Philosophy Questions

Equivocation

A word with more than one meaning is used in a kind of double speak.

five senses

According to Berkeley, you can't learn that you are an "I" through the [x].

chemistry

According to hard empiricists, everything is just [x], which means nothing has free will.

true

Aristotle was the student of Plato, but he didn't always get along with Plato.

empiricism

Berkeley began outlining an argument for idealism as he saw [x] gaining power.

false

Nobody uses logic in their daily life, it is something that only belongs in the classroom.

germ theory of disease

Sammel Weis came up with the [x].

metaphysics

Science is limited, it can't tell us about things like morality, which belongs in the realm of [x].

Argument from Ignorance

Since something has not been proven true, so it must be false.

ideological immunity

The more you know about something, the less likely you are to be open to new ideas and to change your mind about that particular topic. This is called [x].

5

There are [x] perennial questions in philosophy.

truths

When looking for wisdom it is important to find unchanging [x].

Self awareness

[x] just is the understanding that you are an "I".

mind

"There's nothing in the [x] that is not first in the senses."

worldview

A [x] really just is the way you view the world.

Hasty Generalization

A non-typical example is given in order to make a general point covering all circumstances.

mind

A thought experiment is an experiment that doesn't happen in a lab, but instead takes place in the [x].

falsification

According to [x] you are logical and rational to continue believing things like the sun will rise tomorrow, until some evidence to the contrary is presented.

absorbing

According to ancient atomism, even though objects are emitting atoms, they don't really change size because they are also [x] atoms.

Appeal to Authority

An appeal is made to the testimony of someone speaking outside their area of expertise.

Appeal to Pity

An appeal to compassion is given as the reason for accepting the position.

stuff

Ancient philosophers were looking for the "[x]" that is the basic reality underlying the world.

Argumentum ad Baculum

Appeal to force as the basis for accepting or rejection a point of view.

Red Herring

Argument that distracts from the issue in question through the introduction of some irrelevancy.

Ad hominem Attack

Attacking the person rather than the argument.

processor

Berkley argued that there has to be a [x] in place, that was not learned through the five senses, but that processes the input from the five senses.

blooming buzzing

Berkley believes the processor is primary when it comes to knowledge, because it must exist to make sense of the input from the senses, and without it the world would be a [x] confusion of things.

false

Continental Rationalists and British Empiricists eventually discovered they were saying the same thing, but using different terms.

logic

Descartes gave us a mathematical approach to [x].

modern

Descartes ideas were so powerful, his thinking started a new era in philosophy called the [x] era.

modern

Descartes started the [x] period of philosophy.

Straw Man

Fallacy of substituting for you opponent's position a simplistic caricature.

wisest

He told them that he was told by the Oracle of Delphi, that he was the [x] of men.

pride

Hubris is over [x].

logic; emotion

Humans need [x] and [y] to be stable, balanced, and to have a good life.

false

Hume did not know about Cook's voyages and so could not have known how diverse human mortality is.

true

Hume is going to argue that through sensations of the five senses, creatures with our particular biology will develop morals.

vacuum

Hume is heard in what is called Darwinism, because Darwinism was not created in a [x].

true

Hume is not saying that we are all fitted out to have the exact same morality.

anything; anything

Hume made the controversial statement that, "[x] could be the cause of [y]."

cause; effect

Hume said we learn by witnessing with our five senses witnessing ever more complicated things, and by understanding, and recognizing [x] and [y].

associate

Hume says we see event "A" followed by event "B" and when we see it often enough, we [x] them together.

Scottish enlightenment

Hume writes and thinks during a time called the [x], when Edinburgh becomes the center of learning in the world.

naturalistic

Hume's approach to ethics does not include mortality coming to us from a god, government, or human society, but instead is a very [x] approach to where mortality comes from.

parade

Hume's theory is called the Association Theory of Mind, or Hume's [x] Theory.

false

If an idea is old, it must be wrong.

true

In life there are times to respond emotionally to a given set of events, and at other times it is good to respond logically to a given situation.

probabiltiy

Inductive reasoning can't prove things are true absolutely, but using it we can accept many things as being true with a degree of [x].

false

James agrees with an Association Theory of Mind.

common sense

James brought the pragmatic idea to philosophy that when science and philosophy conflict with [x], it better be science and philosophy that give way.

experiences; experiences

James claimed that no set of _____ has authority over another set of _____.

experience

James is going to be very practical and [x] based.

common sense

James realized that for all of its faults, [x] is probably the best thing we have going for us, because our senses can fool us, and our rationality can fail us.

smaller

James says that we don't explain consciousness, by pointing to earlier [x] consciousnesses.

self-aware

James wanted to know how you could have a creature that is a little bit [x], if creatures developed through evolutionary theory.

intelligence

James will claim that we have to have an intact supernumerary [x] that integrates all of this together.

passive

Kant said the empiricists assumed the mind was purely [x], when obviously there is a processor.

system

Logic is a [x] that we can use to judge all thoughts, it is a system that allows us to have a criterion to judge ideas.

consequences

Part of logical thinking is considering all of the [x] before we dive in head first.

true

Philosophers are involved and influenced by the worlds in which they live.

love of wisdom

Philosophy comes from two Greek words and translates as the "[x]".

evidence

Philosophy does not take things for granted or make assumptions, but philosophy wants some kind of [x] to back up claims of truth.

rational

Philosophy is therefore probably best characterized as [x] examination.

action

Pragma literally translates as [x].

false

Socrates agreed with the Oracle, that he was the wisest of men, and set out to prove this was true.

gadfly

Socrates became known as the [x] of Athens.

worth much

Socrates said, "I think what the god meant when he said I am wisest, is that man's wisdom is not [x]."

living

Socrates said, "The unexamined life is not worth [x]."

corrupting

Socrates was charged with [x] the youth of Athens, and with dishonoring the gods.

philo

The Greek word [x] is the kind of love you have toward family.

foundational

The Greeks were looking for the most basic, fundamental, or [x] ideas that thinking is based on.

normative

The [x] function in philosophy means that we're going to be interested in finding the best of things.

true

The analytic and Socratic method are different names for the same method.

blank slate

The empiricists say that your mind is a tabula rasa, or [x], until knowledge from the five senses writes information on it.

ghost in a shell

The idea there is a non-material thing living in our physical body is sometimes called the [x].

interact

The main problem or question for the mind body problem is, how can two radically different things [x] so intimately.

consequences

The pragmatic method is primarily a method of settling metaphysical disputes that otherwise might be indeterminable, and it allows us to look at practical [x] and decide if the dispute is meaningful.

personality

The pre-frontal cortex contains the [x] and the ability to determine consequences.

logic

The rules of [x] are just as real as the rules of chemistry.

time; space

The two things Kant considered as pure, meaning they can't be observed by the five senses, knowledge are _____ and _____.

vaccinations

The use of deductive and inductive reasoning allowed Jenner to invent [x].

knowledge

The word science comes from the Latin word "scientica", meaning [x].

false

Twentieth century philosophers succeeded in getting rid of the old philosophical debate and starting a new way of thinking.

true

When Socrates was found guilty, he said he would not run because if he did, he could truly be charged and found guilty of breaking the law of Athens.

false

When Theologians in the middle ages were reacquainted with Aristotle's writings, they were incorporated some of his ideas and those ideas radically changed the theology of the Christian church of that time.

strengths; weaknesses

When deciding between empiricism, idealism, and dualism, one has to weight the [x] and [y] of each position and try to determine which problems they are willing to accept.

disgrace

When his students asked why he did not run when he could, Socrates replied, "Wherever a man's station is, whether he has chosen it of his own will, or whether he has been placed there by his commander, there it is his duty to remain and face the danger, without thinking of death or of any other things except [x].

causation

When one event seems to be the cause of an event because it happens in close proximity when in fact there is another cause for the effect, this is called, [x] vs. correlation.

Begging the question

When the conclusion to be proved is assumed in the argument.

Materialism

[x] and Empiricism are two words for the same thing, and neither of them has anything to do with money when discussing philosophy.

metaphysics

[x] is the perennial idea in philosophy that deals with the question, "What is reality?"

Dualism

[x] is the question, what if it is both the knowing processing mind and the five senses working together to bring us knowledge?

A posteriori

[x] knowledge is knowledge that comes after sensory perception.

A priori

[x] knowledge is knowledge that is independent of the senses, meaning it comes prior to sensory perception.

empirical

[x] knowledge is knowledge you gained through the five senses.

Deductive

[x] reasoning is the process by which a person makes conclusions based on previously known facts.

Inductive

[x] reasoning is the process of arriving at a conclusion based on a set of observations, it itself is not a valid proof, it is the nature of induction that the conclusion of an inductive argument is never proved absolutely.

rational

[x] reflection really just is thinking hard.

Aristotle

[x] thought the realm of ideas and the world of the physical interacted in such a way that neither was a primary as the fundamental underlying foundation, but both of them were part of the foundation.

Herodotus

[x] was the first historian to record historical events as being the result of human activity, rather than the activity of the gods.