUSSELL-

* The Problems of Philosophy

RUSSELL-

* With Einstein, he names a manifesto advocating [*] nuclear disarmament, signed by many nuclear physicists

RUSSELL-

* a four-hour workday and claims "the liberation of the oppressed has usually been inaugurated from above."

RUSSELL-

* advocates a four-hour work day and promotes the benefits of leisure

RUSSELL-

* against organized religion in "Why I Am Not a Christian."

RUSSELL-

* anti-nuclear advocate

RUSSELL-

* argued that judgments are a multiple relation between a mind and the objects involved in the judgment.

RUSSELL-

* attempt to formulate axioms from which all mathematical truths could be derived

RUSSELL-

* burden of proof on skeptics concerned a hypothetical claim that the sun was orbited by a teapot

RUSSELL-

* champion of neutral monism

RUSSELL-

* cleared up the "two millennia of muddle-headedness about existence"

RUSSELL-

* co-authored Principia (preen-KEY-pee-uh) Mathematica

RUSSELL-

* coined the term "logical atomism," criticized Meinong's views on non-existent objects in a paper about definite descriptions like (*) "The present King of France is bald."

RUSSELL-

* considers whether the set of all sets that do not contain themselves contains itself.

RUSSELL-

* crate of oranges to explain that the scientific person would argue that if a sample is bad

RUSSELL-

* criticized Meinong's theory of objects and Frege's idea of sense and reference in his essay "OnDenoting."

RUSSELL-

* criticized for mixing up "meaning" and "mentioning" by P.F. Strawson, this thinker posited an example of a phrase which describes one and only one event: "the father of Charles II was executed."

RUSSELL-

* criticized in a paper by P.F. Strawson that posits sentences like "the table is covered with books."

RUSSELL-

* definite descriptions are "incomplete symbols"

RUSSELL-

* developed a theory of types to avert his namesake paradox

RUSSELL-

* discovered independently by Ernst Zermelo

RUSSELL-

* distinguished between primary and secondary readings

RUSSELL-

* easy introduction to the rigorous thought of Russell can be found in this short work of his, which includes discussions of the title issues, such as "On Intuitive Knowledge" and "The Value of Philosophy.": Problems of Philosophy

RUSSELL-

* examined the truth value of statements about non-existent objects with the sentence

RUSSELL-

* f "On Denoting",

RUSSELL-

* friend and countryman of G.E. Moore argued that the Church "retarded progress"

RUSSELL-

* human brain is a handicap

RUSSELL-

* introduces a set of axioms in an attempt to reduce mathematics into logical statements.: Principia Mathematica

RUSSELL-

* organized the first Pugwash Conference.

RUSSELL-

* practically every advance in modern philosophy has been made "in the teeth of opposition from Aristotle's disciples"

RUSSELL-

* religion was the "enemy of moral progress"

RUSSELL-

* the present king of France."

RUSSELL-

* tract by Russell attacks the theories of non-existent objects posited by Austrian philosopher Alexius Meinong. P.F. Strawson responded to it with his work "On Referring.": "On Denoting"

RUSSELL-

* world is suffering from intolerance and bigotry"

RUSSELL-

* wrote that Aquinas lacks the "true philosophic spirit" because he finds arguments for conclusions he has already drawn

RUSSELL-

* example of a man who acts "a little too rapid and "a little too eagerly" because he is acting to try to fit his perceived characteristics as a waiter, thereby acting in bad faith

SARTRE-

* example of bits of paint being combined to form a painting, which then disintegrates when momentum is lost, to posit that individual praxis maintains group structures via "totalization"

SARTRE-

* example of viewing a mannequin and thinking that it is real as a recognition of the subjective nature of others.

SARTRE-

* feelings of despair and angst are not enough for individuals to hide behind "deterministic excuses," arguing that one's essence is created and that the title concept "is a humanism" in one essay

SARTRE-

* first to describe fields founded by struggle that fail to respond to their founding groups' needs as "practico-inert."

SARTRE-

* hybrid approach of historical materialism and psychoanalysis that he termed the "progressive-regressive method."

SARTRE-

* imagination allows human subjects to "nihilate" their experiences, thus placing one of its titular concepts at the center of human experience. Name this work that argues humans experience themselves as a temporally specific "For-itself" being. This work attributes "bad faith" to human actors who do not accept the mutability of the self.: Being and Nothingness

SARTRE-

* joined the Nazi party soon after writing Being and Time. His other works include Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics and On the Way to Language.: Martin Heidegger

SARTRE-

* lecture likening existentialism to this kind of philosophy, which lauds the power and dignity of individual people. A Renaissance philosophy of this name involved deep study of classical texts.: humanism

SARTRE-

* man that fails to meet his friend after walking into a café to illustrate the second title concept of one of his works.

SARTRE-

* march of 5,000 military veterans chanted a demand to "Shoot [this philosopher]!

SARTRE-

* military occupation actually provided freedom by allowing residents under occupation to live "authentic" lives.

SARTRE-

* monthly review Les Temps Modernes (lay temm mah-DERNZ) with his lover and Merleau-Ponty, wrote about a scholar in Bouville who tries to distract himself from a peculiar sensation by reading Balzac and studying the Marquis de Rollebon

SARTRE-

* nervous girl on a date and a waiter attempting to imitate the idea of being a waiter as examples of "bad faith." Name this modern French philosopher who pioneered existentialism in his Being and Nothingness after his time as a prisoner of war.

SARTRE-

* new recruits are more often afraid of fear than of death

SARTRE-

* other existentialist wrote All Things Are Possible, which lamented Socrates's loquaciousness, arguing that "Socrates and Pascal talked so much for fear they would start crying." Wikipedia insists that since his thought was so hopeless, he championed a "philosophy of despair.": Lev Shestov

SARTRE-

* phenomenological ontology to analyze the concept of Dasein, which describes the awareness of human consciousness.: Being and Time

SARTRE-

* playwright who became a ward of the French State is contained in this author's Saint Genet, Actor and Martyr.

SARTRE-

* preceded Laura Mulvey in using the example of spying through a keyhole to describe the objectifying "look" or "gaze" of the Other.

SARTRE-

* r discusses a pupil who, when forced to decide between caring for his mother and fighting for his country, faces a realization of "abandonment."

SARTRE-

* read Heidegger's Being and Time while a prisoner of war in World War II, and was inspired by it to write Being and Nothingness. He discussed the idea of "bad faith" in Existentialism is a Humanism.

SARTRE-

* refuses to leave his entirely black-painted room and angers his father-in-law by asking for a new fork during a meal.

SARTRE-

* refuses to take a murder plot seriously because she sees the gun as a phallic metaphor.

SARTRE-

* refuted Gyorgy Lukacs's philosophy in Search for a Method, before describing the "practico-inert" and "praxis" in his Marxist theory of class in its unfinished sequel, Critique of Dialectical Reason

SARTRE-

* responsibility for all of mankind is the source of sadness in an essay that rejects deterministic excuses because of the statement that "existence precedes essence"

SARTRE-

* soldiers who run people over with trucks to save ammunition, he responds that it doesn't save gas

SARTRE-

* sought to answer the question "What, at this point, can we know about a man?" in his study of Gustave Flaubert's The Family Idiot.

SARTRE-

* steal 5000 francs to pay for Marcelle's abortion

SARTRE-

* takes on the pseudonym Raskolnikov, and attempts to prove his worth to Louis and Olga by killing a former member of the Illyrian parliament.

SARTRE-

* term for a form of (*) fakeness and self-deception called "bad faith." I

SARTRE-

* that a certain race lives only in the present, unlike the "democrats" who live in the future, by attempting to deny the true existence of that race.

SARTRE-

* which calls humanity a "fused group.

SARTRE-

* woman on a date, who pretends her hand doesn't exist when a man starts to hold it.

SARTRE-

* woman who ignores the sexual undertones of her date's comments to illustrate a concept that involves the denial of facticity or transcendence.

SARTRE-

* wrote that many people live in a state of inauthentic "bad faith" in Being and Nothingness.

SARTRE-

* "A Few Words on Pantheism," this collection also contains a characteristically mysoginist essay entitled "On Women." Identify this work in two volumes, the second of which consists of "Stray Yet Systematically Arranged Thoughts on a Variety of Subjects," and which contains a notable essay on ghost seeing.: Parerga and Paralipomena

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "Additional Remarks on the Doctrine of the Suffering of the World." This author of Parerga and Paralipomena wrote On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, and another work argues that art tries to represent the Platonic ideal of an object and that works expands Kant's "Ding an Sich" to the whole universe;

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "Bewilder your opponent by Mere Bombast"

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "Claim Victory Despite Defeat"

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "Epistemology" volume of his best known work discusses the Kantian "thing-in-itself".

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "On Din and Noise" in his Parerga und Parilopemina, but he is better known for arguing Dutch still lifes are the best type of art because beauty is seen in everyday objects.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "On Women.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "On the Basis of Morality"

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "On the Basis of Morality", he published it as one of The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics together with his "On the Freedom of the Will"

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "additions and omissions" in Greek.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "an educator" in one of Nietzsche's Untimely Meditations. This student of Fichte despised the work of Hegel and critiqued Kant's use of the "thing-in-itself."

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "dream organ" that distorts sense-data and accounts for supernatural phenomena and hatefully railed against the adulation of a certain subclass with inferior reasoning skills and limited capacity for physical and mental work. This thinker wrote an "Essay on Ghost Seeing,"

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "every action can only take place in consequence of a sufficient motive" in The Basis of Morality

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "every action can only take place in consequence of a sufficient motive" in one work, which also claims that "moral laws...cannot rightly be assumed as existing without proof".

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "first class of objects for the subject" could not be represented without the "union of Time and Space."

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "observations of unbiased physical investigators" to the "kernel of [his] Metaphysics" in On the Will in Nature

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "purely objective interest in anything", titled "On Women"

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "subject in volition" as the immediate object of inner sense in a book

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "tat tvam asi" from the Chandogya Upanishad and reduces twelve Kantian criteria to the Principle of Sufficient Reason

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "thing-in-itself,"

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "willing," "being," "knowing," and "becoming" as necessary connections with the different classes of objects it identifies.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* 38 ways to win an argument in the sarcastic The Art of Being Right.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* Art of (*) Being Right and On the Basis of Morality used the phrase "operating on a blind man's cataracts"

SCHOPENHAUER-

* Becoming, Knowing, Being, and Willing are the title concepts of one work by this author.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* Critique of Judgment are reducible to causality. His last work, a set of "stray yet systematically arranged thoughts on a variety of subjects," includes sections "On Din and Noise"

SCHOPENHAUER-

* Euclid's parallel postulate was self-evident but criticized another of Euclid's axioms for being grounded in empirical reasoning.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* German criticized Kant in his The World as Will and Representation.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* Hedgehog's dilemma, is found in a work named for "Appendices and Omissions" in Greek.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* Inspired by the Upanishads, it praised asceticism as the denial of one of the title concepts in its fourth section, "Ethics." Name this work, one of whose title concepts is the striving desire responsible for all suffering and the other of which is a means of accessing truth. : The World as Will and Representation

SCHOPENHAUER-

* Kant's idea of the "thing-in-itself" and the "noumenon" in the work The World as Will and Representation.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* Kantian belief that noumena are independent of human awareness.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* Nietzsche wrote on this depressive German thinker "as Educator." This man argued that people should turn towards art, and away from the thing-in-itself, in The World as Will and Representation.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* On Vision and Colors and The World as Will and Representation.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* On the Basis of Morality makes up a quarter of his most famous work. This philosopher outlined the necessary and sufficient characteristics of truth in his On the Fourfold Root of Sufficient Reason

SCHOPENHAUER-

* On the Basis of Morality wrote The World as Will and Representation.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* On the Basis of Morality, this author wrote "To preach Morality is easy, to found it different" in a work which discusses how "it must be possible for phenomenon to act upon things from inside, instead of from outside" in a section entitled "Animal Magnetism and Magic".

SCHOPENHAUER-

* On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, to write The World as Will and Representation.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* On the Freedom of the Will called the ontological argument a "charming joke."

SCHOPENHAUER-

* On the Theory of (*) Morality argued that Kant failed to distinguish between abstract knowledge of concepts and direct perceptual knowledge of objects.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* Parerga and Paralipomena and The Art of Being Right, this man studied Indian philosophy before claiming "every action can only take place in consequence of a sufficient motive" i

SCHOPENHAUER-

* Parerga and Paralipomena was written by this pessimistic German, whose most famous work is probably The World as Will and Idea.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* Schopenhauer attacked these people for having intellects that develop too quickly, for possessing no sense of justice, and for fulfilling their duties towards the species and not towards individuals. : women

SCHOPENHAUER-

* Schopenhauer's dissertation was On the Fourfold Root of this concept, which was originally described by Leibniz, and which holds that everything that is true has an explanation for its truth.: Principle of Sufficient Reason

SCHOPENHAUER-

* Schopenhauer's doctoral dissertation was on the "Fourfold Root" of this concept, notably espoused by Leibniz, which states that nothing that happens happens just because.: principle of sufficient reason

SCHOPENHAUER-

* The Art of Being Right

SCHOPENHAUER-

* The Art of Being Right.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason and was a strong critic of Schelling and Hegel.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason", he wrote a work which criticizes Kant's view of the thing-in-itself. For 10 points, name this pessimistic German author of The World as Will and Representation.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* The World as Will and Idea and hating women.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* The World as Will and Representation.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* This 19th century German philosopher warned that we can do what we will, but we cannot will what we will. He also proposed that the universe consists largely of a single unknowable will which is a "thing-in-itself" apart from objects represented before our senses. He wrote On the Four Fold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* World as Will and Representation was the magnum opus of this German philosopher who criticized the work of Immanuel Kant in its appendix.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* activity of the retina with Yin and Yang, in that it is composed of two separate parts that seek to reunite

SCHOPENHAUER-

* analogized poetry to chemistry, saying that the poet's task was to precipitate perceptions through word sequences

SCHOPENHAUER-

* argued for a compassion-based ethical system in an essay which did not win the Royal Danish Society's essay contest

SCHOPENHAUER-

* being, acting, and knowing as irreducible explanations for the title precept of another work.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* certain group of people "remain children their whole life long" and "take the shortest way to their goal" in his essay "On (*) Women

SCHOPENHAUER-

* chapter called "On the Theory of the Ludicrous." The first English translation of this philosopher's magnum opus was co-produced by Richard Haldane

SCHOPENHAUER-

* characterize reading Kant in a work whose fourth book, "Ethics," delves into Eastern philosophy and specifically self-denial following a discussion of aesthetics

SCHOPENHAUER-

* chicanery and indolence to "make your opponent angry," one of 38 argumentative stratagems collected in The Art of Controversy

SCHOPENHAUER-

* claimed that "woman is by nature meant to obey" in his essay "On Women."

SCHOPENHAUER-

* claimed that Kant was sophistic in proving the theses of his antinomies and failed to distinguish abstract and intuitive knowledge.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* compassion for animals is directly associated with the goodness of a person, and in one essay, claimed that women are stupid and dishonest.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* compassion is the only true moral motive because it is not egoistic

SCHOPENHAUER-

* criticized proofs of Euclid's parallel postulate

SCHOPENHAUER-

* critique of the transcendental analytic in Kantian philosophy to a later book in which he connected the Kantian ding-an-sich with the human will.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* defended homosexuality as preventing unnecessary children in his essay "Metaphysics of Sexual Love.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* described classes of subjects whose distinction from an object gives rise to knowledge. This author of On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason included a "Criticism of the Kantian Philosophy"

SCHOPENHAUER-

* described colors as coming in three pairs of opposing ones in On Vision and Colors. "Make Your Opponent Angry"

SCHOPENHAUER-

* did not win the Royal Danish Society's essay contest,

SCHOPENHAUER-

* direct articulation of his concept of the inner nature of our being.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* direct articulation of the basis of life and should be atop a hierarchy of the arts. This thinker critiqued the method of symmetrical analogy in his criticism of the schemata of (*) Kant, whose idea of ding-an-sich he rejected

SCHOPENHAUER-

* dissertation elaborated on principles of causality, drew upon the Upanishads in a work that proposes denying the will-to-life through asceticism to escape omnipresent suffering. For 10 points, name this man who discussed the "fourfold root" of the principle of sufficient reason, a pessimistic dude who penned The World as Will and Representation.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* distinguished between authors who write for the subject's sake and authors who write for writing's sake in an essay from his The Art of Literature.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* e equality of the three sides of a triangle as an example of a situation in which there is no connection between conceptions and judgments, but merely between sides and angles

SCHOPENHAUER-

* egoism, malice, and compassion are the three fundamental incentives of human action

SCHOPENHAUER-

* essay on this group of people that they are "by nature meant to obey." That essay also claims that "you need only look at the way" these people are shaped to see they are incapable of deep thought.: women

SCHOPENHAUER-

* f Monism, such as the Upanishads, and this philosopher described three forms of freedom in his On the Freedom of the Will

SCHOPENHAUER-

* failings of philosophers in debate in a work that outlines thirty-eight methods for winning an argument. Another work by this philosopher opens with a critique of Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals

SCHOPENHAUER-

* first being Rousseau and the second being Goethe. In that essay, this man is praised as a teacher because of his honesty, cheerfulness, and steadfastness

SCHOPENHAUER-

* form of meaningless, endless striving, a view influenced by his reading of the Upanishads

SCHOPENHAUER-

* freedom of the will could not be proven from the evidence of self-consciousness in his aptly titled On the Freedom of the Will

SCHOPENHAUER-

* identifies compassion as the only true non-egoistic motive (*) and claims that everything is a manifestation of will

SCHOPENHAUER-

* invokes the sublime to explain how we can take pleasure in tragic drama in his The World as Will and Representation.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* issues with human intimacy through the example of a group of porcupines huddling together for warmth.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* nine-part essay, Schopenhauer argued disdainfully that these people were fit to raise children because they were childlike and that their physical form made them unfit for hard work.: WOMYN

SCHOPENHAUER-

* one chaotic, undifferentiated "thing-in-itself" beyond the phenomena of sensory experience. Name this long work which posits self-denying asceticism and artistic aestheticism as two ways out of a life of inevitable suffering.: The World as Will and Idea

SCHOPENHAUER-

* only entry in an essay contest this man still failed to win. This thinker claimed that anyone who could read Phenomenology of Mind "without feeling as if he were in a madhouse, would qualify as an inmate for Bedlam.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* originally included in his collection Parerga and Paralipomena

SCHOPENHAUER-

* pessimistic follower of Kant critiqued many Kantian ideas when he wrote The World as Will and Idea in his native German

SCHOPENHAUER-

* pessimistic philosopher owned a succession of poodles, all named Atma, and was another early supporter of animal rights. He wrote The World as Will and Representation.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* philosopher compared life to a pendulum, and his ideas would lead another philosopher to develop the concept of the "will to power."

SCHOPENHAUER-

* philosopher described four independent kinds of reasons and objects in On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, which he correlated with representations in The World as Will and Representation.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* philosopher describes a different philosopher as "a colossal piece of mystification" that would "qualify as an inmate for Bedlam.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* philosopher sequentially addressed epistemology, ontology, aesthetics, and ethics. For ten points, identify this philosopher who wrote On the World as Will and Idea.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* porcupine's dilemma

SCHOPENHAUER-

* post-Kantian pessimist wrote that art is one way to counter the suffering of unfulfilled desire in his The World as Will and Idea.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* presents the first title concept as the fundamental reality of the universe and identifies it with the thing-in-itself.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* ranked paintings of still lives below genre and historical painting

SCHOPENHAUER-

* ranked paintings of still lives below genre and historical painting since they offer more pure aesthetic pleasure and less objectification of the essence of life.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* really not-at-all-ok "On Women" is best known for The World as Will and Representation.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* section on aesthetics describes genius as the capacity for aesthetic experience. Name this work that describes nature as the expression of a will to live, though it also describes daily life as suffering and advocates asceticism and denial of the will. : The World as Will and Representation

SCHOPENHAUER-

* stated that an aesthetic experience occurs when the subject achieves a willless perception of the world and called art the "pure subject of cognition." That work by this philosopher contains an appendix critical of Kant.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* strongly influenced by Buddhist philosophy for this most famous work of his, which postulates that the world is characterized by an eternal frustration and has two metaphysical aspects,: The World as Will and Representation

SCHOPENHAUER-

* t claims that Kant failed to distinguish between different types of knowledge.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* theistic commandments nor categorical imperatives will bring human beings to behave morally and that humans must cultivate their natural tendency for compassion in his On the Basis of Morality.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* theorized that laughter was a response to a contrast between the abstract and the perceptive in a chapter called "On the Theory of the Ludicrous." The first English translation of this philosopher's magnum opus was co-produced by Richard Haldane

SCHOPENHAUER-

* thinker analogized poetry to chemistry, saying that the poet's task was to precipitate perceptions through word sequences. This thinker distinguished between authors who write for the subject's sake and authors who write for writing's sake in an essay from his The Art of Literature.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* thinker linked material things to cause-and-effect reasoning and motivating forces with moral reasoning as two of the four distinct types of objects and reasoning. This author of "On the Basis of Morality" built on Kant's view

SCHOPENHAUER-

* third of the Untimely Meditations, this man is lauded as the source for a potential revival of German culture by Friedrich Nietzsche

SCHOPENHAUER-

* two diagrams of the human eye in the fourth chapter of a book arguing that coexistence is only possible through the union of time and space.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* unobservable truth as a "thing-in-itself," for 10 points, name this author of On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason and The World as Will and Representation.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* unpublished essays and fragments in his work Prarerga and Paralipomena.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* view of aesthetics was centered around a (*) hierarchy of the arts which placed music at the top

SCHOPENHAUER-

* work by this philosopher, written in response to an essay contest posed by the Royal Danish Society of Scientific Studies, contains a history of ethics, especially criticizing those of Immanuel Kant, before claiming that it is sympathy that forms the titular basis of morality.

SCHOPENHAUER-

* "I know that I know nothing."

SOCRATES-

* "magnificent pause in the course of history"

SOCRATES-

* "moral philosopher" in that book by Gregory Vlastos

SOCRATES-

* "wickedly sophistical use of ambiguity."

SOCRATES-

* A reconsideration of the theory of universal gravitation and a discourse on Quine are the subject of this man's namesake "puzzles" in a book by Robert Nozick. Name this Greek philosopher whose death by hemlock poison is the subject of the Platonic dialogue Phaedo.

SOCRATES-

* Ancient Greek philosopher who was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock.

SOCRATES-

* Athenians that the Delphic Oracle had declared him the wisest man alive, but they convicted him of corrupting the youth anyway.

SOCRATES-

* Buddha, Confucius, and Jesus, Karl Jaspers included this man as one of four "paradigmatic individuals."

SOCRATES-

* Euthyphro Socrates questions the title youth who seeks to prosecute his own father for murder in order to ascertain the definition of this concept, which over-simplistically is "moral duty.": piety

SOCRATES-

* Hegel's view that this man was merely a "founder of morality."

SOCRATES-

* In his dialogues, Plato chronicled the thoughts of this teacher of his, who is the namesake of a style of learning based on questions

SOCRATES-

* Kierkegaard's doctoral thesis outlined the "Concept of Irony" with "continual reference" to this Greek philosopher, the main speaker of most of Plato's dialogues.

SOCRATES-

* Kierkegaard's university thesis described the "concept of irony" and made "continual reference" to this philosopher, who was forced to drink hemlock in ancient Greece.

SOCRATES-

* Meletus and Anytus that he is both an atheist and a belief in demigods.

SOCRATES-

* Memorabilia by Xenophon,

SOCRATES-

* Oeconomicus,

SOCRATES-

* Paradoxically, Socrates claimed to know only one thing for sure, a single fact which made him the wisest man.: I know that I know nothing"

SOCRATES-

* Socrates and the title figure of this dialogue attempt to define piety, but it ends at an impasse. Its suggested definitions include that which is loved by the gods, and that reverence is a part of justice.: Euthyphro

SOCRATES-

* Socrates recounts Diotima's speech about love, and a drunk Alcibiades barges in to talk about his attempted seduction of Socrates.: Symposium

SOCRATES-

* The Republic and other Platonic dialogues whose opposition to Athenian democracy led to his trial and eventual suicide

SOCRATES-

* Theory of Recollection

SOCRATES-

* This work was Kirkegard's thesis paper and it examined the title phenomenon by comparing Socrates to modern day philosophers.: On the Concept of Irony,

SOCRATES-

* W. K. C. Gurthrie concerns this figure and draws on both a 1818 paper by Schleiermacher and the 20th century work on this figure by Olof Gigon

SOCRATES-

* Xander Berkeley played this man in a 2010 film about his death. In Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure this man is dumbstruck, but gets excited and talks about how the days of our lives are like the sands of the hour glass.

SOCRATES-

* argument that forms exist independently of the objects that possess them is refuted by the title character in the Parmenides

SOCRATES-

* attempt to restructure the court of Dionysius II in his Seventh Letter

SOCRATES-

* character teaches a slave to perform a mathematical problem during a discussion of virtue in the Meno.

SOCRATES-

* character, who claims that the soul is immortal in the Phaedo

SOCRATES-

* compares himself to a gadfly stinging a lazy horse to describe his method of questioning established beliefs, and defends himself from (*) Meletus's charges of atheis;

SOCRATES-

* corrupting the youth of Athens are described in the Apology by Plato

SOCRATES-

* created the eironeia style, which later became known as his irony

SOCRATES-

* described himself as a "gadfly of the state," and insisted on remaining in jail despite an escape offer from Crito.

SOCRATES-

* describes a conversation between him and Ischomachus about how to create a proper household

SOCRATES-

* describes this man teaching how to avoid repayment of debt and making fun of traditional gods in The Clouds. T

SOCRATES-

* dialogue, the title figure prepares a way for Socrates to escape Athens, but Socrates declares that he would rather give up his life than respond to injustice with further injustice.: Crito

SOCRATES-

* discussed as a "symptom of decline" who courted death in a section on "The Problem of" him from Nietzsche's Twilight of the Idols. This philosopher was the subject of continual reference in Kierkegaard's The Concept of Irony.

SOCRATES-

* discusses the meaning of justice in one student's dialogue The Republic

SOCRATES-

* doctrines of his mentor, Diotima, about love.

SOCRATES-

* draws a diagonal line through a square and makes it the edge of a new square of twice the size.

SOCRATES-

* e Symposium features this Athenian gadfly who makes up Diotima's speech. He was the object of Alcibiades's love and the teacher of Plato.

SOCRATES-

* eponymous method involves asking many questions and distilling the answer that one seeks and was called elenchus.

SOCRATES-

* essay named for this man claims that "analogy was the soul of his syllogisms" and was written by J. G. Hamann.

SOCRATES-

* fine of 30 mina

SOCRATES-

* friend of Socrates also supported the Thirty, but left Athens soon after their overthrow. This historian described the march of 10,000 Greek mercenaries in his Anabasis.: Xenophon

SOCRATES-

* government led by such men as Critias and Theramenes. Sparta imposed this oligarchical government on Athens after the Peloponnesian War.: the Thirty Tyrants

SOCRATES-

* holiness with Euthyphro

SOCRATES-

* ironically suggests he be given free meals in the Prytaneum

SOCRATES-

* loses a case to a group including Anytus and Lycon,

SOCRATES-

* made strides in the field of ethics with his elenchus (el-eng-khos), and he noticed that great men such as Pericles often did not produce sons of quality and thus questioned the Sophistic doctrine that arete (air-tee), or virtue, could be taught, as exemplified by his attempts to teach [*] Meno

SOCRATES-

* man can't be blamed for the crimes of Critias and Alcibiades.

SOCRATES-

* namesake paradox states that no one desires evil, and he taught the leader of the pro-Spartan Thirty Tyrants, Critias.

SOCRATES-

* no wisdom in Apology,

SOCRATES-

* philosophy is held to be a reaction against the "materialistic drift of physical science" in a set of lectures by F.M. Cornford which argued that this man's "achievement" was "the discovery of the soul."

SOCRATES-

* prominent Athenian was friends with some of the tyrants, like Critias and Charmides. The Athenians therefore put this old man to death on charges of "corrupting the youth."

SOCRATES-

* s defended in Xenophon's Memorabilia, and a speech he gives in one work recalls a discussion in which Diotima describes the scale of ascent toward the Form of Beauty.

SOCRATES-

* states that our souls remember their previous lives. He referred to himself as "a gadfly" to his fellow citizens and frequently praised the virtues of Sparta

SOCRATES-

* story of Er to demonstrate the immortality of the soul, and refutes Thrasymachus's idea that justice is "the advantage of the stronger."

SOCRATES-

* superior wisdom consisted only in knowing that he knew nothing

SOCRATES-

* text set in this place is framed by Echecrates's questions for a person who was there. An occupant of this place dreams of a woman clad in white who says to go to Phthia three days hence. One conversation in this locale concerns whether tallness is inherent to Simmias, or if Simmias is merely relatively tall compared to others. A woman named Xanthippe breaks down crying in this place, a few days after her husband describes himself as too thoroughly nurtured by his city's laws to defy its judgment against him. This is the setting of a discussion of the immortality of the soul in the Phaedo. For 10 points, name this place from which Crito proposes an escape in his namesake dialogue, where Socrates drank hemlock.

SOCRATES-

* thinker argued that this man achieved "infinite negativity" (like Kierkegaard) which brought about the birth of subjectivity

SOCRATES-

* told to go to Phthia in three days' time by a white-clad woman in a dream

SOCRATES-

* unexamined life is not worth living and is accused of atheism by Meletus

SOCRATES-

* unexamined life is not worth living" at a trial where he refused to admit to "corrupting the youth," according to the Apology.

SOCRATES-

* "A substance is prior in nature to its affections" to start off a list of fifteen propositions.

SPINOZA-

* "All things excellent are as difficult as they are rare."

SPINOZA-

* "Deus sive Natura," signifying his belief that nature and God consisted of one and the same substance

SPINOZA-

* "Expressionism in Philosophy."

SPINOZA-

* "God is not 'outside' or apart from Nature; He did not create nature but is nature."

SPINOZA-

* "Of Human Bondage

SPINOZA-

* "Of Human Bondage,"

SPINOZA-

* "Of Human Bondage."

SPINOZA-

* "Of Human Bondage." For 10 points, name this Jewish-Dutch philosopher and author of Ethics

SPINOZA-

* "active" and those from external causes as "passive."

SPINOZA-

* "adequate ideas"

SPINOZA-

* "attribute" as "what the intellect perceives of a substance as constituting its essence" in a list of fifteen propositions starting one book

SPINOZA-

* "critique of religion," while Lewis Feuer wrote on this man "and the rise of liberalism." He wrote a Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect

SPINOZA-

* "geometrically ordered" Ethics and was kicked out of Dutch Jewish society

SPINOZA-

* "glaube," was roundly derided in an 18th-century controversy about this man's thought sparked by a conversation about him between Gotthold Lessing and Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi

SPINOZA-

* "inadequate ideas"

SPINOZA-

* "multitude" in Hardt and Negri's Empire. The only book this man published under his own name was a critique of Descartes' Principles of Philosophy.

SPINOZA-

* "multitude" is central to Empire by Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, who wrote about this man in The Savage Anomaly

SPINOZA-

* "substances," "attributes," and "modes" in a work that opens with fifteen axiomatic propositions.

SPINOZA-

* "the mind is enthralled to the extent of quiescence," when debating whether to change "the conduct and usual plan of [his] life" in order to write a work in which he defined the grades of knowledge; namely, opinion, reason, and intuition

SPINOZA-

* "third kind" of knowledge that comes from intuition instead of experience or reason

SPINOZA-

* : Part two of this work attempts to elucidate the nature of humans and claims that the mind and body do not causally interact.Identify this philosophical work, whose first section lays out 14 propositions, concluding with, "Except God, no substance can be or be conceived.": Ethics

SPINOZA-

* Adversus Anonymum. This thinker argued that people make contracts only so long as they bring about a "greater good" or impede a "greater evil."

SPINOZA-

* Arnauld's opponent Malebranche believed that God was present in all aspects of the Universe, much like this other philosopher who rejected "chosenness" in his critique of Judaism, Tractatus Theologico-Politicus.

SPINOZA-

* Bible in Tractatus Theologico-Politicus after Amsterdam's Jewry expelled him for writing the Ethics

SPINOZA-

* Contatus principle asserts that, "Each thing, as far as it can by its own power, strives to persevere in being" and is "IIIP" in the work in which it appears

SPINOZA-

* Descartes's ideas about the transcendence of God and the existence of human free will in his explanation of Principles of Philosophy. One of his works begins with definitions, axioms, and fifteen propositions about the nature of God

SPINOZA-

* Donald Davidson's anomalous monism resembles the "parallelism" theory advanced by this author of Tractatus Theologico-Politicus.

SPINOZA-

* Dutch Jewish philosopher, who wrote Ethics

SPINOZA-

* Ethics equated God with all of nature.

SPINOZA-

* Expressionism in Philosophy by Gilles Deleuze focuses on this thinker, and argues that the implication of this man's thought makes the world identical with God.

SPINOZA-

* Ezra, not Moses, was the primary author of the Pentateuch in his Theological-Political Treatise.

SPINOZA-

* Ezra, not Moses, wrote the Torah

SPINOZA-

* F.H Jacobi and Gotthold Lessing centered on this man's philosophy

SPINOZA-

* Gilles Deleuze's dissertations was on this man's "expressionism." He distinguished between false and fictitious ideas in his On the Improvement of the Understanding.;

SPINOZA-

* God was the only way we could have true, or "adequate," ideas

SPINOZA-

* In a work titled for this philosopher's "critique of religion," Strauss compares John Calvin, who favors revelation, with this Jewish rationalist, who rejected the divine origin of the Torah in his Tractatus Theologico-Politicus

SPINOZA-

* Moses Mendelssohn was drawn into a controversy over him after his friend Lessing was accused of following this philosopher by Friedrich Jacobi

SPINOZA-

* Moses did not write the Torah in Tractatus Theologico-Politicus. For 10 points, name this philosopher whose pantheism, expounded in his Ethics, led to his expulsion from Dutch Jewry

SPINOZA-

* Naturata and Naturans

SPINOZA-

* On the Improvement of the Understanding discussed how it follows from the nature of a triangle that its three interior angles should not be equal to two right angles

SPINOZA-

* On the Improvement of the Understanding divided the characteristics of reality into substance, attribute, and mode in a book written in "geometric order,"

SPINOZA-

* On the Improvement of the Understanding.

SPINOZA-

* Spinoza was kicked out of this religion in Amsterdam for his pantheist views. Later thinkers of this faith include Gershom Scholem and Leo Strauss.: Judaism

SPINOZA-

* The Concept of Mind, Gilbert Ryle characterized Cartesian dualism with this phrase, which describes a mysterious mind inhabiting an intelligible body. This phrase lends its name to an Arthur Koestler work.: ghost in the machine

SPINOZA-

* Torah could not have been entirely written by Moses in his (*) Tractatus Theologico-Politicus

SPINOZA-

* Torah was no longer valid, and that Ezra wrote the Torah

SPINOZA-

* Tractatus Theologico-Politicus

SPINOZA-

* Tractatus Theologico-Politicus was a pre-emptive defense of this Jewish Dutch philosopher's Ethics, in which he claimed that there is one substance which he called "God or Nature."

SPINOZA-

* Tractatus Theologico-Politicus,

SPINOZA-

* Treatise on Emendation of the Intellect, and he published only one work under his own name which attempts to prove the philosophical principles of Descartes.

SPINOZA-

* advocates Pantheism

SPINOZA-

* approached the mind-body problem with the assertion that everything that exists, including human beings, is a "mode" of God, a theory that he espoused in his work Ethics.

SPINOZA-

* argued that the (*) Torah was compiled rather than revealed to Moses in his Tractatus Theologico-Politicus and described passions as "human bondage."

SPINOZA-

* castigated for pointing out that the Bible is "imperfect, corrupt, erroneous, and inconsistent with itself," and fragmentary

SPINOZA-

* claimed that everything exists in God and includes a section titled "Of Human Bondage." It uses the phrase "God or Nature" to explain Pantheism.: Ethics

SPINOZA-

* claimed that the mind can be filled wholly with joy by loving something eternal and infinite and argued that because miracles are declared according to the understanding of ignorant masses, they cannot be used to prove God's existence.

SPINOZA-

* claims that because God acts only of his own nature, miracles are lawlike events, of whose cause we are ignorant. Name this "book forged in hell" that argues that right and power are coextensive, that Moses did not write the Pentateuch, and that state religions should be minimal.: Tractatus Theologico-Politicus

SPINOZA-

* conatus and distinguished natura naturans from natura naturata

SPINOZA-

* confused "inadequate" ideas and clear "adequate" ones.

SPINOZA-

* contemporary philosopher argued that Spinoza gives us an alternative conception of power, or organization of society in The Savage Anomaly. He wrote a series of three works with Michael Hardt that updated the claims of Marxism.: Antonio Negri

SPINOZA-

* contra Hobbes, that the "right to nature" is the same as what one has the power to do.

SPINOZA-

* control our passions have over us "bondage," and he claimed that God and Nature are the same thing, thus opposing the dualism of his contemporary Descartes

SPINOZA-

* criticized the notion of God having an end goal as being born out of fear in a treatise which argues that Moses did not write the Torah, since it was clearly a compilation.

SPINOZA-

* defended his most famous book in a series of letters to Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus

SPINOZA-

* differences between "substances" and "modes."

SPINOZA-

* distinction between definitions that describe properties of concepts and definitions that encompass the essence of an idea in On the Improvement of the Understanding

SPINOZA-

* ethical philosopher and author of Essays in Quasi-Realism criticized Davidson's use of the supervenience theory in defenses of anomalous monism.: Simon Blackburn

SPINOZA-

* every mode must be conceived through an attribute

SPINOZA-

* f "two individuals of the entirely same nature" joined together, they would make a composite individual twice as powerful as each one alone.

SPINOZA-

* faith the "knowledge of God," without which obedience to God is impossible

SPINOZA-

* first section, "On God," begins with fifteen propositions that posit God as equal to and one with the entirety of Nature.Name this philosophical text in five books, which use axioms and propositions by way of analogy to geometry. Its sections include "Of Human Bondage.": Ethics

SPINOZA-

* good or bad were only considered as such because they were good or bad to people, and thus those terms were relative in his Treatise on the Improvement of the Understanding

SPINOZA-

* inspired Giles Deleuze's formulation of the concept of "the plane of immanence." His early work, On the Improvement of Understanding, influenced a later work that introduced his concepts of mode, attribute, and substance. He asserted that Ezra was the primary author of the Old Testament

SPINOZA-

* intellect's perception of substances

SPINOZA-

* knowledge into three increasingly clear categories: experientia vaga, ratio, and scientia intuitive

SPINOZA-

* lens-grinder was pushed out of the Jewish community of Amsterdam for the pantheist views he expressed in the Ethics

SPINOZA-

* like other philosophers of his time, gave this Latin name to the existential inertia that constitutes the essence of any given being.: conatus

SPINOZA-

* major text on religion, he claimed that the persistence of Jews as a race was mainly due to their fastidiousness in requiring circumcision, and that the Torah should not be followed because it was only fit to serve as the state constitution of ancient Israel

SPINOZA-

* man's religious thought prompted a pamphlet on David Hume's use of a word for "belief."

SPINOZA-

* monism contrasts with this theory that asserts that the mind is an independently existing but non-physical substance. It was developed by Rene Descartes.: substance dualism

SPINOZA-

* most famous treatise is this one, written in geometrical order. It describes God as being equivalent to nature and having infinite attributes.: Ethics, Demonstrated in Geometrical Order

SPINOZA-

* no two substances can be distinguished by their "affections," and therefore no two substances can have the same attributes

SPINOZA-

* non-dialectical path to social organization and liberation stands as a radical exception to bourgeois trajectory of thought according to Antonio Negri's analysis of his thought, The Savage Anomaly.

SPINOZA-

* not necessarily intelligent but simply imaginative and emphasized that religion should stay out of politics in Tractatus Theologico-Politicus

SPINOZA-

* opinion, scientific reason, and a grasp of the system of the cosmos via intuition.

SPINOZA-

* other pre-Englightenment Dutch thinker, a legal scholar, argued that the oceans were international zones in his Mare liberum, and also wrote On the Law of War and Peace.: Grotius

SPINOZA-

* penned Ethics as well as the Theological-Political Treatise. This philosopher was excommunicated, likely for denying the immortality of the soul and proclaiming that law did not originate from God.

SPINOZA-

* people cannot imagine life without love because it's impossible to do so in A Short Treatise on God, Man

SPINOZA-

* philosopher distinguished between active nature and a system of modes when he drew the distinction between Natura Naturans and Natura Naturata, the latter following from the former as all follows from divine nature

SPINOZA-

* posited that Ezra rather than Moses wrote the Pentateuch

SPINOZA-

* sensory perception "knowledge of the first kind"

SPINOZA-

* seventeenth-century Dutch philosopher used a geometric organization scheme for his Ethics.

SPINOZA-

* three heads of Good that men pursue are riches, fame, and pleasure in a work examining the differences between false, fictitious, and doubtful ideas, On the Improvement of Understanding

SPINOZA-

* truth, faith seeks only obedience.

SPINOZA-

* type of striving called conatus, which is altered by "active joy,' "active desire", and other effects

SPINOZA-

* used this term to refer to concepts that are rational, necessarily true, and that apprehend the essences of their subjects.: adequate ideas

SPINOZA-

* written in an attempt to create a method wherein the mind would be able to form clear and distinct ideas. Name this philosophical work which includes a lengthy analysis of doubt and formulates four categories of perception.: On The Improvement Of The Understanding

SPINOZA-

* "Soon you'll be ashes or bones. A mere name at most and even that is just a sound, an echo."

STOICISM-

* "askesis," or a method of determining what is most beneficial

STOICISM-

* "certainty of truth" ;

STOICISM-

* "sustaining cause" consisting of simultaneous inward and outward motions, called (*) pneuma

STOICISM-

* "thou art a little soul bearing about a corpse"

STOICISM-

* Chrysippus explained causation using the example of an object of this shape that requires a push to begin moving but will continue down a hill on its own. Anaximander believed that the earth was this shape.: cylinder

STOICISM-

* Chrysippus is often considered the "second founder" of this school of philosophy, whose members, such as Epictetus, believed that virtue was sufficient for human happiness.

STOICISM-

* Chrysippus of Soli

STOICISM-

* Cyprian thinker was the founder of Stoicism, which was named for the "Painted Porch" in Athens where he taught. He should not be confused with a similarly-named thinker who came up with some paradoxes.

STOICISM-

* De Constantia, Justus Lipsius attempts to reconcile Christianity with this philosophical tradition

STOICISM-

* Diogenes of Babylon as head of this school, was so timid in debates with Carneades of the Academy that he only wrote, and was nicknamed "Pen-noise."

STOICISM-

* Discourses and Enchiridion

STOICISM-

* Epictetus also wrote a book with this title, which translates as "Manual" or "Handbook." Erasmus also wrote a book with this word in the title addressed to a Christian knight. : Enchiridion

STOICISM-

* Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius,

STOICISM-

* Epictetus and was founded by Zeno of Citium

STOICISM-

* Epictetus was, like Marcus Aurelius after him, a practitioner of this school of philosophy, which emphasized virtue, reason and freedom from emotions.

STOICISM-

* Flavius Arrian, The Discourses and The Handbook

STOICISM-

* Greek skeptics, including Carneades and Arcesilaus, engaged in sustained exchanges with this Hellenistic school founded by Zeno, whose major principles are recorded in the Discourses of Epictetus.

STOICISM-

* Lucius Gellius called The Enchriridion was a set of practical teachings from this school compiled by Arrian

STOICISM-

* Nero was taught this philosophy by Seneca

STOICISM-

* Proclus's commentary on Euclid states that one member of this school of philosophy believed that all mathematical theorems are Platonic Forms since they include "unlimited figures" within "defined loci."

STOICISM-

* Proper action in accordance with nature, or kathekon

STOICISM-

* Roman stoic philosopher was this man, who advised the Emperor Nero and was forced to commit suicide after the Pisonian conspiracy. His dialogues include On the shortness of life and On the happy life.: Seneca the Younger

STOICISM-

* Rufus was one proponent of this philosophy, which states that all things carry out kathekonta, or befitting actions, according to their own nature. Identify this school of philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium, which emphasized the role of self-control in stopping negative, destructive emotions. It gets its name from the fact it was taught from the "painted porch"

STOICISM-

* Seneca's stoic works are collectively referred to by this name. They include his letters to his mother Helvia and the secretary Polybius, and they repeatedly use parables from the life of Diogenes to show how little man needs to thrive. : Consolations

STOICISM-

* Stockdale was inspired by this philosopher during his stint as a POW in Vietnam.Name this philosopher from Hierapolis, whose Discourses were recorded by his student Arrian. This man inspired, and was repeatedly quoted in, the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius. : Epictetus

STOICISM-

* Stoic served as an advisor to Nero until he was forced to comment suicide. His literary works include the Pumpkinification of Claudius.: Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger

STOICISM-

* Varro, members of this movement speak with a subtle breath of rarefied air perceptible to the ear.

STOICISM-

* Zeno of Citium, founded this school of philosophy, whose adherents included Epictetus and the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius. It proposed that virtue was the only good.

STOICISM-

* Zeno of Elea is not to be confused with Zeno of Citium, who founded this school of philosophy, which emphasized overcoming destructive emotions through virtue and whose proponents included Marcus Aurelius.

STOICISM-

* adiaphora as things that were neither morally necessary nor morally prohibited

STOICISM-

* assent in his outline of the "three topics" one must study.

STOICISM-

* compared life to a dinner party in a book that ends with a "maxim" from Crito

STOICISM-

* compares ideal behavior at a banquet to good behavior in life, and starts by distinguishing things inside and outside our control; that text of this school is the Handbook, or Enchiridion

STOICISM-

* conditional related to the death of Dion to refute the "master argument" of Diodorus Cronus, and members of this school of thought analyzed speech in terms of underlying meanings called lekta, or "sayables".

STOICISM-

* cosmology, at the end of a "Great year" an ekpyrosis, or great conflagration, would destroy the universe, and fill it with pneuma, a vital organizing substance.

STOICISM-

* developed a form of logic based on propositions rather than terms, letting them derive more complex truth-functions than Aristotle. Zeno of Citium founded this school, which opposed the Epicureans.

STOICISM-

* died during the Olympics, either from drinking tainted wine or in a fit of laughter brought on by his own suggestion that a donkey be given wine to wash down some figs. Name this philosopher who introduced a paradox of identity with a thought experiment involving Dion and a person who is identical to Dion, except for one of his feet, in his book On the Growing Argument.: Chrysippus

STOICISM-

* disregards universals because it holds that all things in existence are instead particular.

STOICISM-

* divided philosophy into the three branches of logic, ethics, and physics

STOICISM-

* espoused by the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius

STOICISM-

* fear and passion arise from false judgments and that virtue alone is sufficient for happiness

STOICISM-

* first form of propositional logic, in opposition to the earlier Aristotelian logic

STOICISM-

* founder of Stoicism rejected the cynicism of his teacher, Crates of Thebes. He declined Athenian citizenship in order to remain faithful to his native Citium.: Zeno of Citium

STOICISM-

* founder of this school stated that lekta or "sayables" were not "somethings or qualified things, but were rather quasi-somethings and quasi-qualified things."

STOICISM-

* four categories: substance, quality, disposition, and relative disposition

STOICISM-

* grandfather Verus among many others who raised him to start off twelve books of Meditations.

STOICISM-

* included Chrysippus and taught that one could achieve happiness by being virtuous and managing one's prohairesis, or will. It was the philosophy of Seneca and Epictetus.

STOICISM-

* included disposition and relative disposition among its categories of being, and it classified primary emotions into distress, pleasure, appetite, and fear

STOICISM-

* maintaining a prohairesis, or will,

STOICISM-

* member who advised removing one's aversions to things like sickness and death, and who frequently used a term meaning "volition."

STOICISM-

* name meaning "acquired," referring to his enslavement, and his student Arrian compiled the Discourses and Enchiridion.

STOICISM-

* named for an open porch

STOICISM-

* o physics, ethics, and logic.

STOICISM-

* opposed by this other Hellenistic school, which considered pleasure the highest and only good. Its members included Hermarchus and the Roman poet Lucretius.: Epicureanism

STOICISM-

* paradoxes of this philosophical method includes statements like "all vices and virtues are equal," "the sage alone is free," and "only the wise man is rich."

STOICISM-

* philosopher from this school taught Arrian, who wrote down his Discourses and Handbook

STOICISM-

* shave his beard on pain of death

STOICISM-

* souls of the wise are destroyed by a conflagration, or ekpyrosis

STOICISM-

* stoic philosopher and teacher of Arrian had his thoughts recorded in his namesake Discourses. Marcus Aurelius quoted him quite frequently in his Meditations.: Epictetus

STOICISM-

* stressed virtue and freedom from emotions.

STOICISM-

* t taught that wise men should adhere to virtue and not let emotions take over.

STOICISM-

* three disciplines of desire, action, and assent were connected by Pierre Hadot

STOICISM-

* tome, compiled by Arrian, is a guide to everyday life written by the stoic Epictetus. In one passage, it suggests reminding yourself about the nature of bathing before taking a bath.: Enchiridion

STOICISM-

* truth can be distinguished from even the most fallacious statement, even if only a semantic approximation is available

STOICISM-

* type of logic, based on the work of Jan Łukasiewicz and Lofti Zadeh, assigns propositions a truth value between 0 and 1 to represent degrees of truth. In philosophy, it is useful for analyzing problems of vagueness.: fuzzy logic

STOICISM-

* urged readers to take a "cosmic" perspective on things and thought about twelve phases of his life while (*) campaigning on the Rhine frontier

STOICISM-

* viewed God as immanent within matter and identified God with a creative principle called (*) pneuma

STOICISM-

* watching a donkey trying to eat figs

STOICISM-

* world goes through an infinite cycle in which it begins as fire, slowly shifts into the other elements, and returns to fire.=heraclitus

STOICISM-

* wrote bloody tragedies like Hercules Furens

STOICISM-

* justice, starting out with what makes an individual just, and eventually what makes a city-state just, which eventually leads to the concept of the philosopher-king

THE REPUBLIC-

* narrator of this section of a larger work sees the spindle of necessity, a device used to control the order of the universe. Name this story about a man from Pamphylia (pam-FEE-lee-uh) who returns from the dead to describe how souls are allowed to choose new lives after death: The myth of Er

THE REPUBLIC-

* philosopher-kings

THE REPUBLIC-

* phulakes were to give up their wealth and rule for the good of the state, and it includes a parable describing souls of gold, silver, and iron

THE REPUBLIC-

* prisoner in this story escapes from his buddies, who are chained up in front of a fire so that they can only see shadows in front of them. Name this story told by Socrates to Glaucon, whose title locale is an analogy for humans' inability to see the ideal Forms.: allegory of the cave

THE REPUBLIC-

* retold by a dead man who popped back up to life, known as the myth of Er.

THE REPUBLIC-

* returning weapons to a mad friend refutes Cephalus' definition of justice in this work, which also considers a man's unjust actions as a result of obtaining the ring of a Lydian king

THE REPUBLIC-

* ruling class is the highest of three major social classes in Plato's Republic. This set of people tells the "noble lie" that its members have gold in their blood to justify its rule.: philosopher kings

THE REPUBLIC-

* shackled prisoners see from the fire behind them

THE REPUBLIC-

* shadows thrown by a fire are contrasted with the light of the Sun, which represents knowledge of the Good

THE REPUBLIC-

* story of Leontius uncovering his eyes to satisfy his appetite to look at corpses.

THE REPUBLIC-

* sun's illumination.

THE REPUBLIC-

* timocracy to tyranny

THE REPUBLIC-

* Mill is usually interpreted as an advocate of "act utilitarianism," which is opposed to this form of utilitarianism, in which an action is judged by the utility of the principle to which it conforms, rather than the utility of its direct consequences.: rule

UTILITARIANISM-

* Name this English philosopher whose feminist ideas were published in "The Subjection of Women". He described his "harm principle" in On Liberty.: John Stuart Mill

UTILITARIANISM-

* Reasons and Persons by Derek Parfit.

UTILITARIANISM-

* Repugnant Conclusion" of overpopulation and utilitarian ideals was posited as a consequence of the Mere Addition problem in the fourth part of this seminal Derek Parfit text, which also critiques ethical egoism using the space-time continuum.: Reasons and Persons

UTILITARIANISM-

* Richard Mervyn Hare has developed new forms of this ethical philosophy, including one version that considers the preferences of involved parties and another that distinguishes between intuitive and critical thinking

UTILITARIANISM-

* The Principles of Morals and Legislation.

UTILITARIANISM-

* This essay argues that it is impossible to know the inherent nature of the two sexes, because the conditions imposed by society make equality impossible. Name this 1869 essay that argues for female education and suffrage, as a positive step towards advancing the good of society. It was influenced by the ideas of its author's wife, Harriet Taylor.: The Subjection of Women

UTILITARIANISM-

* This man said "The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?" in deciding not to excessively harm animals. Name this British thinker whose body was preserved after his 1832 death. He devised the Panopticon prison and the Greatest Happiness Principle for proper ethical conduct. : Jeremy Bentham

UTILITARIANISM-

* Torbjorn Tannsjo claimed that this concept is consistent with the "method of coherentism."

UTILITARIANISM-

* Utilitarianism is a type of consequentialism, a term coined in this philosopher's essay "Modern Moral Philosophy." This Catholic virtue ethicist first translated Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations and wrote the monograph Intention.: Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe

UTILITARIANISM-

* William Paley popularized a theological version of this philosophy, which was based on the earlier works of John Gay

UTILITARIANISM-

* William Thompson, who splintered from Robert Owen's cooperativist movement after harshly criticizing New Lanark. Identify this philosophical system whose tenets were popularized in France by Elie Havely, who wrote extensively on its major thinkers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

UTILITARIANISM-

* adherents include Peter Singer

UTILITARIANISM-

* argues against the moral claims of Kant and presents a list of items commonly viewed as just and unjust

UTILITARIANISM-

* consequentialist utilitarian philosophy, which maintains that the ends justify the means, opposes this position of ethics, which considers intent and duty. This perspective would consider torturing a terrorist immoral, because torture is always immoral.: deontology

UTILITARIANISM-

* considered "elements" and "dimensions" to craft a "felicific calculus," and penned An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

UTILITARIANISM-

* contrasted with deontology, which sees actions as good or evil.

UTILITARIANISM-

* dissatisfied human than a satisfied pig and outlines the Greatest Happiness Principle.

UTILITARIANISM-

* essay deplores the imposition of "the want of a worthy outlet for the active faculties" upon the title group of people, and argues against the "law of force" and the "law of the strongest." Name this essay co-written by the author's wife Harriet Taylor. It advocates "a principle of perfect equality" between the sexes. : The Subjection of Women

UTILITARIANISM-

* felicific calculus in this philosophical theory was first described in An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

UTILITARIANISM-

* frozen into inaction because it allows "no rest."

UTILITARIANISM-

* hedonic calculus

UTILITARIANISM-

* intensity, duration, and extent,

UTILITARIANISM-

* it was first stated by Socrates to Protagoras. This ethical view advocates the greatest happiness for the greatest number.

UTILITARIANISM-

* living Australian utilitarian argued for extending human empathy to animals even further in his 1975 book Animal Liberation.: Peter Singer

UTILITARIANISM-

* modern day Utilitarian, J.J.C. Smart, was a philosopher from this country. Other philosophers from here include the author of The Conscious Mind, David Chalmers, and animal rights proponent Peter Singer.: Australia

UTILITARIANISM-

* objection to this theory is that it allows "no rest." In an adversarial collaboration with J.J.C. Smart, Bernard Williams stated that the day when people stop discussing this theory "cannot be too far off,"

UTILITARIANISM-

* penned On Liberty and introduced the idea that we should achieve the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people

UTILITARIANISM-

* philosopher argued that this theory produces the wrong "sort of considerations...into finding the answer" to problems posed by the examples of "Jim and the Indians" or "George and the arms manufacturers."

UTILITARIANISM-

* population of at least 10 billion,

UTILITARIANISM-

* self-sovereignty, On Liberty

UTILITARIANISM-

* sexes in The Subjection of Women

UTILITARIANISM-

* student of Hare is perhaps best known for his controversial animal rights position, elucidated in works like 1990's Animal Liberation.: Peter Albert David Singer

UTILITARIANISM-

* switch the track to kill one person instead of many, because that choice reduces total suffering.

UTILITARIANISM-

* thinker critiqued Blackstone's Commentaries in his A Fragment on Government.: Jeremy Bentham

UTILITARIANISM-

* this form of ethics by Derek Parfit states that an overpopulated world in which everyone is miserable is just as preferable as a world in which there are a small number of happy people. Name this theory of ethics propounded by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, who expounded the "greatest happiness principle". It is often contrasted with deontological ethics.

UTILITARIANISM-

* utilitarian tome by Henry Sidgwick was often cited by John Rawls and Peter Singer in their later works. It draws a comparison between utilitarianism, rational egoism, and intuitive morality.: The Methods of Ethics

UTILITARIANISM-

* attempts to connect language to reality and establish limits to the expression of thoughts. It states in its introduction, "What we cannot talk about we must pass over in silence.": Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

WITTGENSTEIN-

* compared one of his works to a ladder that must be (*) discarded after it is used, because it transcends the world and is therefore senseless

WITTGENSTEIN-

* completed Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus while on military leave during World War I. He also wrote On Certainty and the Blue and Brown Books.

WITTGENSTEIN-

* confusing nature of analogies by suggesting that hearing the sentences "A has a gold tooth" and "A has a toothache" might cause one to associate gold teeth with toothaches. For 10 points each: Only three original copies were made of what collection of lecture notes dictated from 1933-1935, a set of "preliminary studies" for a work which would further develop the ideas of family resemblances and language games?: Preliminary Studies for the "Philosophical Investigations"

WITTGENSTEIN-

* considers how one truly knows what they know. Jean-Francois Lyotard's concept of metanarratives was inspired by his readings of this philosopher, * imagined a tribe of builders that each designate one of four slabs with different letters of the alphabet to to show the connection between language and action, * "On Certainty", * example of a community of people who each have a box with a beetle inside to argue that private language has no importance:TRACTATUS LOGICO-PHILOSOPHICUS

WITTGENSTEIN-

* consigned metaphysics to the realm of unsinnig, or propositions that don't picture anything and have no Fregean sense.

WITTGENSTEIN-

* criticized skepticism for trying "to raise doubts where no questions can be asked

WITTGENSTEIN-

* critique of this philosopher's early theory of logic by Frank Ramsey led to the revisions presented in this philosopher's only academic paper, "Some Remarks on Logical Form."

WITTGENSTEIN-

* development of logical positivism

WITTGENSTEIN-

* distinguishes between concepts and formal concepts, claiming that the use of formal concepts in propositions will result in "senseless pseudo-propositions."

WITTGENSTEIN-

* doctoral dissertation consisted of (*) seven parts and introduced its author's logical atomism

WITTGENSTEIN-

* ethics is mystical and transcendental and distinguishes between "showing" and "speaking about" things.

WITTGENSTEIN-

* even God can know all the digits of pi in demonstrating the senselessness of quantifying infinity

WITTGENSTEIN-

* examples include an assistant who brings a builder a pillar, block, slab, or beam when that word is called in a "language game" and seeing the "duckrabbit" image as one animal or the other. Name this work written to show a metaphorical "fly out of the bottle," whose "beetle in a box" argument refutes the possibility of private language.: Philosophical Investigations

WITTGENSTEIN-

* facts can be combined into a "picture" which has a "representing relation" to reality, though the limits of one's language are the limits of one's world

WITTGENSTEIN-

* facts can be combined into a "picture" which has a "representing relation" to reality, though the limits of one's language are the limits of one's world.

WITTGENSTEIN-

* feuded with G.E. Moore and argued for the impossibility of private languages in Philosophical Investigations.

WITTGENSTEIN-

* frenemy of this contemporary English thinker, who described the "naturalistic fallacy" in Principia Ethica.: George Edward Moore

WITTGENSTEIN-

* included Moritz Schlick, believed in logical positivism. They loved Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.: Vienna Circle

WITTGENSTEIN-

* inspired the pro-science (*) Vienna Circle, has a title paralleling a book on religion by Baruch Spinoza

WITTGENSTEIN-

* leader of the Vienna Circle helped come up with the verification principle and wrote the General Theory of Knowledge before being killed by an insane student.: Moritz Schlick

WITTGENSTEIN-

* logic as the "scaffolding" of the world and uses the example of a toy car to illustrate how (*) propositions are representational depictions of the world

WITTGENSTEIN-

* man who has a note reading "five red apples."

WITTGENSTEIN-

* method for linguistic analysis in his Blue Book

WITTGENSTEIN-

* multiple sections of the Investigations, including one which recalls a conversation with Frank Ramsey, Wittgenstein analogizes this human capacity to a game, and claims that philosophical paradoxes will be resolved when we understand the role of its constituent parts.: language

WITTGENSTEIN-

* often credited with inventing these constructs in Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. These things contain one column for each input variable, as well as columns of output of operations on those variables.: truth tables

WITTGENSTEIN-

* only book its author published during his lifetime and introduces his "picture theory of meaning."

WITTGENSTEIN-

* philosophy is not a natural science since it is a method of inquiry, not a doctrine.

WITTGENSTEIN-

* picture of a cube in order to show that seeing two phenomena implies "we are really seeing two facts."

WITTGENSTEIN-

* possibility of private language with its "beetle in a box" thought experimen

WITTGENSTEIN-

* problem is illustrated using a person who has never performed computation with numbers greater than 50, and thus the so-called "quus" function is consistent with your previous use of "plus." Name this problem that was illustrated mathematically by Saul Kripke and first explained in Philosophical Investigations.: rule-following paradox

WITTGENSTEIN-

* propositional variable p and the formal operation N of xi.

WITTGENSTEIN-

* purpose of one field of study is to decompose statements into atomic propositions.

WITTGENSTEIN-

* quotation on learning language by St. Augustine and argues that forms of life are verbalized in (*) language games

WITTGENSTEIN-

* quus sign

WITTGENSTEIN-

* re-interpreted by Saul Kripke

WITTGENSTEIN-

* rejected his earlier pictorial definition of language in this late work, which uses the "duckrabbit" illusion to illustrate the difference between "seeing that" and "seeing as." : Philosophical Investigations

WITTGENSTEIN-

* s "the world is everything that is the case" and "whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.": Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

WITTGENSTEIN-

* set of numbered statements

WITTGENSTEIN-

* starts by asserting "The world is everything that is the case"

WITTGENSTEIN-

* theory of probability is founded on the fact that truth-functions can be arranged in series

WITTGENSTEIN-

* type of communication system. One argument against them imagines a man who writes 'S' in his diary each time he experiences a specific sensation, though he lacks criteria for what that experience consists of.: a private language

WITTGENSTEIN-

* uantification could lead to an infinite conjunction of propositions

WITTGENSTEIN-

* wrote the English introduction to Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, coined the term "consequentialism" in "Modern Moral Philosophy", and described three modes of the title property in Intention: Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe

WITTGENSTEIN-

* Being, Essence, and Concept

HEGEL-

* Benedetto Croce;

HEGEL-

* Bruno Bauer was a member of a "Young" society

HEGEL-

* Destiny of Reason

HEGEL-

* encountered the Agathon

THE REPUBLIC-

* Raymond of Peñafort. He often refers to "the Jurist", "the Commentator", and "the Philosopher",

AQUINAS-

* Siger of Brabant, this man penned "On the Unicity of Intellect," i

AQUINAS-

* Siger of Brabant, this thinker wrote "On the Unicity of Intellect"

AQUINAS-

* Summation Against the Gentiles was written by, for 10 points, what Catholic philosopher who gave five proofs for the existence of God in Summa Theologica?

AQUINAS-

* Treatise on Law revived natural law theory with its interpretations of Aristotle, who this man called "The Philosopher" in his magnum opus

AQUINAS-

* University of Paris, this thinker engaged in a dispute with Siger de Brabant

AQUINAS-

* William of Moerbeke's translation of De Anima

AQUINAS-

* actus essendi

AQUINAS-

* iger of Brabant's support of Averroes, he also wrote "On There Being Only One Intellect."

AQUINAS-

* later followers included Gaetano (*) Sanseverino

AQUINAS-

* argument formulated by Anselm of Canterbury understands God as "a being than which no greater can be conceived" and claims that if we can imagine God in the mind, he must exist in reality as well. ANSWER: ontological argument;

AQUINAS-

* argument of God as the "first mover."

AQUINAS-

* concupiscible passions from irascible ones, sets out natural law as the mentally-innate part

AQUINAS-

* critique of this thinker by Bertrand Russell disparaged this man for beginning his arguments from dogmatic belief

AQUINAS-

* determinatio

AQUINAS-

Telos

ARISTOTLE-

* distinguished between a silver vessel, which it is permissible to charge money to lend, and silver coins

AQUINAS-

* distinguished four kinds of law: eternal, natural, human and divine

AQUINAS-

* distrust of Averroës

AQUINAS-

* double effect

AQUINAS-

* encyclical Aeterni Patris was delivered in support of this thinker,

AQUINAS-

* eternal law, natural law, and human law in its "First Part of the Second Part."

AQUINAS-

Theophrastus

ARISTOTLE-

* evolutionary biologist and new atheist argued that all of the so-called proofs of God's existence are fallacious in his book The God Delusion. ANSWER: Clinton] Richard Dawkins

AQUINAS-

* Garrigou-Lagrange led the "strict observance" school of thought named for this man

AQUINAS-

* Greek Orthodox Church in a treatise written to Pope Urban IV

AQUINAS-

* Imitation of Christ. A thinker of this name used the phrases "On the contrary

AQUINAS-

* John Haldane is one of the leaders of an "analytical" school of thought dedicated to this thinker

AQUINAS-

* Leo XIII's bull Aeterni Patris

AQUINAS-

* Mauriac once claimed that a student of Ambroise Gardeil was the "sacred monster" of this philosopher's ideas since Gardeil's student used this man's thought to attack Bergsonian vitalism in books such as God: His Existence and His Nature.

AQUINAS-

* On the Eternity of the World and On There Being Only One Intellect Against the Averroists.

AQUINAS-

* One of his works may have been written at the behest of Raymond of Peñafort and is split into a discussion of human truths and divine truths

AQUINAS-

* Peter Lombard's Sentences, and wrote about the difference between "the believer" and "the philosopher" in another work

AQUINAS-

* extensively compares the "Old (*) Law" and the "New Law"

AQUINAS-

* "Aeterni Patris" praised his philosophy, but his theories of active and passive intellect angered William of Ockham

AQUINAS-

* "Sexual Perversion," Nagel begins by reversing this much earlier thinker's conclusion that sexual norms must be defined by humanity's overlap with animals and, thus, procreation. When this guy wasn't writing about dog sex, he found time to knock out Summa Theologica.

AQUINAS-

* "The Commentator" and Aristotle as "The Philosopher"

AQUINAS-

* "The Philosopher" to refer to Aristotle

AQUINAS-

* "aeviternity" as the mean between time and eternity,

AQUINAS-

* "an ordinance of reason for the common good" and considered the difference between a "subsistent" and a "substance"

AQUINAS-

* "annexed to them", as "aeviternal"

AQUINAS-

* "beatific vision" in one work, in which he also divides the spirit into two parts: rational and irrational,

AQUINAS-

* "hypostasis" from the Latin word "personae" to show how two languages can convey the same meaning. He also refuted the claim made by Averroes

AQUINAS-

* "irascible" and "concupiscible" categories

AQUINAS-

* "just war."

AQUINAS-

* Albertus Magnus replied to lists of objections and frequently cited Aristotle merely as "The Philosopher

AQUINAS-

* Albertus Magnus's pupil was this Scholastic who defended the truth of Catholicism against the error of the infidels in Summa Contra Gentiles and wrote the aforementioned Summa Theologica.

AQUINAS-

* Barth's influence as a theologian often draws comparison to the influence of this Scholasticist, the author of Summa Contra Gentiles and Summa Theologica.

AQUINAS-

* Catholic saint formulated five arguments for the existence of God in his Summa Theologica.

AQUINAS-

* Christian faith in an apologetic work targeted at non-Christians,

AQUINAS-

* Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard

AQUINAS-

* Contra Errores Graecorum

AQUINAS-

* Contra Errores Graecorum and distinguished between the titular people's knowledge of God and what can be known by taking Christian beliefs into account in Summa Contra Gentiles.

AQUINAS-

* Eastern Church in Contra Errores Graecorum

AQUINAS-

* Gaetano Sanseverino and Giovanni Maria Cornoldi.

AQUINAS-

* hand being detached from its body, or a piece being detached from the board game for which it is used, to illustrate an argument which the author also supports by quoting a line of Sophocles about how Philoctetes became "a corpse among the living." * Carnes Lord, a professor at the United States Naval War College. * slaves lack the (*) deliberative element, while women possess it but it "lacks authority." * sixfold classification of constitutions, three of which are true constitutions which can become perverted so they no longer promote the common good. * "man is by nature" an animal concerned with this book's subject. treatise by Aristotle about the functioning of the city-state: Politics

ARISTOTLE-

* happiness arises not from virtue alone but from virtuous activity

ARISTOTLE-

* his school, the Lyceum

ARISTOTLE-

* idea of telos, a purpose for each object which he also called the "final cause".

ARISTOTLE-

* ideal "complex" plot that incorporates reversals, recognitions, and suffering

ARISTOTLE-

* ideas of mimesis and catharsis in his Poetics.

ARISTOTLE-

* identified impetuosity and weakness as the two forms of akrasia, a condition in which a person contradicts reason due to emotion

ARISTOTLE-

* list of properties which are "in" a primary substance versus properties which are "said of" a primary substance is commented on in the Isagoge

ARISTOTLE-

* mimesis and peripeteia in one work

ARISTOTLE-

* mixture of the universe was set in motion by this concept. This also inhabits all things that have a soul and ordered everything in the universe. ANSWER: nous

ARISTOTLE-

* modal logic is perhaps the sea-battle argument in this man's De Interpretatione. This Greek fellow is better known for works like Nichomachean Ethics and Poetics.

ARISTOTLE-

* most famous medieval translation of and commentary on Porphyry's Isagoge were executed by this philosopher, who wrote The Consolation of Philosophy before Theodoric had him beaten to death. ANSWER: Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius

ARISTOTLE-

* n Politics, Aristotle argued that this form of government was the corrupt form of a polity. He viewed this form of government as giving power to the poor, instead of the middle class. ANSWER: Democracy;

ARISTOTLE-

* names a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of being. METAPHYSICS

ARISTOTLE-

* notion of telos, or end purpose of an object, is among his (*) "four causes"

ARISTOTLE-

* one half of the "double truth."

ARISTOTLE-

* propeteia and astheneia, or impetuosity and weakness, were forms of akrasia, or incontinence

ARISTOTLE-

* section of the Organon which describes the ten different praedicamenta, the definitions of which are based on four forms of predication. ANSWER: Aristotle's Categories

ARISTOTLE-

* separate motions of the heavenly bodies, but clarified that there could only logically be one, a "thought thinking about thinking" which turns potentialities to actualities

ARISTOTLE-

* soul is the substantial form of the body, his theory of hylomorphism.

ARISTOTLE-

* states that all virtues of character lie in between two extreme vices. As an example, he defines bravery as a virtue existing between the vices of cowardice and rashness. ANSWER: doctrine of the mean

ARISTOTLE-

* t virtues are the mean between two extremes

ARISTOTLE-

* ten fundamental Categories

ARISTOTLE-

* the claim that you can't make one of these places by just dumping a pile of bricks somewhere. In an ancient Greek polis, each male citizen ran an oikos centered around one of these places: household

ARISTOTLE-

* this intellectual virtue to determine what other virtues are or deliberate over the good. This trait is more applicable to daily life than sophia or nous, and less matter-of-fact than episteme or tekhne. ANSWER: phronesis [or practical wisdom

ARISTOTLE-

* turning point and hamartia

ARISTOTLE-

* tyranny, oligarchy, and democracy "perversions" of monarchy, aristocracy, and constitutional polity respectively. He claimed that "Man is by nature a political animal."

ARISTOTLE-

* unmoved mover in his Metaphysics. He was also a student of Plato and wrote Poetics.

ARISTOTLE-

* which is sometimes translated as "possession," is the name Aristotle gives to stable dispositions that the soul can have, like wisdom, intellect, and knowledge.: HEXIS

ARISTOTLE-

10 Fundamental categories

ARISTOTLE-

3 perverse types of government

ARISTOTLE-

Averroes wrote commentaries on him

ARISTOTLE-

Bekker numbers used to cite his works

ARISTOTLE-

Eudaimonia or happiness as highest goal

ARISTOTLE-

Great Chain of Being-conatus

ARISTOTLE-

History of the Animals

ARISTOTLE-

Isagoge

ARISTOTLE-

Lyceum was his school

ARISTOTLE-

Nichomachean Ethics (Doctrine of the Mean);

ARISTOTLE-

On Interpretation and de Anima (health and virtue)

ARISTOTLE-

Organon

ARISTOTLE-

* Doctrines of Being and Essence in his Science of Logic

HEGEL-

* intelligible versus the visible world using the analogy of the divided line

THE REPUBLIC-

* Tory political views in his Passive Obedience, and he also wrote Advice to the Tories Who Have Taken Oaths

BERKELEY-

* Two characters discuss a tree in an abandoned courtyard, reiterating beliefs laid out in their creator's Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge. Name either of the fictional figures who discuss the "Master Argument." They argue whether God's continued observation guarantees the continued existence of the universe. : Hylas OR Philonous

BERKELEY-

* declares that "Don Quixote reads the world in order to prove his books" in a text that describes the "epistemes" of different generations.

FOUCAULT-

* Using a (*) cherry and a tree, this man constructed what Andre Gallois christened his "master argument," which disputes the distinction between primary and secondary qualities and claims the impossibility of existence independent of the mind

BERKELEY-

* advanced this proof in a treatise in which he also claimed that numbers and colors are subjective

BERKELEY-

* argued against materialism

BERKELEY-

* attacked freethinkers such as Bernard Mandeville in a set of dialogues named for the title "minute philosopher."

BERKELEY-

* attacked the "free-thinkers"

BERKELEY-

* author of Siris and Alciphron posed 392 questions including "Who's fault is it if Ireland continues poor?", in his Querist.

BERKELEY-

* "Advertisement" to open one work in seven dialogues refuting the so-called "free-thinkers"; that work was named for a certain "minute philosopher."

BERKELEY-

* "Ideas can only resemble Ideas" in A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

BERKELEY-

* "chain of reflections and inquiries" in his book Siris to advocate the use of a folk- remedy by his disease-ridden countrymen.

BERKELEY-

* "esse est percipi," or "to be is to be perceived"

BERKELEY-

* "evanescent increments" should be referred to as "ghosts of departed quantities."

BERKELEY-

* "in opposition to Skeptics and Atheists,"

BERKELEY-

* 1713 Berkeley work describes perceptual relativity by means of conversation between the title Greek figures.: Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous

BERKELEY-

* 323 questions to the public is often published alongside his Word to the Wise. One of his major works begins with epigraphs from Jeremiah and Cicero and starts with an "Advertisement" before continuing onto dialogues between the title figure and interlocutors like Theages;

BERKELEY-

* Against John Locke, this philosopher argued that (*) primary qualities are subjective since they cannot be abstracted from secondary qualities

BERKELEY-

* Alciphron attacked Locke's distinction between primary and secondary qualities in a work that uses the pleasure-pain argument to prove that pain cannot exist independently of the mind

BERKELEY-

* Anglican Bishop and Irish philosopher of The Analyst

BERKELEY-

* Berkeley first presented his statement that "to be is to be perceived" in this work, which also contains his offer to renounce all his beliefs if the reader can "conceive it possible for one extended moveable substance to exist otherwise than in a mind perceiving it.": A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

BERKELEY-

* Berkeley is most famous for writing this book in which the first title character represents John Locke. It ends with a metaphor involving the water of a fountain.: Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous

BERKELEY-

* Berkeley wrote Alciphron partially in response to this philosopher's attacks on religion. His first work was Inquiry Concerning Virtue or Merit and he collected many of his writings in the popular volume Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. : Lord Shaftesbury

BERKELEY-

* Bernard Mandeville in a set of dialogues named for the title "minute philosopher."

BERKELEY-

* Bishop of Cloyne

BERKELEY-

* David Hume extended Berkeley's phenomenalism into this theory, which contends that an object is really a collection of properties. Hume also used this theory to argue that the self is merely a collection of perceptions.: bundle theory

BERKELEY-

* De Motu formulated his "master argument" to support the principle that "to be is to be perceived"

BERKELEY-

* George Berkeley's The Analyst is an attack on this discipline and its method of fluxions. Berkeley coined the term "ghosts of departed quantities" to refer to certain values that this discipline takes for granted.: differential or infinitesimal calculus

BERKELEY-

* God maintains ideas and spirits as the only existent thing

BERKELEY-

* Isaac Newton of failing to properly eliminate the "rectangle of the moments" and discusses the similarities between believing in God and believing in fluxions.

BERKELEY-

* Lady Mary Wray. That work, The Ladies Library

BERKELEY-

* Locke distinguishes between these two types of properties an object may possess according to observers. One of these types is an innate, measurable facts about the object; the other are properties that produces subjective sensations.: primary and secondary qualities

BERKELEY-

* Locke's innate primary qualities is this theory that Hume elucidated in A Treatise of Human Nature that argues against substance theory and claims that objects are nothing more than collections of subjective qualities that we perceive.: bundle theory

BERKELEY-

* Margaret Atherton wrote about "How [this man] Can Maintain that Snow is White,"

BERKELEY-

* Minute Philosopher,

BERKELEY-

* Samuel Johnson's reaction to this philosopher was to kick a stone and shout "I refute it thus!"

BERKELEY-

* The Querist

BERKELEY-

* Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous

BERKELEY-

* Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous.

BERKELEY-

* Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous. He summed up his philosophy with the phrase "esse est percipi," or "To be is to be perceived."

BERKELEY-

* dehumanizing "medical gaze" in his The Birth of the Clinic,

FOUCAULT-

* described his later historical approach as "genealogical", in contrast with an earlier approach that emphasized the discontinuities between epistemes

FOUCAULT-

* described how nosology enabled the mortician and physician to expand the scope of their gaze.

FOUCAULT-

* description of Las Meninas and argues that an "archaeological mutation" occurred which signaled the collapse of the Classical age.: The Order of Things

FOUCAULT-

* details the confinement of the insane in the throughout history.: Madness and Civilization

FOUCAULT-

* emptying of leper colonies and the Renaissance image of the Ship of Fools in a work describing the "Great (*) Confinement,"

FOUCAULT-

* explores the subjugation of bodies in the two titular types of society using the model of Bentham's Panopticon to illustrate one of the types

FOUCAULT-

* form of individuality that is cellular, organic, genetic, and combinatory

FOUCAULT-

* another concerning a "duckrabbit" to investigate the possibility of (*) private language.

WITTGENSTEIN-

* invented to transform mental discourse to verbal discourse in a chapter that lists four "abuses" of language

LEVIATHAN-

* judicial and law-making authority as two of the twelve principal rights of Commonwealths

LEVIATHAN-

* full of "empirical insights and normative confusions." This philosopher is criticized in a book from the Fontana Modern Masters series written by José Guilherme Merquior.

FOUCAULT-

* he was partly paid in hashish

FOUCAULT-

* how nations control their subject's bodies "biopower," and he characterized repressive modern societies as a kind of Panopticon

FOUCAULT-

* hypocrisy of modern psychiatry

FOUCAULT-

* life as a "motion of limbs"

LEVIATHAN-

* Karl Popper criticized this philosopher for promoting fascist and communist government by setting the Prussian State as the ultimate goal of history.

HEGEL-

* "Cogito and the History of Madness" was written in response to the work of this French author, who is known for Madness and Civilization and The Order of Things.

FOUCAULT-

* "Great Confinement"

FOUCAULT-

* "My Body, This Paper, This Fire" to one of his books in response to a Derrida essay

FOUCAULT-

* "We Other Victorians"

FOUCAULT-

* "What is an Author?" t

FOUCAULT-

* "cogito ergo sum" made no sense after the "turn" in philosophy brought about by Kant and used the word "discourse" to designate a mode of speaking pertaining to unconscious rules that determine conceptual possibilities possible within an era

FOUCAULT-

* "philology," "biology," and "economics" did not exist before Kant in a work about the "Human Sciences."

FOUCAULT-

* "repressive hypothesis,"

FOUCAULT-

* "spaces of ordered and exploratory experience"

FOUCAULT-

* "the absence of a work of art" was Antonin Artaud's version of one concept that he exemplified with an engraving by Sebastian Brandt.

FOUCAULT-

* "the distant roar of battle"

FOUCAULT-

* 1966 Foucault book begins with an analysis of the painting Las Meninas and claims that all periods have underlying conditions of truth that define what is acceptable discourse.

FOUCAULT-

* Bentham's Panopticon

FOUCAULT-

* Discipline and Punish was written by this author of The Birth of the Clinic and Madness and Civilization, the most cited scholar in all humanities, who notoriously died of AIDS.

FOUCAULT-

* Discipline and Punish, this French philosopher analyzed the modern shift from public torture to idealized prisons like Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon

FOUCAULT-

* Discipline and Punish.

FOUCAULT-

* Dutch TV host unsuccessfully tried to get this philosopher to wear a red wig to spice up his 1971 debate with (*) Noam Chomsky

FOUCAULT-

* Fearless Speech

FOUCAULT-

* Foucault's secondary thesis was a translation of this other author's book Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View, a textbook compiled from his lectures.: Immanuel Kant

FOUCAULT-

* His genealogy of knowledge is a direct allusion to Nietzsche's genealogy of morality

FOUCAULT-

* The Confessions of the Flesh.

FOUCAULT-

* The History of Sexuality and Madness and Civilization.

FOUCAULT-

* The Order of Things

FOUCAULT-

* The Will to Knowledge, The Use of Pleasure, and The Care of the Self. Name this volume that examines the "repressive hypothesis" in its analysis of the titular concept during 19th Century society. It also looks at that concept in ancient times and describes the Greek and Roman attitudes towards it.: The History of Sexuality

FOUCAULT-

* This philosopher used the term "biopower" to denote the ways in which states achieve control over bodies in The History of Sexuality. Name this philosopher who developed panopticism in a book that begins with a description of Robert-Francois Damiens's public execution for regicide, Discipline and Punish.

FOUCAULT-

* Tom o' Bedlam in the Renaissance.

FOUCAULT-

* Victorian England as a nation of "imperial prudes" and discussed the ways governments make use of human activity, or "biopower."

FOUCAULT-

* analysis of Las Meninas opens a work that describes the relationship between language and the "return of man" as well as his concept of épisteme

FOUCAULT-

* basic intellectual assumptions of an era its episteme

FOUCAULT-

* birth of modern literature came with a process of "the return of language" which occurred alongside "the birth of man.

FOUCAULT-

* closes with the image of a face being washed away by the waves of the sea to indicate the "death of man"; that book by this author investigates what disciplines and mindsets constitute the Renaissance, classical, and modern epistemes

FOUCAULT-

* contrasts the public execution of Robert-Francois Damiens with the Mettray prison colony. It traces the evolution of the penal system to the modern, "panopticon.": Discipline and Punish

FOUCAULT-

* criticized Foucault in his essay "Cogito and the History of Madness." His book Of Grammatology provided a basis for deconstructivism.: Jacques Derrida

FOUCAULT-

* critics of Derrida's unorthodox style of writing was this French philosopher of Madness and Civilization and Discipline and Punish.

FOUCAULT-

* men are equal since they are equally able to (*) kill each other.

LEVIATHAN-

* misinterpretation of Scripture causes the "Kingdom of Darkness."

LEVIATHAN-

* Elements of the Philosophy of Right was written by this philosopher, who used the term "aufhebung", or "sublation", to describe the interaction between a thesis and an antithesis, and also introduced the master/slave dialectic in his Phenomenology of Spirit.

HEGEL-

* Jean Hyppolite, and was the subject of a seminar led by Alexandre Kojève

HEGEL-

* Karl Ludwig von Hallerby

HEGEL-

* only three types of government, and all other forms are just alternate names for those three: aristocracy, democracy and monarchy

LEVIATHAN-

* Africa had no history because the "world spirit" had not had a chance to reach it yet.

HEGEL-

* Alexander Kojeve

HEGEL-

* Arthur Danto presented a modern version of this man's thesis that the development of Western art has ended

HEGEL-

* "Africa proper" had "no history" in lectures which claimed that the Geist comes to know itself in world events.

HEGEL-

* "Panlogismus."

HEGEL-

* "Reason is the substance of the universe" and examined the "consciousness of freedom"

HEGEL-

* "absolute knowledge."

HEGEL-

* "being" and "nothing" are indistinguishable except in the context of "becoming," a relation he described as Aufhebung, or sublation

HEGEL-

* "ethical life"

HEGEL-

* "false infinity"

HEGEL-

* "inverted world" was analyzed in a series of five hermeneutical studies by Gadamer titled after one of this man's chief formulations

HEGEL-

* "speculative triads."

HEGEL-

* "struggle to the death" between two self-conscious beings in his master-slave dialectic

HEGEL-

* alternative title proposed by this philosopher for his magnum opus was borrowed to title a book about his philosophy by P. F. Strawson, The Bounds of Sense. N

KANT-

* analytic and synthetic propositions

KANT-

* argued through genius, "nature gives the rule to art,"

KANT-

* attempts to bridge the noumenon and the phenomenon through transcendental idealism.

KANT-

* awakened by David Hume from his (*) "dogmatic slumber."

KANT-

* categorical imperative.

KANT-

* combine consequentialism and contractualism with the philosophy of this deontologist, whose categorical imperative advocates treating people as ends rather than means.

KANT-

* compassion is the one true source of good behavior

KANT-

* conflicting sets of laws as "antinomies."

KANT-

* conjunction of virtue and happiness using Cicero's term summum bonum, or highest good

KANT-

* constitutional republics as a proper political means of attaining perpetual peace

KANT-

* constructs (*) "space" and "time."

KANT-

* originated the "body politic" metaphor

LEVIATHAN-

* counterposed Newtonian and Leibnizian ideas of space and time in his best-known work's first section, titled "Transcendental Aesthetic."

KANT-

* created the idea of schema, or the way a pure, non-empirical concept is associated with the mental image of an object

KANT-

* developed a thought experiment in which the subjects treat each other‟s well-being as an ultimate goal.

KANT-

* diplomatic serenity is his Perpetual Peace

KANT-

* distinguishing the unknowable noumenon from the sensible phenomenon

KANT-

* doctrines are critiqued as egoistic in a prize essay written to the Royal Danish Society of Scientific Studies

KANT-

* duty-driven ethics

KANT-

* enclose land to own it.

KANT-

* prove that he did not violate the Nicene Creed.

LEVIATHAN-

* ethical concept whose first formulation states that one's moral duty is to do what one believes everyone can and ought to do. It is absolute, unlike its hypothetical cousin. ANSWER: categorical imperative

KANT-

* ethics, this philosopher noted "He who is cruel to animals becomes hard also in his dealings with men."

KANT-

* expanded on Swedenborg's nebular hypothesis of the formation of the solar system

KANT-

* four types of reflective judgments: the agreeable, beautiful, sublime, and good

KANT-

* good, agreeable, beautiful, and sublime as the four reflective judgments of (*) aesthetics. I

KANT-

* human conscience as an "inner court" of justice

KANT-

* humans only experience the appearances of things in his definition of transcendental idealism

KANT-

* objects of inquiry, or (*) "phenomena" from the objects themselves, or "noumena."

KANT-

* pure and mixed ratiocination in The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures

KANT-

* pure concepts to those formed empirically through the categories of "schema" was criticized by Arthur Schopenhauer

KANT-

* rejecting any "right to lie," even to a prospective murderer at one's doorstep

KANT-

* ridiculing this man's assertion that beautiful things give satisfaction without interest

KANT-

* space and time are "forms of pure intuition"

KANT-

* state of ethical "heteronomy"

KANT-

* synthetic a priori judgments in the first volume of this series, "of Pure Reason". The second volume argues for the practical necessity of believing in God, while the third volume discusses aesthetic judgment. ANSWER: Critiques

KANT-

* synthetic a priori propositions are possible

KANT-

* synthetic a priori truths are possible by using the example that "7 plus 5 equals 12"

KANT-

* twelve (*) "categories of the understanding"

KANT-

* unconditional, universal law that would function in all circumstances

KANT-

* unknowable noumena to contrast with observable phenomena

KANT-

* war had driven the Eskimos so far to the north

KANT-

* we cannot think without notions of quantity, quality, relation, and modality

KANT-

* argues that different kinds of games are related by family resemblances.: Philosophical Investigations

WITTGENSTEIN-

* Schopenhauer asserted that Kant didn't adequately "separate knowledge of perception from abstract knowledge", thus confusing the noumena with this term for the "objective essence" of a being. ANSWER: ding an sich

KANT-

* The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures

KANT-

* The World as Will and Representation

KANT-

* This other German philosopher argued for a difference in Kant's idea of the "thing-in-itself" and the "noumenon" in the work The World as Will and Representation. ANSWER: Arthur Schopenhauer

KANT-

* Three Maxims

KANT-

* University of Konigsberg

KANT-

* Weltanschauung

KANT-

* Wilfrid Sellars cites this philosopher as his most important influence and titled a book after this man's "Variations."

KANT-

* aesthetic theory in Critique of Judgment.

KANT-

* aggregating knowledge described as "architectonic"

KANT-

* alternative title proposed by this philosopher for his magnum opus was borrowed to title a book about his philosophy by P. F. Strawson, The Bounds of Sense.

KANT-

* "Copernican revolution in metaphysics,"

KANT-

* "Copernican revolution" in philosophy

KANT-

* "Idea For a Universal History"

KANT-

* "Sapere aude," or "Dare to know,"

KANT-

* "What is Enlightenment?"

KANT-

* "adherent" beauty, and a purer "free" beauty

KANT-

* "all-destroyer" for his role in undermining both religion and rationalism

KANT-

* "categorical imperative."

KANT-

* "categories of understanding"

KANT-

* "communal sense" in reflective judgments, and coined the term Weltanschauung ​

KANT-

* "definitive articles"

KANT-

* "invisible church"

KANT-

* "man's emergence from his self-imposed immaturity."

KANT-

* "no straight thing was ever made"

KANT-

* "systematic union of different rational beings under common laws," which he termed a Kingdom of Ends

KANT-

* "the most evil man in history."

KANT-

* "the starry sky above me and the moral law within me."

KANT-

* "thing-in-itself."

KANT-

* "transcendental deduction"

KANT-

* "transcendental deduction," whose notion of ding-an-sich was heavily criticized by Arthur Schopenhauer.

KANT-

* "unity of apperception"

KANT-

* Arthur Schopenhauer‟s On the Basis of Morality is largely a critique of this author

KANT-

* Ayn Rand referred to this man as "the world's first hippie"

KANT-

* Benjamin Constant challenged one of his ideas

KANT-

* Boundaries of Mere Reason

KANT-

* Christine Korsgaard discusses the problem of human "reflexivity" using this philosopher‟s discussion of free will.

KANT-

* Critique of Judgment and the Critique of Pure Reason .

KANT-

* Critique of Pure Reason

KANT-

* Emmanuel Swedenborg in Dreams of a Spirit Seer;

KANT-

* German Enlightenment philosopher

KANT-

* Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals

KANT-

* Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose

KANT-

* Isaiah Berlin titled a history of ideas after this thinker's quote (*) "Out of the crooked timber of humanity, no straight thing was ever made."

KANT-

* Kant created this thought experiment in his Groundwork, in which a polity consists solely of rational people who follow the categorical imperative. ANSWER: Kingdom of Ends

KANT-

* Kant introduced this term that refers to the subjective experience of noumena. Kant claimed that knowledge was limited to these appearances of things, which are the only directly observable objects. ANSWER: phenomena

KANT-

* Kingdom of Ends was introduced by this philosopher

KANT-

* Nietzsche labeled this philosopher as a "scarecrow" and as the "Great Chinaman" of his home city

KANT-

* Observations on the Feelings of the Beautiful and Sublime

KANT-

* On the (*) Beautiful and Sublime

KANT-

* On the Genealogy of Morals , Nietzsche asks "Who is right [this man] or Stendhal?"

KANT-

* Ortega y Gasset was influenced by this earlier German philosopher, who formulated the "categorical imperative.";

KANT-

* Part Two of Arthur Schopenhauer's On the Basis of Morality is a criticism of this writer's basis of ethics

KANT-

* Philosophy and The Only Possible Ground for Demonstration of the Existence of God

KANT-

* Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.

KANT-

* Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason

KANT-

* imagination and memory as "decaying sense," and describes two branches of fundamental law of nature: "to seek peace, and follow it" and "by all means we can, to defend ourselves".

LEVIATHAN-

* "authorize" acts in their name via a "covenant" forming a commonwealth

LEVIATHAN-

* "because a successive covenant cannot override a prior one, the subjects cannot change the form of government" when going over the 12 principal rights of a sovereign in its section "Of a Christian Commonwealth."

LEVIATHAN-

* "confederacy of deceivers,"

LEVIATHAN-

* "defectuous procreation," which can result from "supernatural inspiration" or self-interest.

LEVIATHAN-

* "life of man"

LEVIATHAN-

* "nothing but decaying sense"

LEVIATHAN-

* "rule of cui bono"

LEVIATHAN-

* "see double"

LEVIATHAN-

* "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short,"

LEVIATHAN-

* "the will" is the "last appetite."

LEVIATHAN-

* "three-cause argument" ;

LEVIATHAN-

* "trains of thoughts"

LEVIATHAN-

* "vital" and "voluntary"

LEVIATHAN-

* "war of all against all"

LEVIATHAN-

* Abraham Bosse worked with its author to design this book's frontispiece

LEVIATHAN-

* Christian commonwealth

LEVIATHAN-

* Of Man,

LEVIATHAN-

* a bellum omnia contra omnes.

LEVIATHAN-

* absolute monarchy is the best of three types of government, a section titled "Of the Kingdom of Darkness"

LEVIATHAN-

* absolute sovereign authority to reign to avoid a "war of all against all."

LEVIATHAN-

* accuses the Catholic Church of misinterpreting scripture to justify the Pope's powers in that fourth section, "The Kingdom of Darkness".

LEVIATHAN-

* appetite and aversion underlie all "Passions" of humans after dividing animal motion into "Vital" and "Voluntary" components.

LEVIATHAN-

* attacks discourse about transubstantiation

LEVIATHAN-

* because all men must sleep, the weak can frequently defeat the strong by catching them at vulnerable moments

LEVIATHAN-

* cites controversies involving Cardinal Bellarmine and points out that the Apostles were teachers, not commanders, to downplay the extent of ecclesiastical power.

LEVIATHAN-

* civil law is superior to religious law because one cannot know whether God's vision as received by someone else is true.

LEVIATHAN-

* crowned figure holding a sword and scepter whose torso is composed of hundreds of people, and it discusses the prevalence of ignorance and a "confederacy of deceivers" in the section "Of the Kingdom of Darkness."

LEVIATHAN-

* fairy kingdom to mock the (*) Catholic Church

LEVIATHAN-

* first section, "Of Man,"

LEVIATHAN-

* follow-up to its author's De Cive

LEVIATHAN-

* idea of a summum bonum

LEVIATHAN-

* Book Zeta of the Metaphysics, Aristotle considers possible candidates for this primary kind of being, including essence and universals.: substance

PLATO-

* "From Symptom to Sinthome" and that work begins with a preface by Ernesto Laclau. Name this thinker who wrote and starred in The Pervert's Guide to Ideology as well as its prequel, The Pervert's Guide to Cinema. He's a pretty eccentric Slovene philosopher.: Slavoj Zizek

MARX-

* "Realism in the Balance" and Soul and Form wrote History and Class Consciousness.: Gyorgy Lukacs

MARX-

* "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles." That work was a collaboration between this man and Friedrich Engels

MARX-

* "[s]ociety does not consist of individuals, but expresses the sum of interrelations, the relations within which these individuals stand."Name this man, whose writings inspired the theory of historical materialism.

MARX-

* "a spectre is haunting Europe;"

MARX-

* "base and superstructure." This opponent of Bruno Bauer wrote that "Philosophers have only interpreted the world; the point is to change it" in his Theses on Feuerbach

MARX-

* "political emancipation" is compatible with religion, but blocks the fulfillment of "human emancipation."

MARX-

* "reification" (RAY-if-ih-CAY-shun), Gyorgy Lukacs (jee-OR-jee LOO-kash). This school believes in a process that it calls "dialectical materialism."

MARX-

* "Why I am a Fatality"

NIETZSCHE-

* "bad conscience" is a consequence of Christian morality

NIETZSCHE-

* "eternal return,"

NIETZSCHE-

* "formula for greatness in a human being is amor fati,"

NIETZSCHE-

* "will to power."

NIETZSCHE-

* Birth of Tragedy Nietzsche compares the more chaotic art of Dionysus to the art of this god, which is guided more by reason.: Apollo

NIETZSCHE-

* Ecce Homo contains chapters titled "Why I Am So Wise" and "Why I Am a Destiny."

NIETZSCHE-

* Feuerbach's atheism influenced this later philosopher

NIETZSCHE-

* "A Book for Free Spirits,"

NIETZSCHE-

* "An Attempt at Self-Criticism"

NIETZSCHE-

* "An Attempt at Self-Criticism," in which the author repudiates his foolish youthful philosophy. Name this book that contrasts the Apollonian and Dionysian aesthetics and argues that the plays of Euripides shattered the power of title Athenian art form to provide meaning to a meaningless world.: The Birth of Tragedy

NIETZSCHE-

* "Blond Beast,"

NIETZSCHE-

* "From life's school of war: what does not kill me makes me stronger." The stater of these statements himself provides an exegesis of one that asks "What do (*) ascetic ideals mean?

NIETZSCHE-

* "He who fights with monsters should look to it that he himself does not become a monster. And when you gaze long into an abyss the abyss also gazes into you."

NIETZSCHE-

* "New Faith" of Strauss in his Untimely Meditations, which also describe Richard Wagner in more critical terms than in this man's earlier The Birth of Tragedy.

NIETZSCHE-

* "On the Use and Abuse of History for Life" in his Untimely Meditations. He introduced his idea of the Übermensch in Thus Spoke Zarathustra.

NIETZSCHE-

* "The Three Metamorphoses of Man".

NIETZSCHE-

* "Why I Am So Clever," and "Why I Write Such Good Books" in his work Ecce Homo.

NIETZSCHE-

* Bruno championed this movement, which was initially popularized by Plotinus in his book The Enneads.: Neoplatonism

PLATO-

* Cudworth lead a group of theologians inspired by this man at Cambridge.

PLATO-

* Dionysius II in his Seventh Letter, and he wrote of a slave who was taught geometry to prove ideas are innate in Meno.

PLATO-

* Epimetheus' distribution of tools to animals rather than men to explain why men must live in communities

PLATO-

* Gregory Vlastos's 1954 paper on this argument is considered definitive.Name this argument outlined in the Parmenides, which states that if the namesake organism has a particular form of that organism, then another form would be required to explain that relationship, ad infinitum. : third man argument

PLATO-

* Hippias Major.

PLATO-

* His masterwork was an eighteen-volume theological work printed in 1482 that argued for the Classical conception of the immortality of the soul within a Christian framework. Name this Italian philosopher who translated and assembled the modern Corpus Hermeticum, and who further attempted to syncretize Classical and Christian thought in his Three Books on Life.: Marsilio Ficino

PLATO-

* Iamblichus was a member of this philosophical school, whose other members included Porphyry and the author of the Enneads. This school of thought was named after a student of Socrates.

PLATO-

* In the first section of The Open Society and Its Enemies, titled "The Spell of" this philosopher, Popper accused this philosopher of betraying his teacher Socrates.

PLATO-

* Kallipolis, an ideal city-state where philosopher-kings rule,

PLATO-

* "On Beauty" from this school was among fifty-four translated by Renaissance scholar Marsilio Ficino. These thinkers thought that Intellect and the World-Soul were first in a hierarchy of "emanations" from The One. Thinkers in this mold included the author of the Isagoge, Porphyry, who edited the Enneads of his teacher Plotinus. For 10 points, name this body-hating, late Roman style of thought, a mystical reworking of ideas from the author of the Symposium.

PLATO-

* "justified true belief" theory of knowledge. In one of this thinker's writings, the lengths of a sides of a square are related to the square's area by a slave, showing that all knowledge is recollection

PLATO-

* "torpedo fish" and later teaches a slave how to double a square.

PLATO-

* "unwritten doctrine" is presented, which claims that a serious man in dealing with serious subjects "carefully avoids writing." That work, the so-called Seventh Letter,

PLATO-

* Agathon;

PLATO-

* Apology is a dialogue written by this student of Socrates who also wrote The Laws, Theaetetus, and The Republic.

PLATO-

* Aristotle's views of substance made him differ from this teacher of his, who argued for immaterial Forms in the Phaedo.

PLATO-

* Rousseau argued that the transition between natural and civil society began with the development of this selfish concept. John Locke asserted that men had the right to "life, liberty" and this concept. ANSWER: private property

ROUSSEAU-

* Rousseau work, Julie marries de Wolmar despite her love affair with the tutor Saint-Preux, who she asks to marry her cousin Claire and tutor her children after her death. ANSWER: The New Heloise;

ROUSSEAU-

* Swiss-French philosopher who wrote Emile, Confessions, and The Social Contract.

ROUSSEAU-

* Tenth Walk, in Reveries of a Solitary Walker, is unfinished, and another work discusses federalizing The Government of Poland.

ROUSSEAU-

* The New Heloise and Discourse on Inequality,

ROUSSEAU-

* Julie, or the New Heloise is credited with popularizing the distinction between infancy, childhood, and adolescence in his account of an ideal education.

ROUSSEAU-

* Paul de Man analyzed Derrida's reading of this thinker in "The Rhetoric of Blindness.

ROUSSEAU-

* coined the term Dasein to refer to a state of being that understands itself through its own existence.: Martin Heidegger

SARTRE-

* "Essay on the Origin of Languages."

ROUSSEAU-

* "Excuses" analyzing an episode from this philosopher's autobiography in which he wrongly implicates the servant girl Marion

ROUSSEAU-

* "Geist und Tat" begins with the assertion that this thinker has had "the greatest, most palpable success" out of everyone who ever wrote.

ROUSSEAU-

* "Profession of Faith of a Savoyard Vicar" wrote a book on political theory proposing individual submission to the "general will."

ROUSSEAU-

* "Profession of a Savoyard Priest"

ROUSSEAU-

* "general will."

ROUSSEAU-

* "perfectibility" and discussed the ill effects of the progression from non-destructive to destructive modes of "self-love" in one work

ROUSSEAU-

* "perfectibility" of man for a Dijon Academy essay contest

ROUSSEAU-

* Considerations on the Government of Poland

ROUSSEAU-

* Considerations on the Government of Poland.

ROUSSEAU-

* Corsica would rule the world due to its simplicity of manners.

ROUSSEAU-

* Derrida used the example of masturbation to illustrate his reworking of this thinker's concept of the supplement

ROUSSEAU-

* Diderot and d'Alembert were the two initial editors of this "rational dictionary", which ran into trouble getting published in France due to Rousseau's article on Geneva. ANSWER: The Encyclopedia

ROUSSEAU-

* Discourse on Inequality

ROUSSEAU-

* Discourse on Inequality. In one work, he claimed that all passions grow out of amour de soi, including amour propre.

ROUSSEAU-

* Emile and claimed "man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains." For 10 points, name this author of The Social Contract.

ROUSSEAU-

* French Enlightenment polymath, a close friend of Rousseau, wrote Jacques the Fatalist and Rameau's Nephew. He collaborated on another project with Rousseau, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, and many other contemporaries. ANSWER: Denis Diderot

ROUSSEAU-

* concept of living one's life as defined by prescribed social roles as "bad faith" in a "Phenomenalogical Essay on Ontology," Being and Nothingness.

SARTRE-

* continuing on a mold set by Kant, this philosopher's Critique of Dialectical Reason

SARTRE-

* criticized by Raymond Aron for the attempted union he tried to make in his essay "Search for a Method."

SARTRE-

* declares that action requires the nihilation of a given, which he gave as the definition of "freedom."

SARTRE-

* developed an (*) ethical system based on his work in The Ethics of Ambiguity

SARTRE-

* "Existentialism is a" type of this philosophy according to a 1945 Sartre lecture. Erasmus exemplified the Renaissance type of this philosophy, which encouraged the cultivation of good men through classical learning. : humanism

SARTRE-

* "Man first of all exists, encounters himself, surges up in the world, and defines himself afterwards."

SARTRE-

* "No factual state is capable by itself of motivating any act whatsoever," because action requires intention, rather than mere motion.

SARTRE-

* "The Room

SARTRE-

* "as a humanism."

SARTRE-

* "authentic" and "inauthentic" forms, and examines prejudice against them

SARTRE-

* "bad faith" in Being and Nothingness.

SARTRE-

* "double reciprocal incarnation" to describe his idea of the basis of sexualdesire. This man used the example of being unable to find Pierre in a cafe to explain the title concept of the chapter "The Origin of Negation".

SARTRE-

* "existence precedes essence"

SARTRE-

* "facticity" and "transcendence" with the "in-itself" and the "for-itself."

SARTRE-

* "if the Jew did not exist, the anti-Semite would have to invent him."

SARTRE-

* 3 proposes that sexual desire is based on "the look" and refutes the claim that biology influences sex. Name this treatise subtitled "An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology.": Being and Nothingness

SARTRE-

* Anti-Semite and Jew discussed transcending facticity to transform "being-in-itself" into "being-for-itself" in another book

SARTRE-

* Antoine Roquentin feels that inanimate objects encroach on his freedom and cause the title sensation;

SARTRE-

* Beauvoir described her life with this French philosopher in memoirs like The Prime of Life. This man wrote Existentialism is a Humanism and Being and Nothingness.

SARTRE-

* Existentialism is a Humanism, and Being and Nothingness, a French existentialist thinker.

SARTRE-

* Frantz Fanon's book The Wretched of the Earth

SARTRE-

* Garcin, Inez, and Estelle torture each other after their death and bring about the revelation that "Hell is other people."

SARTRE-

* Heidegger work discusses viewing objects as a means to an end as being "ready-to-hand", as opposed to "present-at-hand". Heidegger never finished this work, so the part on the second title concept is incomplete.: Being and Time

SARTRE-

* Marxism and discusses "the jelly like substance which constitutes human relations" in order to describe how "worked matter" has been "totalized."

SARTRE-

* People who overcome bad faith are in this state of pride in one's own choices. Heidegger also praised people who reach this state by embracing Being-towards-Death. : authenticity

SARTRE-

* Pied Piper after accepting responsibility for the crimes of his people. This author of (*) Dirty Hands and The Flies

SARTRE-

* Sartre also wrote this two volume tome that includes the Theory of Practical Ensembles and The Intelligibility of History. It analogizes human history and interaction to a jelly-like substance.: Critique of Dialectical Reason

SARTRE-

* Search for a Method

SARTRE-

* Self-Taught Man at a cafe, that character, Antoine Roquetin, accepts that his existence is the cause of his nausea

SARTRE-

* The Reprieve and The Age of Reason in an unfinished tetralogy

SARTRE-

* The lecture that introduced this phrase made clear that it only applied to people, citing the example of a paperknife to show that most objects are predefined by their craftsmen.Give this three-word phrase first delivered in 1946. It basically means that people can choose to create their own value systems and views of human nature, rather than having any intrinsic nature up-front.: "existence precedes essence"

SARTRE-

* Transcendence of the Ego,

SARTRE-

* accused of simply reintroducing the Cartesian ego to Heidegger's ideas. He is the author of the similarly titled Being and Nothingness, in which he espouses his ideas of authenticity and bad faith.

SARTRE-

* authentic people respect both their "facticity" and their "transcendence."

SARTRE-

* authentic" subject will learn to live without the transcendental and empirical egos, and he discussed "the good and subjectivity" in Notebooks For an Ethics.

SARTRE-

* author and philosopher wrote Being and Nothingness. He also wrote of Antoine Roquentin's Chestnut-tree provoked revelations in Nausea.

SARTRE-

* broke from Husserl's description of the self in his The Transcendence of the Ego

SARTRE-

* claims that not even a valid proof of the existence of god could save mankind from itself.

SARTRE-

* closes with the main character laughing when he hears that his friend has died in a cemetery

SARTRE-

* definitions of justice are discussed in the beginning of this work, which advocates for the rule of the philosopher-king and in one scene

THE REPUBLIC-

* discusses levels of "bedness", claiming that as each bedness shares its form with the original bed

THE REPUBLIC-

* discussions in this philosophical work is the order in which people should learn various geometry concepts

THE REPUBLIC-

* eikasia, pistis, dianoia, and noesis in the Image of the Line and an allegory in which a group of men know nothing of outside reality apart from shadows on a cave wall;

THE REPUBLIC-

* "Form of the Good"

THE REPUBLIC-

* "business of fighting"

THE REPUBLIC-

* "earth-born" myth that claims each human has a predetermined nature as one of his "noble lies"

THE REPUBLIC-

* "geometrical number" governs the birth of good children before the Muses lament.

THE REPUBLIC-

* "noble lie,"

THE REPUBLIC-

* "what is good for the stronger."

THE REPUBLIC-

* : Karl Popper claimed that this work undermines the "Open Society" in a work that details the "Spell" of its author

THE REPUBLIC-

* Allegory of the Cave

THE REPUBLIC-

* Cephalus in Piraeus

THE REPUBLIC-

* Glaucon, responds to Thrasymachus by reciting the story of the ring of Gyges.

THE REPUBLIC-

* Hans-Georg Gadamer claimed that large parts of this work were meant to be read ironically and serve as an example of what happens with an idea taken too far.

THE REPUBLIC-

* Karl Popper argued that this work depicted a totalitarian state, as music and art were banned and children were raised away from their parents.

THE REPUBLIC-

* Karl Popper argued that this work portrays the working class as "human sheep" in his work The Open Society and Its Enemies

THE REPUBLIC-

* Polemarchus's house,

THE REPUBLIC-

* Spindle of Necessity

THE REPUBLIC-

* Sun as being the child of the Form of the Good in detailing an ideal society ruled by philosopher kings

THE REPUBLIC-

* Symposium, this character asks for the central conversation to be repeated, for "is not the road to Athens just made for conversation?" Name this figure who discusses both the invisibility-granting "Ring of Gyges" and the Allegory of the Cave with Socrates in another Platonic dialogue.: Glaucon

THE REPUBLIC-

* Theory of the Forms with the Allegory of the Cave

THE REPUBLIC-

* Thrasymachus's formulation of justice as the "advantage of the strong."

THE REPUBLIC-

* analogy of a deaf and blind ship owner to demonstrate that true knowledge is viewed as useless by society

THE REPUBLIC-

* comparing it to the work of a cobbler

THE REPUBLIC-

* Embracing the reductio ad absurdum conclusions that result from this position was coyly dubbed "outsmarting" by J. J. C. Smart, who advocated for an extreme form of this position

UTILITARIANISM-

* Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and was named William Godwin

UTILITARIANISM-

* Wittgenstein presents this thought experiment about "private language." It imagines that each person defines the title insect by a particular specimen he possesses that no one else can see.: beetle in a box

WITTGENSTEIN-

* G. E. M. Anscombe's "Modern Moral Philosophy" was the first text to define this term. This moral philosophy holds that the outcomes of conduct are the ultimate basis for judging whether the conduct was right or wrong.: consequentialism

UTILITARIANISM-

* Greatest Happiness Principle in a book named for this tradition, whose "preference" variety is advocated by Peter Singer. Name this ethical tradition often summarized by Jeremy Bentham's commitment to "the greatest good for the greatest number."

UTILITARIANISM-

* Greatest-Happiness principle

UTILITARIANISM-

* Hare subscribed to a two-level view of this philosophy, which aimed to integrate its "act" variety with its "rule" variety, the latter of which holds that if we find a principle that produces the greatest good we must adhere to it at all times.

UTILITARIANISM-

* Hastings Rashdall. In Reasons and Persons, Derek Parfit outlines the "repugnant conclusion," which results from strict adherence to this doctrine

UTILITARIANISM-

* Henry Sidgwick promoted this philosophy in The Methods of Ethics and The Elements of Politics.

UTILITARIANISM-

* Wittgenstein's Tractatus defines this entity as "everything that is the case." It's not time, and Heidegger's concept of Dasein is also called "being-in" this. : the world

WITTGENSTEIN-

* In Discipline and Punish, Michel Foucault used this institutional design to show how discipline is created without physical force. Devised by Jeremy Bentham, it allows a single watchman the ability to watch any inmate, though the inmates can't know if they are being watched.: Panopticon

UTILITARIANISM-

* James Wood Bailey, while the forms and limits of this concept were detailed by David Lyons. Advocated in The Methods of Ethics by Henry Sidgwick, it was given an evolutionary basis in The Expanding Circle: Ethics and Sociobiology by Peter Singer

UTILITARIANISM-

* An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation is considered the founder of utilitarianism. He proposed the concept of felicific calculus with which to measure pain and pleasure.: Jeremy Bentham

UTILITARIANISM-

* Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill

UTILITARIANISM-

* Australian advocate of preference utilitarianism thinks you are a horrible person for eating your sandwich while people in Africa do not have sandwiches, as explained in "Famine, Affluence, and Morality." This author of Practical Ethics and Animal Liberation also wants animals to be free...so that he can have sex with them, if he wants to.: Peter Albert David Singer

UTILITARIANISM-

* Australian author of Practical Ethics who criticized the human tendency to discriminate between living things on the basis of species in his 1975 book Animal Liberation.: Peter Singer

UTILITARIANISM-

* Karl Popper and others argued for a "negative" form of it

UTILITARIANISM-

* Australian utilitarianist philosopher argued for animal rights in Animal Liberation. He also used it to argue for foreign aid using an argument about a boy drowning in a pool in his "Famine, Affluence, and Morality.": Peter Singer

UTILITARIANISM-

* Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent"

WITTGENSTEIN-

* Bentham described this prison design where a watchman could observe every inmate without the inmates knowing. Michel Foucault discussed it in Discipline and Punish.: panopticon

UTILITARIANISM-

* Bernard Williams debated Smart in a book titled for this position and subtitled "for and against.

UTILITARIANISM-

* British philosopher is considered the founder of modern utilitarianism, which he discussed in his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.: Jeremy Bentham

UTILITARIANISM-

* Derek Parfit's "repugnant conclusion

UTILITARIANISM-

* Derek Parfit's counterexample to this theory dubbed the "repugnant conclusion."

UTILITARIANISM-

* "General Remarks"

UTILITARIANISM-

* "Ultimate Sanction"

UTILITARIANISM-

* "act" form, contrasted by later thinkers with the weaker "rule" form

UTILITARIANISM-

* "duration" or "certainty";

UTILITARIANISM-

* "has nothing moral in it; what is moral is the exclusive subordination of it to the social symapthies."

UTILITARIANISM-

* "integrity objection" to it.

UTILITARIANISM-

* "repugnant conclusion," appears in Derek Parfit's Reasons andPersons

UTILITARIANISM-

* "repugnant conclusion." One thinker best known for positing this idea asked "the question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?,"

UTILITARIANISM-

* "sentiment of justice"

UTILITARIANISM-

* "universal hedonism" in The Methods of Ethics, by Henry Sidgwick. Another of this school's adherents was William Paley, while its founder sought to apply it to a universal code of law in works such as Introduction to the (*) Principles of Morals and Legislation

UTILITARIANISM-

* 20th century, philosophers split this theory into types that differ in their consideration of moral rules called its "act" and "rule" types, and this theory is now considered a form of consequentialism

UTILITARIANISM-

* A Fragment on Government who also created a felicific calculus, Jeremy Bentham

UTILITARIANISM-

* accused of striking a student in the Haidbauer incident and during an argument with Karl Popper, this man allegedly waved a fireplace poker in Popper's face

WITTGENSTEIN-

* "Rule-Following Paradox" and is titled "[This Man] on Rules and Private Language" by Saul Kripke;

WITTGENSTEIN-

* "The world is everything that is the case."Name this 20th-century Austrian philosopher of language and mind who wrote Tractatus Logico Philosophicus.

WITTGENSTEIN-

* "a thought is a proposition with a sense

WITTGENSTEIN-

* "block" and "slab" in a work that distinguishes between "seeing that" and "seeing as something else."

WITTGENSTEIN-

* "family resemblances" theory of meaning

WITTGENSTEIN-

* "particular picture" of language from the Confessions of St. Augustine.

WITTGENSTEIN-

* "rock," "slab," "pillar," and "beam."

WITTGENSTEIN-

* "skeptical solution" to the rule-following paradox and was written by Saul Kripke.

WITTGENSTEIN-

* "skepticism, morality, and tragedy" in his magnum opus, The Claim of Reason.

WITTGENSTEIN-

* "the philosophical problem about mental processes" arises from the fact that "we talk of processes and states and leave their nature undecided."Identify this work which, in answer to the question, "How am I to obey the rule?" posits that "If I have exhausted the justifications... then I am inclined to say 'This is simply what I do.'": Philosophical Investigations

WITTGENSTEIN-

* "the problems of life have remained untouched" even after "all possible scientific questions have been answered," concluding that when "there are no questions left ... this itself is the answer."

WITTGENSTEIN-

* "the world is all that is the case."

WITTGENSTEIN-

* : Frank Ramsey translated this book into English at Cambridge while its author was allegedly twisting kids' ears as a provincial schoolteacher

WITTGENSTEIN-

* Angelus Silesius inspired the final line of this work is discussed in James Atkinson's treatment of its author.

WITTGENSTEIN-

* Anscombe was the principal translator and annotator of this other philosopher, and provided an introduction to his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.

WITTGENSTEIN-

* Begriffsschrift as a synononym for logical formalism in his Tractatus Logico Philosophicus.

WITTGENSTEIN-

* Blue and Brown Books,

WITTGENSTEIN-

* Children tested on Easter Sunday are more likely to see this illustration as one animal, while those tested on a Sunday in October are more likely to see it as another. Name this illustration which can be seen as two animals and which was introduced to academic study by psychologist Joseph Jastrow.: duckrabbit

WITTGENSTEIN-

* Cora Diamond has written on both Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and Philosophical Investigations, and can therefore be considered an expert on this neurotic Austrian philosopher's work, like Stanley Cavell.

WITTGENSTEIN-

* G. E. Moore's assertion that "here is a hand."

WITTGENSTEIN-

* Karl Popper to state an example of a "moral law," to which Popper replied, "Not to threaten visiting lecturers with pokers."

WITTGENSTEIN-

* Moritz Schlick invited this man to talk to the (*) Vienna Circle, which loved his work

WITTGENSTEIN-

* Philosophical Investigations

WITTGENSTEIN-

* Remarks on Colour

WITTGENSTEIN-

* Rush Rhees transcribed a lecture by this philosopher in which he claimed that a face drawn with four strokes could convey emotions with more exactitude than any adjective

WITTGENSTEIN-

* Saul Kripke used an example involving the operation "quus" (kwooce) to illustrate a skeptical rule-following paradox this man supposedly posed

WITTGENSTEIN-

* The Blue and Brown Books

WITTGENSTEIN-

* The Jew of Linz claims that Hitler's anti-Semitism arose from an unpleasant childhood encounter with this man, and that he later secretly worked to recruit spies for the USSR.

WITTGENSTEIN-

* Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

WITTGENSTEIN-

* Tractatus, Wittgenstein puts forth this theory of meaning, according to which propositions have meaning insofar as they are capable of mirroring or representing reality.: picture theory

WITTGENSTEIN-