Philosophy Final Study

classical anthropologists ignored all the aspects of cultural integration

In Benedict's view, what is one of the major shortcomings of classical anthropology?

B

According to Young, what is the basis for describing what was done to Sandy as structural injustice, rather than ordinary unfairness or bad luck? a) Discriminatory behaviors of many individuals led to Sandy's situation. b) Normal behaviors of many individuals led to Sandy's situation. c) Unfair policies that target poor single mothers led to Sandy's situation. d) Features of the layout of her town led to Sandy's situation.

B

In Rawls's theory of justice, what concept replaces that of the state of nature of traditional social contract theory? a) the categorical imperative b) the original position c) the primitive condition d) the organizing principle

Aristotle's definition of virtue

A state of character concerned with choice, lying in a mean between two vices.

C

According to Anderson, which of the following is NOT a domain in which affirmative action is practiced in the U.S.? a) Government contracting b) Employment c) Religion d) Education

B

According to Girshick, which group consistently recognizes transwomen as women? a) lesbians b) none of these c) psychiatrists d) feminists

We can ask someone who has experienced both which they prefer.

According to Mill, how can we determine what kinds of pleasures are of a higher or lower quality than others?

A

According to Moellendorf, what is the problem with applying the Polluter-Pays principle for recent emissions? a) It conflicts with the goal of eradicating global poverty. b) It is impossible to put polluters on notice retroactively. c) It unjustly harms nations that are already prosperous. d) It neglects sources of pollution unrelated to climate change.

Justice

Baier challenges the supremacy of which moral and social virtue?

D

How does Singer reply to the objection that his principles imply that we should be working full time to eliminate suffering? a) by arguing that the argument's conclusion does not follow b) by arguing that the argument has a false premise c) by arguing that he is attempting to faithfully describe our moral practices d) by arguing that this mismatch is an objection to our existing moral practices, not to his principle

C

How does Singer answer the objection that giving aid to prevent famine only postpones famine to the next generation? a) by arguing that the argument's conclusion does not follow b) by arguing that the argument has a false premise c) by arguing that "doing what one can to eliminate suffering" includes promoting population control d) by accepting the truth of the objection

B

In what sense are the conditions under which people act socio-historical, according to Young? a) The conditions are determined by sociological facts. b) The conditions are the results of previous human actions. c) The conditions are largely uncoordinated, like social choices. d) The conditions arise from an interaction of social and historical facts.

A

What proposal does Girshick think would go a long way toward making life fairer and safer for transgender people? a) Federal law should recognize gender identity and sexual orientation as protected characteristics, like race and sex. b) States should be required to pass affirmative action-type laws to correct employment discrimination against transgender people. c) Federal law should make harassing transgender people a felony charge rather than a misdemeanor. d) States should be required to print identification documents with whatever gender a person chooses.

C

Rawls characterizes his conception of justice as what? a) justice as utility b) justice as equality c) justice as fairness d) justice as egalitarianism

A

What purpose is behind Young's listing of facts connected to social connection, power, privilege, and interest? a) They are relevant to determining facts about one's social position and what one is responsible for. b) They are relevant to discovering which groups are blameworthy or praiseworthy for their actions. c) They help us discover what goes wrong in situations where structurally injustice is perpetuated. d) They help us discover what we should do when planning future social environments, including urban design.

D

What term does Hobbes use to refer to the "mutuall transferring of Right"? a) law of nature b) will c) liberty d) contract

F

T/F: According to Aristotle, intellectual virtue owes its growth to habit, while moral virtue owes its growth to teaching.

T

T/F: According to Baier, one of the problems with the emphasis on equality in society is that it does not contribute to the development of interpersonal relationships or the satisfaction of emotional needs.

F

T/F: According to Hobbes, there exists a law that obligates all of mankind not to harm one another, irrespective of whether there are societies in place to enforce it.

F

T/F: According to the ethics of utility, it would be ethically legitimate to save the life of your mother over the lives of five strangers, because of the particular interpersonal relationship you have with her.

T

T/F: Because care has been historically undervalued, our social institutions put undue burdens on individual providers of care.(Held)

T

T/F: Behind the veil of ignorance, no one knows anything about her place in society, including class, social status, and natural ability. This ensures that morally irrelevant factors do not impact which principles of justice are chosen.

F

T/F: Care ethics shares with the other dominant moral theories that caring relationships of moral significance are entered into, voluntarily.

F

T/F: For Aristotle, it does not matter what reasons one has for acting in accordance with virtue; as long as someone consistently behaves virtuously, she is virtuous.

F

T/F: If someone is in a position of financial desperation, Kant would say that she is permitted to make a false promise in order to obtain money to help her family.

F

T/F: In Humes view, reason is the source of our sense of moral good & evil.

True

T/F: The integrative model of affirmative action sees racial segregation as inconsistent with a fully democratic society.

T

T/F: according to Mill, all things are desirable only by virtue of the pleasure inherent in them, or their utility for acquiring pleasure and minimizing pain.

T

T/F: because it always seems possible to consider accepted standards of one's own society as morally mistaken, Nagel considers moral relativism an implausible view

T

T/F: because moral isolationism is motivated by a concern about oppressing or judging other cultures unfairly, Midgely suggests that it is itself motivated by moral judgement.

C

Which familiar moral claim does Singer challenge? a) It is worse to kill a person than to allow the person to die. b) There is a crucial difference between anticipating something as a consequence of one's action, and intending for that thing to happen. c) A person who gives to charity goes above and beyond what moral obligation requires. d) Every individual person is just as important as every other person.

B

Which of the following does Moellendorf identify as a possible drawback to meeting the 2°C goal? a) It will be expensive. b) It will create hardship in poor countries. c) It is doubtful that the 2°C goal accurately reflects the climate threat. d) Meeting the goal is likely to benefit cruel regimes.

it is integrated

for Benedict's purposes, what is the most significant thing to understand about cultural behavior?

D

What are the only actions that have moral worth, in Kant's view? a) actions that produce the best consequences b) actions that are consistent with virtuous character c) actions that are done out of inclination d) actions that are performed out of duty

Happiness

What does Aristotle take to be the final end of human activity?

C

What feature marks out humans as ends in themselves and not mere means? a) cunning b) desire c) reason d) physical strength

an emphasis on the deliberation of the "head of the household" ignores the existence of two parents

What is a contemporary remainder of the history of patriarchy discussed by Baier?

one working to reinterpret the caring relation as the relationship changes

What is an example of caring as a disposition done well?

B

What is reflective equilibrium? a) It is a description of thinking rationally. b) It is a state in which our principles and considered judgments coincide. c) It is an attempt to have one's personal view reflected in society. d) It is the process of critiquing existing social norms.

B

What primary reason does Girshick give in support of her view that the documents indicating a person's sexual identity are problematic? a) They empower the wrong individuals. b) They are a form of gender policing. c) Physicians unfairly profit by providing supporting documentation. d) Authorities may disregard them.

A

Which of the following is NOT a reason that the diversity model answers existing objections against the compensatory model? a) It focuses on blue- and pink-collar jobs that do not ask their occupants to contribute ideas. b) It offers a non stigmatizing account of why members of targeted racial groups are preferred. c) It explains why affirmative action favors the more advantaged members of targeted groups. d) It locates the point of affirmative action in continuing institutional needs for epistemic diversity.

B

Which of the following is NOT an objection raised by critics of the compensatory model of affirmative action? a) Race is an imperfect proxy for victimization-by-discrimination. b) The compensatory model fails to consider the present and historical treatment of targeted groups. c) Organizations engage in affirmative action even if they have not been found guilty of discrimination. d) The degree of benefit is not adjusted to any measure of damages that targets have suffered from discrimination.

D

Which of the following is one of the "three principall causes of quarrell" in the nature of man, according to Hobbes? a) religion b) instinct c) beauty d) competition

D

Which of the following is the reason Girshick offers for why gender identity disorder should not be considered a mental illness? a) It is too difficult for a transsexual person to meet the strict criteria of transsexuality as defined by the DSM. b) Acting on transsexuality is a choice, unlike experiencing the symptoms of mental illnesses. c) There is not enough evidence to support classifying transsexuality as a mental illness. d) Transsexuality is a problem with one's physical body, not one's gender identity.

C

Which of these is a reason that Young gives for why individuals should not be blamed for structurally unjust outcomes? a) Everyone is equally to blame, so no one should bear specific responsibility. b) Structural injustice is a value-neutral fact, so there is no blame to be assigned. c) No one's specific actions can be traced to their structurally unjust effects. d) Blame is not a part of a model of political responsibility.

C

Which restriction on aid-related action would Singer admit is morally justified? a) Aid only those who are within one's own country. b) Contribute the amount of money that is needed to address the problem, assuming others do the same. c) Provide aid in such a way as to bring about the least bad outcome possible. d) Aid the people most likely to benefit from the aid, before helping others.

Jesus Christ

Whom does Mill consider to be an embodiment of the "complete spirit of the ethics of utility"?

B

Why do considerations of global justice favor sulfate aerosol injection, according to Moellendorf? a) It permits all nations to continue to work toward their national interests without concern for environmental impact. b) It allows developing countries to achieve their objectives while minimizing their costs for helping the environment. c) It alleviates the concern of international quarreling over which nations may use carbon capture methods and when they may use them. d) It offsets the cost of maintaining a low warming target by requiring advanced nations to pay for the injections.

it misses a central feature of care, namely its evaluations of and recommendations concerning relations between persons

Why does Held think it is inadequate to view care simply as another virtue?

A

Why does Hobbes maintain that all men are equal by nature, despite acknowledging that some are (for example) physically stronger than others? a) The weaker can always cooperate to defeat the stronger. b) Physical strength is ultimately not relevant to human equality. c) The collective is more important than the individual. d) All humans have natural rights.

B

Why does Kant think that the only thing that could be considered good without limitation is a good will? a) One's talents and temperament can only be intrinsically valuable, and not instrumentally valuable. b) One's talents and temperament can be evil if accompanied by an evil will. c) A good will is the product of reason and reflection. d) A good will is given to mankind by God.

C

With what widely accepted practice does Moellendorf compare the Ability-to-Pay principle of cost distribution? a) intergenerational justice policy implementation b) growing an economy over time c) progressive income taxes d) fair-market pricing

those who are lacking in strength

according to Glaucon, who are the only people who praise justice in what he calls "the common view"?

justice

according to Socrates, which of the following belongs to the most valuable of the three categories of goods identified by Glaucon?

kin altruism, reciprocal altruism, and group altruism

according to peter singer, what are the synonymous terms?

the social contract theory of ethics

what "historical myth" does singer think sociobiology, particularly evolutionary theory, can help dispel?

style in art (as with Gothic architecture)

what does Benedict use to demonstrate the process by which cultures become integrated?

ingratitude (especially toward one's parents)

what does hume consider "the most horrid and unnatural of all crimes that human creatures are capable of committing"?

evolution privileges behavior that results in one's children surviving and reproducing

what fact does singer point to in order to show that strictly selfish behavior will not be favored by evolution?

how would you like it if someone did that to you?

what is a general argument that Nagel uses in regards to why we have "some reason to care about others"?

moral isolationism (midgley)

what is a position that denies that we can ever understand another culture well enough to make judgements about it?

it is typically right to return borrowed property to its owner. However it would be wrong to return a knife to someone who will use the knife to commit murder.

what is an example of "one way in which right and wrong are obviously relative to circumstances," in Nagel's view

food sharing among wild dogs

what is an example of altruism in the animal kingdom referenced by Singer?

fearing God's wrath is not the right kind of motivation for behaving morally

what is an objection to the religious foundation for morality offered by Nagel?

the discovery of truth or falsehood

what, according to Hume, is reason?

a sentiment of disapprobation

what, according to Hume, makes "willful murder" a vice?

to study living habits of thought and the functions of institutions

what, for Benedict, is the "first essential" of the study of culture

trying out samurai swords on strangers in Japan

which cultural practice does midgely use as the primary example in her argument against moral isolationism?

Gyges

who is the person in Glaucon's though experiment with access to a ring of invisibility?

other cultures provide us with a range of alternatives we can use to better understand our own

why does Midgely suggest that moral isolationism would prevent us from forming judgements about our own culture?