Philosophy 1102 - Logic Exam 1
A single counterexample to a deductive argument is enough to show that an argument is invalid.
True
A valid deductive argument is one where, assuming the premises are true, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false.
True
An deductive argument is one in which the inferential claim is that the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.
True
An invalid argument is automatically an unsound argument.
True
We will assume that every statement is either true or false, and never both; these two possibilities are called "truth values".
True
A counterexample to an argument is evidence that the conclusion is false.
False
An argument must have at least two premises.
False
An inductive argument is cogent when the argument is strong, even if the premises are false.
False
An inductive argument is one in which the inferential claim is that, whenever the premises are true, the conclusion must be true as well.
False
Determine whether or not the following passages contain arguments. Reference: Ref 1-7 There is no reason why anyone should remain ignorant of what's going on in the world: Newspapers are a good source of in-depth news and they are easily accessible. Weekly magazines are good source of in-depth news and they are easily accessible. PBS, CNN, and CSPAN are good sources of in-depth news and they are easily accessible.
Argument
Determine whether or not the following passages contain arguments. Reference: Ref 1-7More damage was done last year from hurricanes than earthquakes. There was $100 million damage last year from hurricanes. There was $70 million damage last year from earthquakes.
Argument
Every explanation is an argument.
False
Determine whether the following arguments are best classified as being deductive or inductive. Reference: Ref 1-9 Most horses can run a mile in under 3 minutes. Evie has a horse. Therefore, Evie's horse probably can run a mile in under 3 minutes.
inductive
The extension of a term is specified by listing the properties or attributes that the term connotes.
false
"Generator" means the device that allows your car to convert mechanical energy into electricity.
functional
Let "spanco" henceforth mean a hybrid-bird whose parents are a sparrow and a junco.
stipulative
"Gametes", in biology, means an organism's reproductive cells.
theoretical
What do we call a deductive argument in which it can never be the case that all of the premises are true and the conclusion is false?
valid
Pick out the premises and conclusion for each of the following arguments. Argument 1 Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Pizza is loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Too much saturated fat and sodium is harmful to your heart. Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium. It follows Jim is harming his heart. Reference: Ref 1-1 Jim is harming his heart.
Conclusion
Pick out the premises and conclusion for each of the following arguments. Argument 3 Paris is called the "City of Lights." Las Vegas is also called the "City of Lights." So, there must be at least two cities with the same nickname. Reference: Ref 1-3 There must be at least two cities with the same nickname.
Conclusion
Pick out the premises and conclusion for each of the following arguments. Argument 5 We should stop interfering in other countries' affairs. This follows from the fact that we have no moral right to change a country's way of governing itself. Also, interfering often gets us locked into combat; not to mention that the potential for loss of lives on both sides is high. In addition, the cost of waging wars is astronomical. Any engagement means weakening our already shaky economy. Add the fact that interfering makes us have more enemies around the world who feel threatened by us. Reference: Ref 1-5 We should stop interfering in other countries' affairs.
Conclusion
Determine whether the following arguments are best classified as being deductive or inductive. Reference: Ref 1-9 Every horse can run a mile in under 3 minutes. Evie has a horse. Therefore, Evie's horse can run a mile in under three minutes.
Deductive
Determine whether the following arguments are best classified as being deductive or inductive. Reference: Ref 1-9 Every horse can run a mile in under 3 minutes. Evie has a pet that can run a mile in under 3 minutes. Therefore, Evie's pet is certainly a horse.
Deductive
Determine whether the following arguments are best classified as being deductive or inductive. Reference: Ref 1-9 The exam's range of C scores is 70-79. I got a 98 on the exam. Therefore, I did not get a C on the exam.
Deductive
For each of the following passages, decide whether it is an argument or an explanation. Reference: Ref 1-8 I have a stomach ache. It must be those nachos I ate.
Explanation
Pick out the premises and conclusion for each of the following arguments. Argument 5We should stop interfering in other countries' affairs. This follows from the fact that we have no moral right to change a country's way of governing itself. Also, interfering often gets us locked into combat; not to mention that the potential for loss of lives on both sides is high. In addition, the cost of waging wars is astronomical. Any engagement means weakening our already shaky economy. Add the fact that interfering makes us have more enemies around the world who feel threatened by us. Reference: Ref 1-5 The potential for loss of lives on both sides is high.
Premise
Determine whether the following inductive arguments are strong or weak. Reference: Ref 1-20 Most people over 18 are registered to vote. Lisa is 19 years old. So, Lisa is registered to vote.
Strong
Determine whether the following inductive arguments are strong or weak. Reference: Ref 1-20 Only a few people will be chosen for the Olympic team. Of those receiving phone calls from the selection committee, 80% will make the team. John received a phone call from the selection committee. John will probably make the Olympic team.
Strong
Determine whether the following inductive arguments are strong or weak. Reference: Ref 1-20 The vast majority of students who don't have a book for the course, and who don't do the homework, wind up failing the course. I know for a fact that Stan doesn't have a book and he doesn't do the homework. Stan will fail the course.
Strong
Determine whether the following inductive arguments are strong or weak. Reference: Ref 1-20 Only a few people will be chosen for the Olympic team. John will make the Olympic team.
Weak
Determine whether the following inductive arguments are strong or weak. Reference: Ref 1-20There are thirty students in my class. Two students got a perfect score on the last exam. I am probably one of the students who got a perfect score on the last exam.
Weak
A lexical definition always provides a theoretical definition.
false
A valid argument always has a true conclusion.
false
In a valid argument, all premises are true.
false
In an invalid argument, at least one of the premises is false.
false
Some terms have an extension but no intension.
false
"Memorize" means the ability to remember and recall different items.
lexical
The term "sandwich" typically means a prepared food consisting of two or more slices of bread with meat, cheese, vegetables, and a condiment.
lexical
Pick out the premises and conclusion for each of the following arguments. Argument 1Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Pizza is loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Too much saturated fat and sodium is harmful to your heart. Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium. It follows Jim is harming his heart. Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium.
premise
Pick out the premises and conclusion for each of the following arguments. Argument 1Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Pizza is loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Too much saturated fat and sodium is harmful to your heart. Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium. It follows Jim is harming his heart. Reference: Ref 1-1 Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium.
premise
Pick out the premises and conclusion for each of the following arguments. Argument 3 Paris is called the "City of Lights." Las Vegas is also called the "City of Lights." So, there must be at least two cities with the same nickname. Reference: Ref 1-3 Paris is called the "City of Lights."
premise
A functional definition of a term specifies the purpose or use of the objects denoted by the term.
true
A stipulative definition introduces a new meaning to a term or symbol.
true
In a cogent argument, all premises are true.
true
Some terms have an intension but no extension.
true
