PHY 309K: Chapter 02-11 and 15

What are the units for the constant G used in Newton's law of universal gravitation?

(N m2)/kg2

. After 1 second, a ball dropped from rest will have fallen

4.9 m

A guitar is perfectly tuned. The tension on its strings is then increased. Which of the following is true? A. The frequencies of sounds from the guitar are higher than before. B. The wavelengths of sounds from the guitar are longer than before. C. The speed of sounds from the guitar is larger than before. D. The amplitudes of sounds from the guitar are larger.

A. The frequencies of sounds from the guitar are higher than before.

Aerodynamic lift results from ___________ Principle.

Bernoulli

Nuclear power stations have thermal electric generation that A. converts uranium into natural gas, and then ignites the natural gas. B. converts the nucleus of uranium atoms into electrons. C. generates heat first, then steam which drives a spinning turbine connected to a generator. D. are reversible heat engines.

C. generates heat first, then steam which drives a spinning turbine connected to a generator.

A good conductor of electricity is generally a good conductor of heat. True or False?

True

Water in a dish is set on a table in an initially empty closed room and begins to evaporate. The temperature in the room will

begin to increase

When a baseball bat hits the ball, the impulse delivered to the ball is increased by

"follow through" on the swing, which increases contact time.

If you are traveling 80 mph, how many hours does it take you to go 80 miles?

1

An object weighs 30 newtons on Earth. What is its approximate mass?

3kg

A dog weighs 200 N. What is his approximate weight in pounds (lb)? (1 lb = 4.45 N)

45 lb

The term heat in physics is

energy transferred to a body because of a difference in temperature.

If the net force on a body is zero the net torque _______________________ (is always, is not necessarily, cannot be) zero.

is not necessarily

The power of an engine is a measure of

the rate at which it can perform work

A bullet of mass 0.010 kg and speed of 100 m/s is brought to rest in a wooden block after penetrating a distance of 0.10 m. The work done on the bullet by the block is

-1250 J

A ball is thrown straight up with an initial velocity of 10 m/s. After 3 seconds its velocity will be

-19.4 m/s

The tip of the second hand of a clock moves in a circle of 20 cm circumference. In one minute the hand makes a complete revolution. Its average velocity over that time is ___________ cm/s.

0

A bullet is fired horizontally at a target 20 m away. The velocity of the bullet as it leaves the gun is 200 m/s. How much, approximately, will the bullet drop on its way to the target?

0.05 m

A student releases a ball from rest on an inclined plane and measures that it travels a distance of 0.8 m in a time of 4.0 s. The average speed of the ball is

0.2 m/s

A ball is projected upward with an initial velocity of 10 m/s. It will reach its maximum height in approximately

1 s

For a 0.1kg frog to jump to a height of 1.0 meter requires an energy of about

1.0 Joule

Assuming g = 10 m/s2 and that air resistance is negligible, in 1/2 second a ball dropped from rest will fall

1.25 m

A force acts on an object for a time. If one eighth the force had acted for twice as long, the impulse would have been __________ as much as before.

1/4

According to Newton's Law of Gravitation, if the distance between two bodies is doubled the attractive force between them becomes

1/4 as large

A car starts from rest and after 10 seconds is traveling at 30 m/s. Assuming that it continues to accelerate at the same rate it will take another ________ seconds to reach 60 m/s.

10

A cyclist races around a circular track at the constant speed of 20 m/s. The radius of the track is 40 m. The centripetal acceleration of the cyclist is

10 m/s2 toward the center of the track

A parachutist jumping from an airplane reaches a terminal velocity when the force of air resistance is 980 N. The mass of the parachutist is

100 kg

The glass in a window is 35 inches wide and 20 inches tall, and standard atmospheric pressure is 14.7 pounds per square inch. What net force would result on the glass if the air pressure outside the house were 1% lower than the air pressure inside?

103 pounds outward

A car accelerates uniformly. It starts from rest and reaches 36 m/s after 6.0 seconds. During the 6.0 seconds it has traveled _______________ m.

108

In order to find the depth of a well, you drop a stone into it and time its fall. It hits the water after falling for 1.5 s. The depth of the well is about

11 m

Suppose one's hand exerts a force of 12 N upward on a book weighing 10 N. The reaction to the force of the hand on the book is a force of

12 N exerted by the book on the hand

Your weight is 120 lb. Suppose you are standing on a scale in an elevator moving up with a constant speed of 4 m/s. What would be the reading on the scale?

120 lb

An 80-kg football player travels to the right at 8 m/s and a 120-kg player on the opposite team travels to the left at 4.0 m/s. The total momentum is

160 kg m/s to the right

A bullet of mass 0.010 kg and speed of 200m/s is brought to rest in a wooden block after penetrating a distance of 0.10m. This process takes .02 second. The magnitude of the impulse delivered to the bullet by the block during this time is

2.0 Ns

A student uses a thermometer calibrated in Kelvin units. A temperature change of 20 K is equivalent to a change of how many degrees on the Celsius scale? ____________.

20

A calculus book weighing 20 N rests on the floor of a classroom. The reaction to the force of the floor on the book is a force of

20 N exerted by the book on the earth

In a head-on automobile collision, a person's momentum could be reduced from 2000 kg m/s to zero in just 0.1s. If this occurs, the average force exerted to stop the person is.

20,000 N

A 3.0kg cat runs to the left at 10 m/s and a 10kg dog runs to the right at 4.0 m/s. The total kinetic energy is

230 Joule

A crate is acted upon by a net force of 100 N. An acceleration of 4.0 m/s2 results. The weight of the crate is

245 N

A box is moved 10m across the floor by a force of 25 N acting along the direction of motion. The work done by the force is

250 J

A hydraulic jack is used to lift a load of weight 4000 N. The load-bearing cylinder has a radius of 4 cm, and the other piston has a radius of 1 cm. What force must be exerted on the smaller piston to support the load?

250 N

A man weighs 650 N while on the surface of Earth. If he is transported to the planet Mythos, which has the same mass as Earth but a radius that is five times larger than Earth's, his weight would be

26 N

The acceleration due to the Earth's gravity, in English units, is 32 ft/s2 . In the absence of air friction, a ball is dropped from rest. Its speed on striking the ground is exactly 132 ft/s. From what height was the ball dropped?

272 ft

If the speed of a car is tripled, the impulse required to stop the car changes by a factor of

3

Moving at a constant speed, an elevator lifts a 1000 N package 10 meters in 3 seconds. During this time, the impulse delivered to the package by the elevator floor is

3,000 Ns up

Your car can accelerate at 8.0 m/s2, and there are 1609 m in one mile. So you can go from zero to 60 mi/hr in about

3.35 s

The average force required to accelerate a 0.20kg ball from rest to 30m/s in .002s is

3000N

To get a clean "swish"—nothing but net—on the basketball floor, you must shoot the ball so that its velocity vector is at least ________ above horizontal when it gets to the hoop.

32 degrees

A car is decelerating at the rate of 2 km/s2. If its initial speed is 66 km/s, how long will it take the car to come to a complete stop?

33 s

If your average speed for a 6 hr trip is 60 mi/hr, the distance traveled is

360 mi

For identical cannons and identical projectiles and identical initial speeds, but different pointing angles, the maximum distance for its projectile is attained for the cannon which launches at

45 degrees above horizontal

A car travels a distance of 100 km. For the first 30 minutes it is driven at a constant speed of 80 km/hr. The motor begins to vibrate and the driver reduces the speed to 40 km/hr for the rest of the trip. The average speed for the entire trip is

47.5 km/hr

A pendulum swings through 10 cycles in 2 seconds. The frequency of the pendulum is

5 Hz

An auto moves 10 meters in the first second of travel, 15 more meters in the next second, and 20 more meters during the third second. The acceleration of the auto is

5 m/s^2

In order to go from rest to 50 m/s in 10 s, a jet must be able to accelerate at

5 m/s^2

A box of graham crackers is labeled "120 Calories per serving." Assuming this means 120 kcal, and recalling that 4.16 J = 1 cal, the energy of a serving of the graham crackers is about

5 x 10^5 J.

A merry-go-round, having a radius of 2.5 m, is set in motion starting from rest, by students applying a force of 500 N tangential to the rim of the wheel. After five seconds of torque, the students let go and measure the rotational speed: 1.25 rad/s. The rotational inertia of the merry-go-round is

5.0 103 kg/m2.

A block of mass 2.5 kg is acted upon by a single force, producing an acceleration of 2.0 m/s2 . The force has a value of

5.0 N

While studying for this quiz you realize that you still have 100 g of lukewarm coffee at 40C left in a paper cup. When you pour 20 g of boiling water into the cup, the temperature of the resulting coffee-like mixture will be now

50 degrees C

A child, whose weight is 150 newtons, lifts a pumpkin from the ground with a force of 50 newtons. The force the pumpkin exerts on the child is

50 newtons

Your mass is 50 kg. Suppose you are standing on a scale in an elevator that starts moving up and increases its speed at the rate of 3 m/s every second. What would be the reading on the scale?

640 N

A body travels at an initial speed of 2.5 m/s. Given a constant acceleration of 0.2 m/s2, what is the speed of the body at time 25 seconds later?

7.5 m/s

A gas initially is at a pressure of 35 kPa. If its volume is halved while the absolute temperature is kept constant the new pressure will be ___________ kPa.

70

A stone is thrown upward from a bridge at a speed of 10 m/s. It narrowly misses the bridge on the way back down and hits the water at 30 m/s. The bridge is about

76.5 m high

The temperature of 100 g of water is to be raised from 10C to 90C. The energy needed to do this is about

8 x 10^3 cal

The density of aluminum is 2700 kg/m3. An aluminum block has a mass of 2.5 kg. The buoyant force exerted on this block when it is completely submerged in water of density 1000 kg/m3 is approximately

9.1 N

A small radio-controlled car's motor rated at 6 watts output is capable of performing _________________ Joules of work in 15 seconds.

90

A speed of 150 km/hr is equivalent to _________ mph. (There are 1.609 km in a mile.)

93

A hot air balloon derives its lift from the property of fluids as stated by

Archimedes' Principle

Waves on a particular string travel with a velocity of 10 m/s. A high-speed photograph shows that successive peaks are 0.40 m apart along the string. The frequency of the waves is A. 5 Hz. B. 10 Hz. C. 15 Hz. D. 20 Hz. E. 25 Hz.

E. 25 Hz.

Suppose the velocity of waves on a particular rope under a tension of 100 N is 12 m/s. If the tension is decreased to 25 N what will be the new velocity of waves on the rope? A. 48 m/s. B. 24 m/s. C. 18 m/s. D. 12 m/s. E. 6 m/s.

E. 6 m/s.

Force F, acting for time T and over a distance D, gives impulse I. To get the same impulse using half the force, it would be necessary for the force to act

For a time 2T

An object undergoes uniform circular motion. Which pair of vectors is perpendicular?

Its centripetal acceleration and velocity vectors

A shiny, spherical, metal alien jumps out of a perfectly good airplane and skydives for a few seconds. Its photographic friend snaps photos of the sphere with a special camera that also captures the forces on the object. This diagram shows a few of the snapshots, but they are out of order. Place them in order, from the instant it jumps out of the plane and begins free-fall until the time it attains terminal velocity. Assume that the parachute has not deployed yet. If any of the diagrams depict a situation not physically possible, omit it from the ordering.

L, J, Q

Which object is hotter?

Object 1 at T = 0 C.

If a single force acts on a moving object

The momentum of the object must change

A robot spacecraft is sent to Mars to explore the Martian polar ice cap. Designers can surround it with a set of inflatable balloons that pop out like automobile air bags as soon as the spacecraft's re-entry parachute opens up.----When the spacecraft lands, it will be able to roll for a few meters across the surface of Mars. The popout balloons have an advantage to the spacecraft, because

They increase the time of impact and lessen the stopping force

In order for a body to exhibit simple harmonic motion there must be

a force drawing the body toward the center and increasing with distance away from the center

A quantity that is a measure of how the velocity of a body changes with time is

acceleration

The net force acting on a body gives the direction of the ________________ of the body.

acceleration

A person standing at the edge of a cliff throws one rock straight up and another rock straight down at the same initial speed. The rock that was thrown __________ has less speed at impact.

actually, each rock has the same speed just before impact

A spring wound clock makes use of ____________ energy to drive the mechanism.

elastic potential

In any process, the total ________________ in all parts of the universe increases or remains constant.

entropy

The total momentum of a system will change during a collision unless the ____________ force is zero.

external

An object rises at 5.0 m/s under the influence of gravity only. One second later the object is

falling at 4.8 m/s

When the temperature of the air in a balloon is raised, the volume of the balloon

increases

In an ideal reversible process such as a Carnot cycle the entropy of the universe ___________________ (increases, decreases, is unchanged).

is unchanged

A process carried out at constant temperature is known as a(n) _________________ process.

isothermal

Heat is extracted from a hot reservoir during a(n) ________________ expansion in a Carnot cycle.

isothermal

if an object has a larger potential energy than kinetic energy,

it is not possible to predict what the speed will be; it depends on the situation

A simple machine allows you to move__________ masses even though you apply ___________

larger; smaller force over a longer distance

When a mechanic uses an extension arm on his wrench to loosen a stubborn nut, he is exerting additional torque because of an increase in the _________________ (two words) of the force.

lever arm

Suppose a little bubble of air has gotten into the top of a mercury barometer. If a person uses a barometer in the usual way, the reading of atmospheric pressure will be

lower than the actual value.

All except one of the following require the application of a net force. Which one is the exception?

maintaining an object in motion at a constant velocity

If a force acts on an object, the impulse will be

nonzero in all situations

A grandfather clock that is regulated by a pendulum is orbiting the Earth abroad the space station. Compared to an identical clock on Earth, the grandfather clock abroad the space station will

not run at all

Two pieces of kryptonite, #1 and #2, have identical masses, but the net force applied to #1 is 400 N and to #2 is 20 N. The acceleration

of #1 is larger

The __________ of a pendulum is the amount of time the pendulum takes for one full swing.

period

Thermal-electric solar power stations typically experience fluctuations in available sunlight throughout the day, but can use ______________________ to smooth out electrical power levels to their customers.

phase-change materials

Which of the following quantities relating to motion is not a vector?

speed

Refer to the graph above. The acceleration of the object is equal to zero

the acceleration is never equal to zero

A balloon inflated with helium is able to float toward the ceiling because

the balloon and the gas it contains weigh less than the air displaced by the balloon.

If you push directly on the handle of a closed door and it does not swing open, then

the net torque on the door must be zero.

A ball at the end of a string is swinging as a simple pendulum. Assuming no loss in energy due to friction, we can say for the ball that

the potential energy is maximum at each end of the motion

A boat floating in a large pool is loaded with solid iron bars. The water level at the pool's edge is marked with a red line. The iron is now thrown overboard. When the water becomes calm again,

the red line is slightly higher than the water level.

If the same impulse is applied to a ping-pong ball and a baseball, the change in the ping-pong ball's momentum will be _____________ the baseball's.

the same as or equal to

Because the rotational inertia is higher, it is hardest in springboard diving to perform a forward somersault in

the straight position (no bending at knees or waist)

After I dip a cup of water from the ocean, I can conclude that

the temperature of the water in the cup is the same as the temperature of the water in the ocean

On a cold day, a metal fence post feels colder to the touch than a tree. This sensation of different temperatures is explained by the fact that

the thermal conductivity of the metal is higher.

work is done on an object to increase its total energy. Which one is the following is true?

the total work done must be equal lost to heat and sound

An elevator is being lifted upward at a constant speed by a steel cable. All frictional forces are neglected. In this situation, forces on the elevator are such that

the upward force by the cable is equal to the downward force of gravity

A physics professor places a soda pop can on the table and asks a student to identify the forces acting upon the can and the directions of each force. The two forces acting on the soda pop can are

the weight force downward and normal force from the table upward

When work is done by a force on an object, then which of the following is true?

the work done is equal to the change of total kinetic energy of the object plus any energy appearing as heat, light, or sound

Atmospheric pressure decreases as one moves to higher elevations because

there is much less air above a mountain than above the oceans.

If an object has an angular acceleration larger than zero, its angular __________ must be changing with time.

velocity

A body moving in a circular path at constant speed exhibits acceleration because its ____________ is changing.

velocity or direction

The ____________ of a body decreases as it is moved away from the surface of the Earth.

weight

A gyroscope consists of a wheel mounted on an axle aligned along a north-south direction. The south end of the axle is suspended by a rope attached to the ceiling, and the north end is manually held at rest. The wheel is spinning rapidly, so that its angular momentum vector points north. Suddenly the north end is released. Since there is spin, the north end of the axle will begin to move

west

A ball of mass 5 kg attached to a string is swung in a horizontal circle of radius 0.5 m. If the tension in the string is 10 N, the work done by the tension in one revolution is _____________ J.

zero

The potential energy of a spring is 0.3 J when it is compressed 0.04 m to the left of its equilibrium position. At this point it comes to its leftmost position. What is its kinetic energy at this point?

zero

Two astronauts of equal mass are holding on to each other and moving at a speed of 30 m/s. They push off each other and one of the astronauts moves in the same direction as the two were initially moving but at 60 m/s. The velocity of the second astronaut is

zero

The kinetic energy of a body is correctly given by which of the following expressions (m=mass, v=speed)

(1/2)mv^2

Which of the following temperatures is the lowest?

0 degrees F

An oil tanker heading due west, straight into a strong wind, reaches a speed of 5 m/s and then shuts down its engines to drift. The forward-facing flat surfaces of the tanker catch a total of 60,000 N of force from the wind. This wind force is pointing backwards, to the east. The tanker's mass is 100,000 metric tons, which is 100 million kg. If the wind blows at the same strength for 5 minutes, then how much has the wind changed the tanker's speed?

0.18 m/s

. A body of mass 1 kg is pushed across a horizontal table by a force of 1 N. The observed acceleration is 0.7 m/s2 . The force of friction opposing the motion is _______________ N.

0.3

During the first 5 seconds after a ball is dropped from rest, how far will it fall?

122.5 m

Suppose you throw a ball vertically downward with a speed of 10 m/s. Neglecting air friction, what would be the speed of the ball one second later?

19.8 m/s

An iron robot falls from rest at a great height. Neglecting air resistance, what is its speed after it has fallen for 3.5 seconds?

34.3 m/s

Your mass is 50 kg. Suppose you are standing on a scale in an elevator that is approaching a top floor and decreasing its speed at the rate of 3 m/s every second. What would be the reading on the scale?

340 N

The surface gravity of Mars is 3.7 m/s2 . If a person with mass of 100 kg were parachuting on Mars, what would be the force exerted by air resistance at terminal velocity?

370 N

If the atmospheric pressure is 15 lb/in2, what is the corresponding downward force on the top of a horizontal square area 5 inches on each side?

375 lbs

One section of a pipe carrying water has a cross-sectional area of 16 cm2; in this section the water has flow velocity of 1.0 m/s. Another section of this pipe has a constricted cross-sectional area of 4 cm2. If the flow is steady, what is the water velocity in the constricted section?

4.0 m/s

A car starts from rest and reaches 20 m/s in 5 seconds. The average acceleration of the car is

4.0 m/s^2

A 10.0 kg block on a smooth horizontal surface is acted upon by two forces: a horizontal force of 70 N acting to the left and a horizontal force of 30 N to the right. The acceleration of the block will be

4.0 m/s^2 to the left

A 3 kg block, initially moving due east at 6m/s, is acted upon by an impulse having magnitude 6Ns and direction due west. the final velocity of the block is

4m/s east

A fire fighting vehicle of mass 12,000kg is at rest but free to roll with no resistance. If you push it forward with a force of 500 N, the momentum at the end of 10 s of pushing will be

5000 kg m/s

A mixture consists of 70 g of ice and 60 g of liquid water, both at 0C. (The latent heat of fusion of water is 80 cal/g and the specific heat capacity of water is 1.0 cal/g C.) The amount of heat that must be added to melt all of the ice is about

5600 cal

A full Moon is just now rising. Approximately what time of day is it?

6 Pm (sunset)

An elevator of mass 500 kg is caused to accelerate upward at 3.0 m/s2 by a force in the cable. What is the force exerted by the cable?

6,400 N

Two waves approach each other as shown above. When they completely overlap, the resulting wave will look like (image) A B C D

A

Ball A is thrown upward with a velocity of 19.6 m/s. Two seconds later ball B is thrown upward with a velocity of 9.8 m/s. Which ball is first to return to the thrower's hand?

A and B will arrive at the same time

Which of the following statements is true?

A floating ocean liner will displace its own weight of water.

A physics student has to make a choice in the color of paint to put on her geosynchronous communication satellite, MYSAT1. Considering most of its orbit is in sunlight, the decision of a light versus dark color paint will depend on which concept below?

A light paint would be better for keeping the satellite cool in sunlight.

A racquetball is dropped from a height of one meter. It bounces off the floor and rises to a height of 0.8m the collision with the floor was

A partially inelastic collision

Human hearing is most sensitive around 2500 Hz. If the speed of sound is 340 m/s, what is the wavelength of this sound? A. 0.14 m B. 7.4 m C. 340 m D. 2160 m

A. 0.14 m

A string is held taut between two supports 2.0 m apart. The longest and next-longest possible wavelengths for standing waves are A. 4 m and 2 m. B. 6 m and 3 m. C. 8 m and 4 m. D. 16 m and 5.3 m.

A. 4 m and 2 m.

A tuning fork with a frequency of 512 Hz is used to tune a violin. When played together, beats are heard with a frequency of 4 Hz. The string on the violin is tightened and when played again, the beats have a frequency of 2 Hz. The original frequency of the violin was A. 508 Hz. B. 510 Hz. C. 514 Hz. D. 516 Hz.

A. 508 Hz.

The pitch of a sound is determined primarily by its A. frequency. B. speed. C. duration. D. amplitude.

A. frequency.

Some people claim that the theory of evolution violates the second law of thermodynamics, since that theory holds that order develops out of disorder, corresponding to a decrease in entropy. This claim A. is incorrect; the second law says only that the total entropy in a closed system increases. B. is correct, thereby disproving the theory evolution. C. if incorrect, would mean that the theory of evolution must be true. D. none of these.

A. is incorrect; the second law says only that the total entropy in a closed system increases.

To excite the second harmonic in a jumprope, you have to change the frequency from the fundamental. The new frequency must be A. larger. B. smaller. C. the same as the fundamental frequency, but you'll need a larger wavelength. D. the inverse of the fundamental frequency.

A. larger.

The actual source of wind energy is A. solar energy B. the daily rotation of the Earth on its axis C. the tides D. the lunar cycle

A. solar energy

The erroneous idea that an object needs a force on it to keep moving even at constant velocity was held by

Aristotle

Object A moving due east collides with object B moving due west. After the collision, A is moving 20º north of due east. What must be true of B after the collision?

At least part of B's velocity must be toward the south.

A car moving east collides with a truck moving north. The vehicles have the same speed but the truck has twice the mass of the car. If the vehicles stick together after the collision, what path followed by the vehicles after the collision

B (next to the one pining straight up)

A Carnot engine operating between reservoirs at 500C and 300C would have an efficiency of approximately A. 0.11. B. 0.30. C. 0.50. D. 0.67. E. 0.74.

B. 0.30.

The speed of electromagnetic waves in air is 3.0 108 m/s. What is the wavelength of FM radio waves having a frequency of 3.0 108 Hz? A. 0.333 m B. 1.0 m C. 3.0 m D. 6.0 m E. 10 m

B. 1.0 m

If the speed of sound is 1100 feet per second and a tuning fork oscillates at 440 cycles per second, what is the wavelength of the sound produced? A. 0.4 foot B. 2.5 feet C. 4.4 feet D. 11 feet

B. 2.5 feet

Sound is produced by a pipe that is closed on one end. The standing waves must have A. just one node in the pipe. B. at least one node in the pipe. C. at most one antinode in the pipe. D. no antinodes in the pipe.

B. at least one node in the pipe.

A reversible engine is one that A. does no net work. B. causes no increase in net entropy. C. generates no net heat. D. acts as a refrigerator.

B. causes no increase in net entropy.

A refrigerator transfers heat from a colder body to a hotter body while energy is used to operate the device. This is A. allowed only if the internal energy of the refrigerator increases. B. consistent with Clausius's statement of the second law. C. possible if entropy of the contents of the refrigerator increases. D. impossible unless the refrigerator uses a Carnot cycle.

B. consistent with Clausius's statement of the second law.

When a wave crosses from one medium into another in which the wave speed is lower, the frequency is unchanged. The wavelength A. increases. B. decreases. C. stays the same.

B. decreases.

The amount of disorder in a system is called A. density. B. entropy. C. temperature on the Kelvin scale. D. pressure.

B. entropy.

When playing tennis, if you hit the ball off of the top end of the racket, an uncomfortable standing wave vibration is produced in the racket. This wave is A. longitudinal. B. transverse. C. both longitudinal and transverse. D. neither longitudinal nor transverse.

B. transverse.

If a Carnot heat engine is run in reverse, it becomes A. a heat engine with the smallest possible efficiency. B. an engine that has a negative efficiency. C. a refrigerator. D. nothing. It can't be run in reverse because to do so would violate the second law of thermodynamics.

C. a refrigerator.

A Carnot engine is A. equivalent to the gasoline internal combustion engine. B. currently in production for the new generation of imported cars. C. a theoretical engine having the highest possible efficiency for the temperatures involved. D. one that would violate the second law of thermodynamics.

C. a theoretical engine having the highest possible efficiency for the temperatures involved.

Imagine you are holding a long rope under tension attached to a distant support. You can generate periodic waves by shaking the end up and down. Changing which of the following will least affect the velocity of waves along the string? A. tension B. mass per unit length of rope C. frequency D. None of these affect the wave speed.

C. frequency

The period and the frequency of a sound wave are A. independent of each other. B. multiples of each other—period is 2 times the frequency. C. reciprocals of each other. D. none of these.

C. reciprocals of each other.

You hear a musician playing a series of notes of increasing frequency. As the frequency increases, the wave speed A. increases. B. decreases. C. stays the same.

C. stays the same.

According to the kinetic theory of gases, the molecules in the air in a particular room must have some kinetic energy which depends on the temperature in the room. In order to extract this energy to do mechanical work I would need for the object receiving this energy to be at a much colder temperature. This is best explained by A. Conservation of energy B. The law of gravity C. the Second Law of Thermodynamics D. Newton's laws of motion

C. the Second Law of Thermodynamics

You have a set of 14 metal weights strung together by nylon fishing line at equal intervals. Each has a weight of 0.20 N. You suspend this array from the ceiling and then observe waves travel up and down by shaking it. (image) The wave seems to move more rapidly at the top, near weights 1-3. This is because A. gravity is cancelled by tension, so net force is zero. B. weight 14 is balanced by no other weight, but weight 1 is balance by 13 others below it. C. there is more tension in the fishing line near weights 1-3 than down by weight 14. D. the amount of mass per centimeter is higher toward the top, near weights 1-3.

C. there is more tension in the fishing line near weights 1-3 than down by weight 14.

A box is moved 10 m across a smooth floor by a force F making a downward angle with the floor, so that there is effectively a 4N force acting parallel to the floor in the direction of motion and a 3N force acting perpendicular to the floor. The force F acts for 20 seconds. The impulse delivered to the box by the floor during this process has magnitude

Can't tell without knowing the weight of the box

A painter of mass of 80 kg climbs 3.0m up a ladder. The painter has gained a momentum in the amount of.

Cant say without knowing his velocity change (if any)

A refrigerator that would transfer heat from a cold body to a hotter body without work being done would violate __________________ statement of the second law of thermodynamics.

Clausius

In using a long steel rod as a lever to move a large rock, where should the fulcrum be placed for a person to use the least amount of force to move the rock?

Close to the rock.

In the diagram below, a force acting on a block is shown by the arrow labeled F. The mass of the block is known, as is the size of the force, but the observed acceleration is larger than F/m and so another force must act on the block. In which direction (A, B, C, or D) is this force?

D

Which of these is characteristic of an ideal (Carnot) heat engine? A. It does not create waste heat. B. It cannot be used to cool a house. C. It creates more energy than it consumes. D. It causes no increase in entropy.

D. It causes no increase in entropy.

. End A of a Slinky is held motionless near the ceiling. End B is held on the floor so that there is a slight stretch. End B is quickly rotated one half turn about the axis of the Slinky and then returned to its original position, so as to "twist" and then "untwist" the coils. The wave so produced is a A. longitudinal wave. B. transverse wave. C. standing wave. D. It is none of these.

D. It is none of these.

When two strings of equal length on a guitar are played, two different pitches are heard. Comparing the waves on the lower pitch string to the higher, the waves on the higher pitch string have A. a larger period. B. a larger amplitude. C. a shorter wavelength. D. a higher speed.

D. a higher speed.

An inventor has created a heat engine that extracts energy from geothermal hotspots and geysers like Old Faithful at Yellowstone National Park. She claims to turn all of the geothermal energy into work. Such a device is A. a violation of the first law of thermodynamics. B. consistent with Clausius's statement of the second law of thermodynamics. C. only possible for a Carnot cycle. D. a violation of Kelvin's statement of the second law of thermodynamics.

D. a violation of Kelvin's statement of the second law of thermodynamics.

A Carnot engine A. consists of only isothermal processes. B. consists of only processes which do not involve heat flow. C. consists of constant temperature and constant volume processes. D. absorbs heat at a single high temperature and rejects heat at a single low temperature. E. consists of zero heat flow and constant pressure processes.

D. absorbs heat at a single high temperature and rejects heat at a single low temperature

A musical tone is coming from a loudspeaker. If a second loudspeaker nearby were to start playing exactly the same tone, the sound would A. get louder everywhere. B. get softer everywhere. C. stay the same everywhere. D. get louder in some areas and get softer in others.

D. get louder in some areas and get softer in others.

. A correct statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics is A. the random motion of gas molecules will be decreased if energy is added to a gas. B. there is no process that can make heat flow from a cold object to a hot object. C. no heat engine can have an efficiency greater than 30%. D. heat will not flow spontaneously from a cold object to a hot object.

D. heat will not flow spontaneously from a cold object to a hot object.

Consider possible standing wave patterns for a string fastened at each end. Discussion in the text shows that there is a A. minimum possible wavelength. B. maximum possible frequency. C. maximum possible amplitude. D. maximum possible wavelength.

D. maximum possible wavelength.

An example of a reversible process would be A. firing a bullet from a gun B. quickly pouring hot water into colder water C. striking a match D. slowly pouring hot water into cold while allowing the beakers to achieve ambient temperature levels E. None of these

D. slowly pouring hot water into cold while allowing the beakers to achieve ambient temperature levels

The efficiency of a Carnot engine would be increased if A. the high temperature were lowered by 100C. B. the low temperature were raised by 100C. C. the high and low temperatures were both raised by 100C. D. the high and low temperatures were both lowered by 100C.

D. the high and low temperatures were both lowered by 100C.

Two musical strings have the same length and tension, but string A has one fourth the mass of string B. The speed of a wave on string A is A. one fourth the speed of a wave on string B. B. one half the speed of a wave on string B. C. the same as the speed of a wave on string B. D. twice the speed of a wave on string B. E. four times the speed of a wave on string B.

D. twice the speed of a wave on string B.

A box is pushed eastward across a rough horizontal floor by a force acting parallel to the floor. A force providing an impulse directed westward on the body is

Friction

During a collision, which of these is an indication that the total kinetic energy has changed?

Heat is generated, deformation occurs, and sound is produced.

The following quantities relate to the rate of change of position. Which pair will always have the same magnitude?

Instantaneous speed and instantaneous velocity

A solid disk and a hoop have different diameters but identical masses. Which one has a larger rotational inertia?

It is impossible to know without knowing the diameters.

Imagine a steel pipe that doesn't leak from the sides and is already filled with water. Water enters at a rate of 2 kg/s but leaves at a rate of 1 kg/s. Which of the following is true?

It is not possible for this situation to occur.

If a curve is banked to accommodate cars traveling at 15 m/s, what will happen during an ice storm (no friction with the road) to a car moving at a faster speed?

It will gradually slide up the bank

An iceberg is floating in the ocean with 10% of its volume extending above the ocean's surface. What can you say about the iceberg?

Its density is close to but smaller than the density of water.

Water freezes at 273 on the ________ scale.

Kelvin

Which of the following is NOT a vector?

Mass

Jim exerts a force of 500 N against a 100kg desk that does not move. Virgil exerts a force of 400 N against a 60kg desk that moves 2 m in the direction of the push. Mik exerts a force of 200 N against a 50kg desk that moves 5 m in the direction of the push. The most work is done by

Mik

Two people sit face to face on nice skateboards that are free to roll without friction. They push each other with a force of 40 N and move apart. Person X, whose mass (including the skateboard) in 50 kg, moves to the left at 3m/s. Person Z whose mass (including the skateboard) is 60kg,

Moves to the right at 2.5m/s

Torque in the metric system is measured in units of

N m

One form of the proper metric unit for momentum is

N sec

A bullet is fired into a wall and comes to rest. Considering only the bullet as the system we can say that

Neither total kinetic energy nor momentum is conserved

A ping-pong ball is dropped vertically onto a stationary bowling ball resting on the floor. Which of the balls experiences the greater force as a result of the collision?

Neither, both experience forces of the same size.

Kepler's three laws of planetary motion were useful but not considered fully explained until

Newton introduced the law of universal gravitation for astronomical and terrestrial objects.

The principle that total momentum does not charge during a brief collision is a result of

Newton's second law and Newton's third law

During a collision, which of these is an indication that the total momentum energy has changed?

None of these are correct

A mass hangs from a spring that is fixed to the ceiling. The mass is now pulled down and released so the mass oscillates up and down. Which of the following statements is true?

None of these is true

Objects A and B are at the same temperature. Object A now has its temperature increased by one Fahrenheit degree, while B has its temperature increased by one Kelvin degree. Which object now has higher temperature?

Object B.

Which of the three curves show the speed of an object that is beginning to experience significant air resistance?

Object G

The operation of hydraulic brakes in a car is based upon _______________ Principle.

Pascal's

Even though your car weighs several thousand pounds, it can easily be raised above your head by a pneumatic lift at the service station by a small motor pumping fluid through a pipe. This an illustration of

Pascal's Principle.

Which process does not transfer heat energy between objects?

Reflection

Suppose you are out on a frozen lake, where there is no friction. Which of the following would start moving you toward the shore?

Removing a shoe and throwing it away from the shore.

A body is suspended from a spring hanging vertically. The body is then pulled downward so the spring stretches. Consider the change in the elastic potential energy (EPE) of the spring and the change in gravitational potential energy (GPE) as the body is pulled down. Which is correct?

The GPE decreases while the EPE increases.

The Sun and Moon both have an effect on the tides. Which one has the larger effect, and why?

The Moon, because its force differs more between the surface and center of the Earth.

Two cyclists of different mass take a turn on a level road. They follow the same path and are moving the same constant speed for the turn. Which of the following statements is correct?

The acceleration is not zero but is the same for both.

Four samples of steel, lead, alcohol, and glass all have the same mass and are all initially at 20C. After 100 calories of heat are added to each sample, the final temperatures are 38.2C for the steel, 85.6C for the lead, 23.4C for the alcohol, and 30C for the glass. Which of these four materials has the largest specific heat capacity?

The alcohol.

An ant and an elephant are walking through the jungle. On which does the greater buoyant force act?

The elephant

A block sits on a slight incline, held at rest by the frictional force between the block and the incline. Which of the following statements is true?

The frictional force performs no work, since there is no motion of the block

The heliocentric model of the solar system gained preference over the early Greek epicycle model because

The heliocentric model was simpler

Two artificial satellites are in circular orbits about the Earth. Which of the two will be moving more slowly along its orbit?

The higher one

Compare the internal energy of one gram of steam to that of one gram of water if both are at 100C.

The internal energy of the steam will be higher.

A toy car and a toy truck at rest have a compressed spring in between them. The truck has more mass than the car. The spring is released and the two cars move in opposite directions. Which of the following is true.

The magnitude of the truck's momentum is the same as the car's

One morning you discover that a tire on your auto is in need of air. As you add air to the tire, which of the following statements is true?

The pressure of the air in the tire increases.

A child is drinking a liquid with a straw. Which of the following statements is true?

The pressure pressure in the straw is reduced and the liquid is pushed upward by atmospheric pressure on the surface of the liquid

A quarterback of mass 85kg is running at 10 m/s. Also, a tackle of mass 100kg is running at 9 m/s. Which is correct?

The quarterback has the greater kinetic energy

You lose your left sandal during a hot afternoon at the beach. Thus, you must hike back to your vehicle with one bare foot across the burning sand. Why does the bare foot get so much hotter?

The sandal insulates the right foot from the hot sand.

On a cold winter's morning you awake and step out of bed. One foot is on the tile floor and the other is on a rug on the floor. Which statement is true?

The tile feels colder because it conducts heat more rapidly away from your foot.

How does the velocity of air moving over the top of the wing of an airplane in flight compare to the velocity of air moving under the wing?

The velocity over the wing is greater.

If two bicyclists move around a circular track of radius 100 m, at the same speed, 10 m/s, but in opposite directions, then

They have equal size accelerations, 1 m/s2.

Suppose an artificial satellite has been put into circular orbit about the Earth, at a distance from the center of the Earth equal to 1/4 the distance from the Earth's center to the Moon's center. In terms of the Moon's period Tm, what will be the period of the satellite?

Tm/8.

Virgil rides a skateboard (combined mass 100kg) at 4 m/s, and Jill rides a bicycle (combined mass 64 kg) at 5 m/s. Which is correct?

Virgil and Jill have equal kinetic energy

Which of the following is not an energy unit?

Watt

You stand with your heels against a wall and bend ninety degrees forward at the waist.

You fall forward because your center of gravity moves ahead of your base of support.

An isolated object is initially spinning at a constant speed. Then, although no external forces act upon it, its rotational speed increases. This must be due to

a decrease in the moment of inertia

A body sliding on a table is observed to gradually slow down. The correct statement is that the body slows down because

a net force acts on the body

A car rounds a curve while maintaining constant speed. The correct statement is:

a net force acts upon the car

A certain force causes a 50 kg person to accelerate at 1.0 m/s2 . The same force applied to a 75-kg person would cause

a smaller acceleration

A Carnot heat engine could have an efficiency of 100% only if the temperature of the exhaust were at ______________.

absolute zero (0 K)

The lowest possible temperature a body can approach is called

absolute zero.

A body whose velocity increases by a constant amount each second is exhibiting motion for which the ____________________ is constant.

acceleration

In order to move in a perfectly circular path, the net force on an object must

always change direction but not magnitude.

Which of the following does not move like a projectile?

an airplane flying at a constant altitude

An object's distance traveled as a function of time is shown in the graph above. The graph shows

an object

A torque acting on a body tends to produce

angular rotation

A rocket obeys the principles of recoil. However It is much more difficult to apply Newton's second law to a rocket because

as the rocket motor fires the total mass of the rocket changes

A ball is thrown straight up. It reaches its highest point and then falls back. Which of the following is the correct statement?

at the highest point in its motion, the ball's velocity is zero

Neglecting friction, if a Cadillac and Volkswagen start rolling down a hill together, the heavier Cadillac will get to the bottom

at the same time as the Volkswagen

Absolute zero is the temperature

at which an ideal gas would exert zero pressure.

The internal energy of a system such as helium gas can be identified as the total mechanical energy of the ______________.

atoms

An object is moving in a horizontal circle, in a clockwise direction (as viewed from above). In which direction does its angular momentum vector point?

away from the viewer

One morning you discover that a tire on your auto is in need of air. This is visible: it has flattened significantly. Significant flattening indicates low air pressure

because more of the tire's surface area is required to provide same amount of force.

Two velocity vectors are added: one of magnitude 2.0 m/s and one of magnitude 4.0 m/s. Not knowing the respective directions, we can say that the magnitude of the sum of the vectors will be

between 6.0 m/s and 2.0 m/s

Refer to diagram of billiard balls F, K, M, and T. Each arrow represents the velocity of the ball. If billiard ball M is traveling straight upward at 2.5 m/sec, then

billiard ball M must be faster than T

A dump truck has a loosely tied canvas over its empty bed, which is full of still air. As the truck speeds down the highway, the canvas will tend to

billow outward from the load.

In a laboratory on Earth, all the air is pumped from a large tube. A feather and a steel ball are simultaneously released from rest inside the tube. What happens next?

both objects fall and hit the bottom at the same time

A rifle bullet is fired horizontally at the same instant another bullet is allowed to drop from rest at the same height. Which bullet strikes the earth first?

both strike at the same instant

An automobile engine operates between a high temperature set by the burning of gasoline and the low temperature of the outside environment. If the engine has been running for some time, the engine is most efficient on ______________ (hot or cold) days.

cold

Suppose a body sliding up a ramp is decelerating at a constant rate. Its speed will __________ by the same amount each second.

decrease

Suppose you have a helium-filled weather balloon above the house. As a storm leaves, the atmospheric pressure rises. Assuming the air temperature is the same, the volume of the balloon will ______________.

decrease

The purpose of an air bag in an auto is to

decrease the force applied to you during a collision

An object moving at 30 m/s has an acceleration of -2.0 m/s/hr. Its speed

decreases very slowly

A student plots data for the velocity of a body versus the time on a graph. The area under the curve on the graph may be identified as

distance

A football is thrown upward at some angle above the horizontal. If we neglect air friction, then we can conclude that the acceleration vector of the football is

down

A body released from rest falls with an acceleration of 9.8 m/s2 . If the same body is thrown upward at an angle, and air resistance is negligible, its acceleration after release will be

downward and equal to 9.8 m/s^2

During the course of a demonstration the professor is called away. When he returns he finds a beaker of water that was at room temperature is now at a slightly higher temperature. There is a stirring rod on the desk and a cigarette lighter. The professor can assume that the temperature increase is due to

either heat added or mechanical work done.

If you drop a ball in the absence of air resistance, it accelerates downward at 9.8 m/s2 . If instead you throw the ball upward, then its downward acceleration after release is

equal to 9.8 m/s^2

A child riding on a swing rises to a height of 1.0 m above the lowest point. Another child of equal mass whose speed at the lowest point is twice as great will rise

four times as high

The number of cycles of a periodic wave passing a point in space per second is called the __________________ of the wave.

frequency

A box is pushed across a rough horizontal floor by a force acting parallel to the floor in the direction of motion. A force doing negative work on the body is

friction

A car can move at constant speed on a level curve on a highway as long as the force of ___________ between the pavement and tires is sufficient to provide the necessary centripetal force.

friction

Newton's Law states that no force is required to keep a moving object in motion. Why, then, do you have to pedal continuously to ride a bicycle along a flat road? ____________________________ force

frictional

The impulse required to bring an auto to a stop is ordinarily provided by __________________ forces.

frictional or external

Heat is a form of energy, and it has long been known that heat energy will naturally flow

from hot to cold objects.

A lunar eclipse can only happen when the moon is ____________ (what moon phase).

full

The lowest frequency that can be made by a guitar string is called the ____________ (2 words).

fundamental frequency

The carburetor of a car is a pipe with a constriction. Compared to the velocity of flow of a mixture of air and gasoline in the main pipe, the velocity in the constriction will be ______. The pressure in the constriction will be ___________ than the pressure in the main pipe.

greater/less

If a ball at the end of a string is whirled in a vertical circle at constant speed, the tension will be

greatest at the lowest point in the motion

The distance between successive nodes for a standing wave pattern is ___________________ the wavelength (give multiple or fraction).

half

Two cylindrical pipes both carry an ideal fluid (zero viscosity) in laminar flow. Pipe A has radius RA = 8 cm and flow velocity vA = 2 cm/s. Pipe B has radius RB = 4 cm and flowvelocity vB = 4 cm/s. Compared to the rate of flow in pipe A, that in pipe B is

half as large

Initially, a blue automobile has twice the kinetic energy that a red automobile has. Both are braked to a stop; both have the same amount of braking force. The red auto will stop in ___________ as the blue auto.

half the distance

Standing waves on a string produce a series of possible tones known as __________________.

harmonics

After working hard outside on a hot summer day, placing a towel soaked in cold water on your head can feel very good. The reason the towel feels cold to you is that

heat conducts from your head to the towel, lowering your temperature.

A refrigerator is actually a ________ (two words) running in reverse.

heat engine

A light body and a heavy body are both given identical accelerations. The body acted upon by the larger force is the ________________ body.

heavy

A figure skater is spinning with her arms extended. She now pulls her arms close to her body. What happens?

her rotational inertia decreases

For a bullet fired horizontally, its ___________ velocity will retain a constant non-zero value until it is stopped.

horizontal

Which of the following units is not an energy unit?

horsepower

Refer to the diagram of Racetrack X. It is ________ for a racer to have uniform acceleration ________ on this track.

impossible; anywhere

Constructive interference is a result of two waves arriving at a point ______________________.

in phase

Refer to the graph above. The object moves forward

in region A

Refer to the graph above. The magnitude of the acceleration of the object is largest

in region B

Refer to the graph above. The speed of the object is largest

in region D

The amount of heat is often measured in calories. If I add 1 calorie of heat energy to 1 gram of water, the temperature of the water will

increase by 1 degree C

If a bullet is fired into a wooden block and remains lodged in the block, the collision was _________________.

inelastic (perfectly)

The velocity of a body is graphed as a function of time. The slope of the graph at any point may be identified with

instantaneous acceleration

From a graph of speed versus time, like Figure 2.15, for a body sliding down a ramp, one can get the _______________ ____________________ from the slope of the curve.

instantaneous acceleration or acceleration

Suppose a graph of distance traveled by a body versus time is constructed. The slope of the graph at any point may be identified with

instantaneous velocity

A car rolls down an incline starting from rest. A graph of position versus time is made for this motion. One can get the

instantaneous velocity from the slope of the graph

If you sit in a boat near the edge of a river channel, you might notice the water moving more quickly on the side away from the shore (the channel side). If you are initially moving with the river, you will be pushed

into the channel because the water pressure is larger on the shore side.

You spin your little brother on a "helicopter" ride, which means you hold hands and spin around a vertical axis, usually resulting in the little brother's feet lifting off the ground. During the "ride", the acceleration of your brother is

inward toward you, and you must pull him inward.

A brick slides across a horizontal rough surface and eventually comes to a stop. What happened to the kinetic energy of the brick?

it was converted to other energy forms, mostly heat

A baseball pitcher throws a curveball, and Bernoulli's Principle gives a fair description of why it takes such a drastic curve. If that pitcher could throw the exact same pitch on the Moon, then

it would not curve at all, because the Moon has no atmosphere.

54. Other things being equal, the pole-vaulter having the greatest __________ energy prior to going into the jump should jump the highest.

kinetic

If heat, sound, or deformation of solid bodies results from a collision, there will be a change in the total ____________ __________.

kinetic energy or mechanical energy

If the Earth rotated more slowly so that the length of a day was longer, the radius of a communications satellite in synchronous orbit would be _____________.

larger

A solid disk and a hollow disk with the same mass and diameter are released together (from rest) to roll down an incline. The solid disk reaches the bottom first. From this information we can say that the angular acceleration was

larger for the solid disk.

A single constant 10-pound force F1 acts on a body, causing it to accelerate. Then, while F1 continues to act, a second constant force F2 is applied to the body, which comes to a momentary stop. The magnitude of F2 is

larger than 10 pounds

When the flow of air over an object is laminar, ________ drag is created on the object.

less or fluid

Acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2 on the surface of Earth, and at orbits 200 miles above the surface of Earth, where the space shuttle orbits, the acceleration is

less than 9.8 m/s2.

Two blocks of different mass are connected by a string. The system is accelerated across a smooth horizontal surface by a force supplied by a rubber band connected to the less massive block. The tension in the connecting string will be

less than the force pulling the leading block

You travel 2640 feet in thirty seconds while in a 65 mi/hr zone. (There are 5280 ft in one mi.) Your average speed is

less than the speed limit

A refrigerator weighing 1500 N is to be lifted onto a truck bed that is 1.0 m above the ground. When pushed up a slanting ramp 2.0 m in length a force of only 700 N is required to move it a constant velocity. Comparing the work involved in lifting the refrigerator straight up the work in pushing it along the ramp, there is

less work required when the ramp is employed

If a barometer were to be made using water as the liquid instead of mercury, the length of the barometer tube for water would be _________________ than the tube for a standard mercury barometer.

longer

Refer to the graph above. For the entire motion, the average velocity is

negative

When a force acts in a direction opposite to the motion, __________ work is said to be done on the object.

negative

The angular momentum of a rotating body is conserved when

no net torque acts on the body.

A sealed hot air balloon is capable of rising to high altitudes when it is initially released. As the air in the balloon cools, however, it eventually comes back down to the ground because

objects can only float in a fluid if their density is less than that of the fluid.

A car could move at constant speed on an icy curve which is banked for _______________ (all, one, no) speed(s) of the car.

one

A mass hangs on a spring held in a physicist's hand. When the mass is pulled down and then released, it oscillates with a period of 2.0 s. This system is taken to the Moon, where the acceleration of gravity is less. The spring on the Moon is held in an astronaut's hand, and the mass, when pulled down and released, will

oscillate with an unchanged period

A mass hangs on a spring held in a physicist's hand. When the mass is pulled down and then released, it oscillates with a period of 2.0 s. This system is taken to the space station orbiting the Earth. The spring is held in an astronaut's hand, and the mass, when pulled down and released, will

oscillate with an unchanged period

If a bullet is fired into a solid wooden block and comes out the other side, the collision was _________________ inelastic.

partially

Strictly speaking, Newton's law of universal gravitation, F = Gm1m2/r2, is valid only if the masses are either point masses or __________________.

perfect(uniform) spheres

A mass attached to a spring is drawn back 2 cm from equilibrium and released. If a second spring were used that had a smaller spring constant than the first but the mass was the same, which of the following would be larger?

period

A moving cue ball strikes another ball of equal mass that is initially at rest on the flat planar surface of the pool table. If the collision is elastic, the direction of the velocity of the cue ball after the collision will be __________________ to the direction of the velocity of the other ball.

perpendicular or 90 degrees

The stability of a bicycle is due to angular momentum of the wheels when the bicycle is moving forward. The stability is due to the net angular momentum vector, which

points to the rider's left

When one kilogram of ice at 0C is converted to the same amount of water at 0C by adding heat, the change in entropy is _______________ (positive, negative, zero).

positive

A ___________ is a body whose only acceleration is the downward acceleration due to gravity.

projectile

When a bicycle pedal is at the top of its motion, you can exert the greatest torque on the crank by

pushing straight forward on the pedal with your foot.

A wheel is spinning on an axle. The linear velocity of a point on the rim is simply the product of the radius times the rotational velocity, as long as the rotational velocity is measured in units of

rad/s

If you stand near a large fire, your face will be cooler if you place your hand between your face and the fire. Your hand is preventing heat flow by

radiation

Which of the following is an appropriate unit for describing rotational acceleration?

rev/min^2

In his model of the motions of the planets, Copernicus

revived the idea that our solar system is heliocentric (Sun-centered).

The force that accelerates a car on a level road is exerted by the

road on the tires

A grandfather clock that is regulated by a pendulum is taken to the Moon, where the acceleration of gravity is less. Compared to an identical clock on Earth, the grandfather clock on the Moon will

run slow

A heat engine that converts all the heat taken in from a single temperature source to work would be in violation of what natural law? ______________________ (more than one word)

second law of thermodynamics

A silver dollar, a quarter, and a penny(these are in order of decreasing diameter) lie at the bottom of a wishing well filled with water. The coin experiencing the largest downward force on its top surface due to the water pressure is the

silver dollar

A block that has a density of 900 kg/m3 is placed in water (density 1000 kg/m3). The block will

sink until it is almost, but not entirely, submerged.

If a solid disk and a hoop are to have the same mass and rotational inertia, then the hoop must have a _________ radius.

smaller

This special racetrack is all curve and no straightaway. If a driver takes her car around this track counterclockwise and at constant speed, then greater acceleration will occur at any place the turning radius is

smaller

Refer to the set of snapshots Q, J, Y, and L. Which snapshot depicts the forces just after the parachute has fully opened?

snapshot Y

Sound waves in water have a higher ________________ than sound waves in air.

speed/velocity

In the trajectory of a thrown object, like a baseball, the weight force is always downward. However, the force of air resistance is always

tangent to the trajectory and in the direction opposite the velocity

Heat will not be transferred between two bodies that are at the same ____________________.

temperature

When heat is added to a solid object, the ____________ of the object must increase.

temperature

A spinning wheel has an angular momentum that points toward the east. If an eastward force is applied to the edge of the wheel,

the angular momentum of the wheel will change direction but not magnitude

A block, moving on a frictionless horizontal surface on Earth, requires a force if it is to be stopped. Now suppose that the same block, moving with the same speed on a frictionless horizontal surface on the Moon, where gravity is less, is to be stopped in the same time. We can say that, compared to the Earth,

the force required would be the same

You stand on a scale to measure your weight. The reaction to the force the Earth exerts on you is

the force you exert on the earth

When an object is at rest, it might have several forces acting on it. However,

the forces balance out to net force of zero

if the kinetic energy of an object increases, then

the speed must increase as well

A 10 pound iron ball and a 2 pound iron ball are dropped simultaneously from a height of 100 meters. Neglecting air resistance, which ball will reach the ground first?

they will reach the ground at the same time

The acceleration due to gravity near the surface of Mars is about one-third of the value near the Earth's surface. If a rock fell from rest for the same amount of time on Mars and Earth, the final speed of the rock would be

three times slower than on earth

The best shape for an automobile to have is one that is streamlined both in the front and in the back. The reason for this is

to ensure the air flow remains laminar all the way around the vehicle.

The angular momentum of a rotating body is constant when the net _______________ on the body is zero.

torque

A quantity which is conserved in the collision of a car and a truck is

total momentum

When fans do "the wave" at a sports stadium, it is a _____________ (transverse or longitudinal) wave.

transverse

The time of flight of a projectile, fired horizontally over level ground, is independent of its horizontal _________________.

velocity or speed

If air resistance can be ignored, which of the following graphs will be a straight line for a falling object?

velocity versus time

The acceleration of a body is given by the slope of a graph plotting

velocity versus time

A fluid that flows very slowly compared to water has a high ____________.

viscosity

Some people say that, based on the arrangement of its molecules, glass should be considered a liquid. If we think of glass as a liquid, in which of these properties is it most unlike other common liquids?

viscosity

A car is driven between two nearby towns at an average speed of 50 miles/hour. The magnitude of the average velocity of the car

will be the same as or less than the average speed

Heat is added to an ideal gas and the gas expands. In such a process the temperature

will remain the same if the work done equals the heat added.

Holding out your hands sideways helps you keep your balance along a narrow set of stepping-stones because

with arms outward, you've increased your total rotational inertia relative to the pivot point: your feet.

Whenever a gas is compressed,

work must be done on the gas.

If you took a Ferris wheel ride in space while sitting on a bathroom scale, your weight

would be constant and larger than zero for the entire ride.

If Newton's law of universal gravitation turned out to be Gm1m2/r rather than Gm1m2/r2, tides on Earth

would still occur because each side of the Earth would feel a different gravitational force from the Moon.

When you swing your partner at an old-time square dance, you lock elbows and your partner is also swinging you. As a result, you both move in a circle. For this reason,

your partner and you mutually and simultaneously pull each other.

When you apply an alcohol swab to your skin, it feels cool because

your skin transfers a bit of heat to the liquid alcohol and the alcohol evaporates.

A gas originally occupies a volume of 0.5 m3 at a pressure of 100 kPa. It is slowly allowed to expand until the volume is 2.5 m3. Assuming the temperature is kept constant, the final pressure will be

20kPa

Which planets exhibit retrograde motion, that is, periodically appear to reverse their direction of motion across the sky?

All of the planets show retrograde motion

An asteroid moving around the Sun happens to experience only negligible forces from other objects in the solar system. The path of this asteroid will be

An elipse

A horizontal force acts on a block that is initially at rest but free to move across a smooth horizontal surface. The work done by this force ___________ (increases; does not change; decreases) the kinetic energy of the block.

increases

A merry-go-round is set into motion with a child on board. The rotational speed of the merry-go-round _____________ as the child moves inward along a radius.

increases

Two stars of different mass move directly toward each other. As the distance between the stars decreases, the speed of the stars

increases for both

Two satellites are launched into circular orbits about the Earth. The one closer to the Earth has a period of 90 minutes. The one farther away will have a period which is _____________ (longer than, shorter than, or the same as) 90 minutes.

longer

In a speedometer test zone on a highway, you drive 4 miles in 5 minutes. During the test, your speedometer reading is 45 mi/hr. Your speedometer reading is

lower than your actual speed

Which of the following is not an appropriate unit for measuring acceleration?

m/s

Just as torque is the rotational analogue of force in linear motion, rotational inertia is the rotational analogue of _______ in linear motion.

mass

If you were standing on a cart that was at rest and free to roll(ignore friction) and someone threw a 10kg ball at you, you would

roll backward faster if the ball bounced off of you elastically

A constant torque is applied to a flywheel. Which of the following mechanical quantities will be constant?

rotational acceleration

The air at the beach is the same temperature everywhere, but you feel cooler under a beach umbrella because

solar radiation is not heating up your skin.

A uniform wooden plank floats in a swimming pool. The plank weighs 100 pounds, and exactly 10% of its volume is above the waterline. The maximum weight of iron which could be suspended from underneath the plank without causing the whole combination to sink to the bottom of the pool is

somewhat more than 10 pounds

A quantity that is a measure of how the distance traveled changes with time is

speed

The product of the frequency of a periodic wave times its wavelength gives the _________________ of the wave.

speed/velocity

In pole-vaulting, in addition to gravitational potential energy there is potential energy in the bent pole which is analogous to potential energy stored in a _______________ under compression.

spring

The motion of a falling object is commonly investigated with the aid of a

stroboscope

The process in which some substances may remain in a liquid state even though their temperature may dip below the freezing point is known as __________________

supercooling

The force exerted on a body by moving air is proportional to the projected area of the body. Which falling body will have the larger terminal velocity, a flying squirrel with its wing membranes extended or a grey squirrel with the same mass?

the grey squirrel

A gun is made of a super-low-weight but strong material. The bullet for the gun is more massive than the gun itself. For such a gun.

the gun, if unsupported, would have a recoil velocity higher than the bullet velocity.

Storm winds blowing at high speed over a roof can destroy the roof of a closed-up house because of Bernoulli's Principle. What happens is

the higher pressure inside lifts the roof off the walls.

Three horses are side-by-side on a merry-go-round: one at the edge, one near the axis, and one in between. Each horse has the same angular speed. Which horse has the greatest linear speed?

the horse at the edge

The acceleration of a body cannot be zero at a point where

the instantaneous velocity is positive but decreasing

Heat flows into a gas in a piston and the gas performs some work on its surroundings. The amount of work done is less than the heat added. In this situation,

the internal energy of the gas increased.

Consider two blocks, one made of wood and the other of lead. They have the same dimensions but the lead is much more massive. If they are dropped and fall long enough to reach terminal velocity, which block experiences a larger force from air resistance?

the lead block

Three individuals stand with all of their weight on the heel of one foot: a man of weight 600 N and a heel area of 100 cm2, a child of weight 200 N and a heel area of 25 cm2, and woman of weight 450 N and a heel area of 2 cm2. The one exerting the least pressure on the ground is

the man

A friend drops a package to you from a window 16 feet above where you first catch it. It drops an additional 3 feet as you bring it to a stop with a constant force. In order to calculate the force required, you need

the mass of the package

Two people stand on different floors of an outdoor stairway. One is 6 m above the ground and the other is 12 m above the ground. The person on the lower floor throws a ball upward with a speed of 15 m/s and the other person just drops hers. Ignoring air resistance, which ball hits the ground at a higher speed?

the one thrown upward

The skinny tires of a 10-speed racing bicycle require more air pressure than the fat tires on an equally massive mountain bike because

the racing bike touches the ground over a smaller area than the bike with fat tires.

An ice cube of mass 100 g and at 0C is dropped into a Styrofoam cup containing 200 g of water at 25C. (The latent heat of fusion of water is 80 cal/g and the specific heat capacity of water is 1.0 cal/g C.) Assuming the cup does not exchange any heat with the outside, what will happen?

Some of the ice will melt.

Which of these graphs would be correct for the speed of a ball thrown upward?

C

On a day when the speed of sound in air is 340 m/s, what will be the wavelength of sound of frequency 227 Hz? A. 227 m B. 3.0 m C. 1.5 m D. 0.67 m E. 0.33 m

C. 1.5 m

A bowling ball, moving to the east at a speed of 1.4m/s, collides head-on with a stationary beach ball of the same diameter but less than one twentieth the mass. After the collision, the beach ball moves with a speed of 1.6m/s. Which of the following is then true?

The bowling ball has a velocity of slightly under 1.4m/s to the east.

Consider a system containing three objects that move with different velocities. The objects can with each other through forces. In this system

The total momentum of the objects cannot change unless an outside force acts on the system

Suppose a ball is dropped from shoulder height, falls, makes a perfectly elastic collision with the floor, and rebounds to shoulder height. Compare the magnitudes of the impulses delivered to the ball by gravity and by the floor during this entire motion.

The two impulses have the smae magnitude

Hot cider is poured into a metal cup. Shortly thereafter the handle of the cup becomes hot. This is due to the process of

conduction.

Total mechanical energy of a system is conserved when there are only ___________________ forces doing work on the system.

conservative

During a phase change the temperature of a system will be ___________ as heat is added.

constant

The transfer of heat from a furnace to the house through ducts is by the process of _________________.

convection

A dancer begins performing a pirouette with arms extended. (A pirouette is a complete spin about a vertical axis.) This motion is completed most easily when the rotational inertia is decreased by

bringing the arms and legs in a line with the body.

Suppose a planet has a mass of 10 times that of the Earth and a radius that is 100 times that of the Earth. The acceleration of gravity on the surface of the planet, expressed in units of the Earth's acceleration of gravity, g, is

g/1000

When a planet moves closer to the Sun in an elliptical orbit, its rotational inertia

gets smaller because its distance from the Sun is smaller.

If you are ever fortunate enough to experience a total eclipse of the Sun, you can be sure that it will happen when the Moon is

in the "New Moon" phase

If a refrigerator door is left open while the refrigerator is on, the temperature of a house will ____________ (increase, decrease, not change).

increase

A car moving initially at 30 m/s comes gradually to a stop in 900 m. What was the acceleration of the car?

-0.5 m/s^2

If the braking distance for your car at a certain speed is 200 ft and, after reacting to a situation, you have managed to stop your car in 5.0 s, then the magnitude of the acceleration was

16 ft/s ^2

Suppose you climb the stairs of an eight story building, about 24 m high, and your mass is 70 kg. The gravitational potential energy you gain is about

16,500 Joules

According to Bernoulli's equation, the pressure in a fluid will tend to decrease if its velocity increases. Assuming that a wind speed of 1 m/s causes a pressure drop of 0.645 Pa, what pressure drop is predicted by Bernoulli's equation for a wind speed of 5 m/s?

16.125 Pa

A painter of mass 70kg climbs 3.0 m up a ladder. The painter's potential energy has increased by

2058 J

A football is kicked at an angle, giving it a horizontal velocity of 25 m/s. At the highest point in its path, the football will have a velocity of ________ m/s and a horizontal acceleration of ___________ m/s2

25 and 0

If the speed of a car is doubled but the brakes apply the same force, the distance required to stop the car changes by a factor of

4

The rotational velocity of a 45 rev/min phonograph record in rad/s is approximately

4.7 rad/s

Captain Ahab notices that the waves passing the anchored Pequod are 10 feet from crest to crest, and that each minute 4 crests pass. The wave speed is A. 80 feet per minute. B. 40 feet per minute. C. 20 feet per minute. D. 5 feet per minute.

B. 40 feet per minute.

A heat engine having an efficiency of 0.20 takes in 2000 J of energy from the hot reservoir in one cycle. In the same time, how much work will it perform? A. 0 J B. 400 J C. 1000 J D. 120 J E. 33,333 J

B. 400 J

A heat engine takes in 500 J of energy from the hot reservoir in one cycle while performing 100 J of work. The amount of heat transferred to the cold reservoir in the same time is A. 500 J. B. 400 J. C. 300 J. D. 200 J. E. zero.

B. 400 J.

Which of these is impossible, by the second law of thermodynamics? A. Using heat exhausted by a refrigerator to cook a meal. B. An engine that generates electricity by extracting heat from cold water and dumping waste heat to warmer air C. Water evaporating from a lake and then condensing to form clouds. D. A single match carelessly discarded causes 1500 acres of woodland to burn.

B. An engine that generates electricity by extracting heat from cold water and dumping waste heat to warmer air

On a frictionless tabletop, a force is applied to an object: the object's velocity is horizontal and the force is perpendicular to the tabletop. Which of the following is true?

The total energy of the object does not change

Using a longer-handled wrench to loosen a tight nut allows you to

apply more torque to the nut

When water boils, the primary form of heat flow in the water is ____________(conduction, convection, radiation).

convection

The orbit of Comet UX209 about the Sun is not a circle but it orbits once every 365 days, just as Earth does. UX209 is closer to the Sun in April than it is in October. Thus, the speed of UX209 as it moves along its orbit is

greater in April thank in October

The acceleration due to gravity is smaller on Mars than the Earth, so the Mars rovers that explore the surface are lighter on Mars than they are on Earth. If the rovers roll across a flat plain, then the force required to accelerate the rovers is

the same as would be required on earth

A ball thrown upward reaches its maximum height and then falls back. If air resistance is negligible, its acceleration is

the same at all points in the motion

A 60 kg boy standing on a skateboard with frictionless wheels and negligible mass throws a 3 kg ball straight up with a speed of 4 m/s. If the boy was at rest before the throw, his speed after the throw will be _________________.

0

The density of ice is about 900 kg/m^3, and the density of water is about 1000kg/m^3. A cubic block of ice is one meter on a side floats in water. Assuming that the lowest square face of the cube is horizontal, the height of the block above the water line is

0.1 m

The temperature of a 50 g sample of aluminum is raised from 20oC to 60oC when 440 cal of heat are added. The specific heat capacity of the aluminum is

0.22 cal/g C

Earth's gravity attracts a person with a force of 120 lbs. The force with which the Earth is attracted towards the person is

120 lbs

A student plays on a see-saw with her experimental android robot, Robby. The student has a weight of 300 N and is seated 2.8 m from the axis of rotation. Robby balances her when he is seated 0.7 m from the axis. Robby's weight is

1200 N

A child runs at 3.0 m/s and jumps onto a sled, initially at rest. If the child's mass in 36kg, and the child and sled slide off together at 2.0m/s after the collision, the sled's mass is

18kg

During a new Moon, when the Sun and the Moon are on the same side of the Earth, the people who live next to the ocean will see about how many high tides per day?

2

A 30-kg child runs at 3.0m/s and jumps onto a shopping cart and holds on for dear life. The cart has a mass of 20 kg. Assuming the child rides on the cart after the collision, the speed of the child and shopping cart just after the child jumps on is.

2.0 m/s

A box is moved 20 m across a smooth floor by a force making a downward angle with the floor, so that there is effectively a 10 N force acting parallel to the floor in the direction of motion and a 5 N force acting perpendicular to the floor. The work done is

200 J

A man standing on a bridge throws a stone horizontally with a speed of 20 m/s. The stone hits the water below 2.5 s later. The bridge is

30.6 m high

An object with kinetic energy of 40 J is stopped in a distance of 0.01m. The average force that stops the object is

4,000 N

A 10 kg object dropped from a certain window strikes the ground in 4.0 s. Neglecting air resistance, a 5 kg object dropped from the same window strikes the ground in

4.0 s

. The acceleration due to the Earth's gravity, in English units, is 32 ft/s2 . In the absence of air friction, a ball is dropped from rest. Its speed on striking the ground is exactly 60 miles/hr. For what time interval was the ball falling? (There are 5280 feet in one mile.)

4.125 s

A sprinter moving at 10 m/s slows down at a rate of 1.4 m/s2. How fast is the runner moving after 4 seconds?

4.4 m/s

Initially you are driving at 55 mi/hr. If you come to rest in 7.5 s while traveling 450 ft, what is your average speed while stopping? (There are 5280 ft in one mi.)

60 ft/s

An iron robot falls from rest at a great height. Neglecting air resistance, what distance has it fallen in the first 3.5 seconds?

60 m

For the first hour a car is driven at a constant speed of 90 km/hr. The motor begins to vibrate and the driver reduces the speed to 45 km/hr for another 2 hours. The average speed for the entire trip is

60.0 km/hr

Six identical blocks of steel, each with mass 10.0 kg, are taken to the Moon. On the Moon, their combined mass is

60.0kg

Which of the following is a longitudinal wave? A. a sound wave in a gas B. a wave on string under tension C. a light wave D. All of these choices are correct. E. None of these choices is correct.

A. a sound wave in a gas

Three forces act on the object in the sketch. In what direction will the object move?

E

The first scientist to determine that the orbits of the planets are ellipses was

Kepler

Which of the following is not a unit of power

KiloWatt-hour

Suppose two boys are trapped on the ice atop a frozen pond, and that ice is completely frictionless. The boys are initially at rest, but the do have a baseball. They begin to play catch with the ball. Which of these is true?

The more times they throw and catch the ball, the faster they will get to shore.

A tennis ball bounce off a brick wall. Which of the following is true?

The total momentum of the ball, wall and Earth is conserved in this process.

The momentum of a truck is increased by a factor of 2; its weight does not change. Thus,

its speed is doubled

An antinode in a standing wave is the location that appears to ____________ (describe behavior) from equilibrium.

move

In a stable stack of identical boards at the edge of a table, the center of gravity of the top board

must lie above the next lower board

A box is pushed across a rough horizontal force acting parallel to the floor in the direction of motion A force providing no impulse during the motion is

none of these

The force of the floor pushing up on you to counter your weight is an example of a ________ force.

normal

A moving bicycle exhibits less stability when the angular momentum of the wheels is less, which means

its forward speed is also slower.

Electric heaters can operate at efficiencies very close to 100%. This does not contradict the fact that Carnot engines are the most efficient heat engines because A. electric heaters have very low temperature exhaust. B. electric heaters reduce the total entropy of a room. C. Carnot engines cannot be used to heat things. D. electric heaters are not heat engines.

D. electric heaters are not heat engines.

A ball is allowed to drop from rest. If the upward direction is positive, then after 2 seconds its velocity will be

-19.6 m/s

A car is traveling at the velocity of 20 m/s on a flat road when it reaches the bottom of a hill. It coasts up the hill, coming to rest in 8 seconds. The average acceleration of the car while on the hill is

-2.5 m/s^2

The mass of an apple on the Earth is 0.2 kg. On the Moon, the mass of the same apple would be

0.2kg

A top of rotational inertia 4.0 kg m2 receives a torque of 2.4 Nm from a physics professor. The angular acceleration of the body will be

0.6 rad/s^2

A big defensive lineman picks up a fumbled football and begins rumbling toward the end zone. His mass is 150 kg, and his velocity is 6.0 m/s, west. A brave wide receiver, whose mass is 90 kg, must stop that lineman and he is right in the lineman's path, so it has to be a head-on collision. How fast must the wide receiver be running if he wants to drop the lineman in his tracks and save the day?

10m/s

The armature (or spinning portion) of a motor is accelerated uniformly from rest to a rotational velocity of 1500 rev/min in 10 seconds. The rotational acceleration of the motor is

15.7 rad/s^2

A person weighing 500 N rides on a Ferris wheel sitting on a bathroom scale. At the highest point of motion, the scale reads 200 N while the person continues to move in a circular path. The centripetal force on the person at this point is ___________ N.

300

A blob of green cheese at the Cheese Institute on the Earth has a mass of 8.1 kg. The same cheese blob in outer space will have a mass of ____________ kg.

8.1

When you lift a heavy 5.0 kg crate straight up from ground level to a height of 2.0 m above ground level, then you have changed the crate's gravitational potential energy by

98 J

A heat pump is capable of delivering more energy to the home than goes into the operation of the pump itself, when conditions are favorable. Which of the following statements is correct? A. A heat pump transfers some energy from the outdoors. B. A heat pump violates the second law of thermodynamics. C. A heat pump violates the first law of thermodynamics. D. A heat pump, like the Carnot engine, is a theoretical device that is not useful in practice. E. A heat pump is more efficient when the outside temperature is colder.

A. A heat pump transfers some energy from the outdoors.

Suppose 150 Joules of work is done on a system and that 300 Joules of heat are delivered to the system. Which of these is predicted by the first law of thermodynamics? A. The internal energy U of the system increases by 450 J, since Q = +300 and W = -150. B. The internal energy U of the system decreases by 150 J, since Q = -300 and W = +150. C. The internal energy U of the system increases by 150 J, since Q = +300 and W = +150. D. The internal energy U of the system does not change.

A. The internal energy U of the system increases by 450 J, since Q = +300 and W = -150.

A standing wave is set up on a string so that it has 5 nodes. If you start at the central node and move exactly one wavelength in either direction, you will wind up at A. a node. B. an antinode. C. neither a node nor an antinode but still on the string. D. somewhere off the string.

A. a node.

You have a set of 14 metal weights strung together by nylon fishing line at equal intervals. Each has a weight of 0.20 N. You suspend this array from the ceiling. (image) Which part of the array has the greatest tension in the fishing line? A. above weight 1. B. between weights 1 and 3. C. exactly at weight 7. D. just above weight 14.

A. above weight 1.

A vibrating guitar string has exactly one antinode in the middle of the string and two nodes at the end. You have produced an oscillation of the string at its A. fundamental frequency. B. first harmonic frequency.. C. second harmonic frequency.. D. third harmonic frequency..

A. fundamental frequency.

It is an advantage for an automobile engine to run at a high temperature because A. its efficiency is higher, since the temperature difference is what dictates efficiency. B. gasoline only ignites under high temperature conditions. C. a high operating temperature cools off the fuel before ignition. D. it allows the use of lighter engine components made from aluminum.

A. its efficiency is higher, since the temperature difference is what dictates efficiency.

Suppose an audible sound wave were being produced at a frequency of 800 cycles per second. If the amplitude were doubled, the sound would become A. louder. B. softer. C. higher in pitch. D. lower in pitch.

A. louder.

The principle of superposition tells us that, if two waves cross paths, A. the amplitude is the sum of the individual amplitudes. B. the wavelength is the sum of the individual wavelengths. C. the frequency is the sum of the individual frequencies. D. the speed is the speed of the faster wave.

A. the amplitude is the sum of the individual amplitudes.

Some power plants extract energy from the warm ocean currents. A major disadvantage to these power plants is that A. the efficiency is quite low. B. there is no low temperature reservoir. C. the amount of heat released to the environment is unacceptable. D. the cost of warm ocean water is quite high.

A. the efficiency is quite low.

Oceanic thermal generation operates from a relatively inexhaustible source of energy in the oceans that have heat energy from A. the energy in sunlight. B. subatomic heat. C. the decay of carbon in the rock formations underlying Earth's oceans. D. carbon dioxide in the ozone layer.

A. the energy in sunlight.

What method does not directly use heat for generating electricity? A. Nuclear power plants B. Hydroelectric dams C. Natural gas D. Geothermal power E. All of these methods use heat to generate electricity.

B. Hydroelectric dams

If, for an ideal heat engine, QH , QC, and W are, respectively, the heat absorbed, the heat exhausted, and the work done per cycle, which of these is true? A. QH cannot be more than W. B. QC cannot be more than QH. C. W cannot be more than QC. D. QH cannot be more than QC.

B. QC cannot be more than QH.

An amount of water forms a single hexagonally symmetric snowflake. Elsewhere the same amount of water is a droplet of liquid water. Which state has higher entropy? A. Their entropy levels are the same, since they are actually the same amount of H2O, just different phases. B. The droplet of liquid water, since it is more unruly and can adopt almost any shape. C. The solid water, since it has a tight restriction to hexagonal symmetry.

B. The droplet of liquid water, since it is more unruly and can adopt almost any shape.

A harmonic wave has A. another wave nearby, so as to create harmony. B. a close correspondence to simple harmonic motion. C. to be a sound wave. D. a higher speed than a noise wave.

B. a close correspondence to simple harmonic motion.

Blowing gently across the top of a soda pop bottle gives you a musical note at a certain fundamental frequency. This is most similar to A. making a guitar string resonate at its fundamental. B. an organ pipe. C. a wind chime. D. a telephone.

B. an organ pipe.

It is impossible to construct an engine that is more than 100% efficient. The physical law covering this case is A. the zeroth law of thermodynamics. B. the first law of thermodynamics. C. Clausius's statement of the second law of thermodynamics. D. Kelvin's statement of the second law of thermodynamics. E. the third law of thermodynamics.

B. the first law of thermodynamics.

In one cycle of any heat engine A. the net heat flow is zero. B. the internal energy of the engine does not change. C. more heat flows from the engine than enters the engine. D. the net work done is larger than the heat exhausted.

B. the internal energy of the engine does not change.

Arnold can bench press 315 pounds in his gym in California. That is exactly six big 45-pound weight plates and the 45-pound bar. He can lift all that one time, but he cannot lift 325 pounds even once. At the NASA gym on the Moon, Arnold would

Be able to bench press the bar and more than 6 weight plates

Other things (density, altitude, temperature) being equal, a moving gas exerts less pressure than a stationary gas. This is predicted by _______________________ (2 words).

Bernoulli's equation

In attempting to pull a 1500kg car out of a ditch, Arnold exerts a force of 300 N for three seconds, Bob exerts a force of 500 N for two seconds, and Cecil exerts a force of 200 N for four seconds. Who provided the greatest impulse?

Bob

When a single boxcar in the freight yard hooks onto a stationary string of four boxcars, as in example 7.4, there is some kinetic energy lost. Which of the following could account for the missing energy?

Both A and B (sound energy and heat energy)

It is observed that, as bubbles rise in a deep column of water, the diameter of the bubbles increases. This is best explained by

Boyle's Law.

Which of the curves in the figure best shows the speed of an object falling from rest without air friction?

C

An organ pipe of length 3.0 m has one end closed. The longest and next-longest possible wavelengths for standing waves inside the pipe are A. 6 m and 3 m. B. 12 m and 6 m. C. 12 m and 4 m. D. 9 m and 6 m. E. 3 m and 1.5 m.

C. 12 m and 4 m.

Which general pattern holds for various excited states in standing waves on a rope or string fixed at both ends? A. Where the nodes are, you also find two antinodes. B. Guitars and violins have antinodes only in even numbers: 0, 2, 4, and so on. C. More antinodes means shorter wavelengths. D. Standing waves involve the interference of waves traveling in the same direction.

C. More antinodes means shorter wavelengths.

Which of these lists is in order of increasing wavelength? A. Second harmonic, third harmonic, fourth harmonic B. First harmonic, second harmonic, fundamental C. Third harmonic, second harmonic, first harmonic D. First harmonic, second harmonic, third harmonic

C. Third harmonic, second harmonic, first harmonic

Entropy is A. another term for heat. B. a quantity that is conserved in any thermal process. C. a quantity that increases as the disorder of a system increases. D. something that never locally decreases in any process.

C. a quantity that increases as the disorder of a system increases.

An organ pipe makes a sound that has a frequency of 450 Hz when the temperature is 20C. If the temperature is ten degrees colder the wavelength of sound produced in the pipe will A. get longer. B. stay the same. C. get shorter. D. It is not possible to tell without more information.

C. get shorter.

A heat engine that would take in 1000 J of heat from a reservoir at 500 K and exhaust 500 J to a reservoir at 300 K, converting the other 500 J of heat to work, is A. thermodynamically possible. B. possible only for a Carnot cycle. C. not thermodynamically possible.

C. not thermodynamically possible.

An ideal heat engine is operating between high and low temperature reservoirs. Suppose that now the low temperature reservoir has its temperature lowered, but no other changes are made. This temperature change affects the engine efficiency in the following way: A. the efficiency decreases. B. the efficiency is unchanged. C. the efficiency increases. D. there is now no way to calculate the efficiency.

C. the efficiency increases.

When a wave reflects from a stationary boundary, A. the frequency increases. B. the frequency decreases. C. the frequency is unchanged.

C. the frequency is unchanged.

The overall direction of change in the universe is toward A. a state of increased mass in the universe. B. increased energy content of the universe. C. a state of increased organization. D. a state of greater disorder.

D. a state of greater disorder.

Entropy and temperature measure different properties of a sample of a substance, because temperature gauges average kinetic energy of molecules or atoms, but A. entropy is the inverse of temperature, due to conservation of momentum. B. low entropy substances cannot have a temperature. C. entropy of an isolated system cannot decrease. D. entropy measures disorderliness or unruliness.

D. entropy measures disorderliness or unruliness.

The work performed by a heat engine A. equals the heat energy exhausted from the engine. B. equals the heat energy entering the engine. C. equals the change in the internal energy of the engine. D. equals the net heat flow into the engine

D. equals the net heat flow into the engine

A fast train approaches a car waiting at a grade crossing and sounds its horn. A person in the car will notice that, compared to what it would be if the train were at rest, the horn sound's A. wavelength appears to be the same. B. wavelength appears to be longer. C. frequency appears to be lower. D. frequency appears to be higher.

D. frequency appears to be higher.

Suppose an audible sound wave were being produced at a frequency of 800 cycles per second. If the frequency were doubled, the sound would become A. softer. B. louder. C. lower in pitch. D. higher in pitch.

D. higher in pitch.

An engine that decreases the total entropy in the universe is A. a refrigerator. B. a Carnot engine. C. a heat pump. D. impossible.

D. impossible.

To change the fundamental frequency of a guitar string, you can A. use something other than a pick. B. strum it over the sound hole. C. do nothing short of using a completely different guitar. D. make it shorter, by pressing a finger of your left hand on the string.

D. make it shorter, by pressing a finger of your left hand on the string.

Can the gravitational force of Earth do positive or negative work on a geosynchronous communication satellite, once on its circular orbit?

No, because the force is always perpendicular to the orbital path

A car travels around a curve with constant speed. The correct statement from the following is

The car has an acceleration directed inward toward the center of the curve

Two identical objects, one light colored and the other dark colored, are at the same elevated temperature, 50C. You now place them in a dark, much cooler room. Which object will reach the room's temperature first?

The dark colored object

Archimedes' Principle states that...

an object immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.

After their rocket engines shut off, astronauts experience weightlessness in the orbiting Space Shuttle,

and they are accelerating because they are actually in free-fall.

When an ice skater twirling on the point of a skate draws her arms in she ends up whirling faster. This is because

angular momentum is conserved.

An object is acted upon by the three forces shown above. In order to move the object upward,

any upward force can be applied

Refer to the speedometer in Figure 2.3. The speedometer reading 75 mph is

approximately 2 kilometers per minute

A flywheel is used to minimize changes in rotational velocity as the torque or the load changes. The rotational inertia of a flywheel should be chosen to be

as large as possible

a worker in a warehouse uses a rope passing through some pulleys to lift a heavy crate. The worker exerts a force five times less than the weight of the crate but has to move the rope four times as far as the crate moves. This situation:

cannot happen because the work done by the worker is less than the work done on the crate

A car driver takes Turn 1 at Daytona International Speedway at a steady 120 mph all the way through the turn. The radius of this turn is 1000 feet. Which statement is true?

change of direction at constant speed means a change in velocity

An organ pipe open only at one end will have a displacement node at the _____________ end.

closed

During batting practice, two baseballs have the same speed when leaving the bat of Babe Ruth. One ball goes over the outfield fence for a home run, and the other can be caught by an infielder. The difference between the two swings is that the home run ball starts out _________ to 45

closer

A ball hangs at rest from a string attached to the ceiling. The string pulls up on the ball with a force equal to its weight. The reaction to the upward force of the string on the ball is a ___________ (direction) force exerted by the __________ on the _______________.

downward, ball, string

Mechanical wave motion is a phenomenon in which there is a transport of __________________ without net motion of the medium.

energy

The conversion of the initial potential energy of a person on a sled on a smooth icy slope into kinetic energy at the bottom is an example of the principle of conservation of _________________.

energy

The first law of thermodynamics is an extension of the principle of conservation of _________________ that we first met in mechanics.

energy

To explain the retrograde motion of planets, Ptolemy introduced the concept of _______________.

epicycles

A light body sliding on a smooth horizontal surface collides with a heavy body. During the instant of contact the force exerted by the light body on the heavy body is ___________ (equal to, greater than, less than) the force exerted by the heavy body on the light body.

equal to

An ice cube in a glass of water is pushed to the bottom of the glass and held there with a straw. Consequently, the buoyant force on the ice cube is now

exactly balanced by the force exerted only by the straw

Suppose you have 10 helium-filled party balloons tied to a digital camera, so you can take photos of the core of a storm. With 10 balloons the camera will slowly but surely rise. As a storm approaches the atmospheric pressure drops. Assuming the air temperature and density are the same, the volume of each balloon will increase. When you let go, the speed of ascent will be _____________.

faster

A box is pushed across a rough horizontal floor by a force acting parallel to the floor in the direction of motion. A force doing no work during the motion is

gravity

Car A travels with speed v around curve number one, which has a radius r. Car B travels with speed 2v around curve number two, which has a radius 2r. The acceleration will be

greater for car B

Hot coffee is poured into a cylindrical container until it is nearly full. The container is immediately sealed by stretching a rubber balloon across the container mouth and tightly sealing the edges. Twenty minutes later, you observe that the still intact rubber seal

has sagged inward toward the coffee.

A ball is whirled on the end of a string in a horizontal circle at constant speed. Suddenly, the string breaks. Immediately after the string breaks, the ball will

have a horizontal velocity that is tangential to the circle

A piece of soft wood floats in water with half of its volume submerged. If it is placed in mercury which has a density about 13.6 times that of water, it will float __________________ (higher, lower, the same) compared with floating in water.

higher

One day while measuring acceleration with his pulse as a timing source, Galileo became so excited that his pulse rate increased. His results for acceleration that day were probably

higher than usual

If a person sits on a bathroom scale while riding on a Ferris wheel, the reading on the scale will be lowest while passing through the _______________ point (indicate a point in the path).

highest

A policeman walks on his beat back and forth. His average speed is determined from

his total distance covered divided by the time

Increasing the air temperature inside an organ pipe, neglecting any expansion of the pipe, will _________________ the frequency of the fundamental tone.

increase

A ball is thrown at an upward angle. The horizontal speed of the ball is 20 m/s and the ball covers a distance of 10 m. The maximum height of the arc through which the ball travels is

it cannot be determined from this information

The amount of inertia a body has can be measured by finding its ___________.

mass

In principle, a first-grader could measurably move the Earth if

she had a long enough lever

A father and his young daughter are on very clean ice, so there is very little friction (the father has more mass than the daughter). The father pushes his daughter forward and she slides away at a speed of 3 m/s. The father's velocity is

smaller than 3 m/s in the same direction as his daughter

A person wearing snowshoes can walk across a blanket of freshly fallen snow without sinking far into the snow because

snowshoes cover a larger area than a foot and so the pressure is reduced.

Even a little first-grader can stay up on a bicycle if he can get his bicycle moving fast enough because

the angular momentum of the wheels wants to stay horizontal, due to conservation of angular momentum. the first-grader's weight causes a torque too small to make the bicycle fall sideways when moving. pedaling faster is easier once you are stable, and more pedaling increases net angular momentum. All of these.

When a net horizontal force of 250 N acts on a 50-kg cart that is free to roll on a level surface,

the cart accelerates at 5 m/s^2

Two identical objects, one light colored and the other dark colored, are at the same cool temperature. Then, you place them outside, on a warm day, in direct sunlight. Which object will warm up faster?

the dark one

A ball rolls off a shelf and hits the floor below 0.25 second later. To find the speed of the ball as it left the shelf, we would need

the distance measured along the floor to the point of impact

A baseball pitcher throws a fastball at 98 mph. He also has a slower "changeup" pitch, 75 mph, which he throws identically, same windup and same release angle from shoulder height. Which pitch gets to home plate with a flatter trajectory—i.e., velocity vector closer to horizontal?

the fastball

Although Newton's second law, F=ma, is valid for collisions, it is difficult to use it generally in this form for collisions because

the force F is not constant and the acceleration occurs during a time interval too short to measure easily

Two cars that have the same mass are moving around a circular track at the same constant speed. The track is perfectly level. If car 1 is at the inner edge of the track and car 2 is at the outer edge, then

the frictional force on car 1 is greater than the frictional force on car 2

In Vienna, there is a Ferris wheel designed so that the passengers ride in a standing position. If one of the passengers were standing on a bathroom scale while the ride rotated at a constant speed, the scale would read lowest at

the highest point in the ride

A ball is thrown across the street. During its flight, the ball's speed is lowest at

the highest point of its flight

A hoop and a sphere have the same diameter and the same mass. Which one will have a larger rotational inertia?

the hoop

Three different bodies—a uniform sphere, a uniform disk, and a hoop—all have same radius and same mass. The body with the largest rotational inertia will be

the hoop

Two projectiles are launched 50 above horizontal but with different initial speeds. Which of the following must be true while the projectiles are in the air? (Ignore air resistance.)

the horizontal accelerations of both projectiles are the same: zero

For reasons known only to them, a group of extraterrestrials offers you your choice of three gold ingots. One weighs 10 lb on Earth, the second weighs 10 lb on Jupiter, and the third weighs 10 lb on the Moon. To get the most gold, you should choose the ingot that weighs 10 lb on

the moon

A banked curve in a roadway is designed for a speed of 35 mph. During an ice storm cars should be able to safely negotiate this curve at 35 mph, because at this speed

the necessary centripetal force is supplied entirely by the normal force from the road

The acceleration of gravity on the Moon's surface is about 1/6 of that on the Earth's surface. An object on the Earth is to be taken to the Moon. We can state that, compared to the Earth,

the object's mass and weight will be the same on the moon

If you hold a light tissue in your hands and gently blow across its top, the tissue will rise slightly because

the pressure of moving air is less than that of static air

A boat floating in a large pool is loaded with wood blocks. The water level at the pool's edge is marked with a red line. The blocks are now thrown overboard and float outside the boat. When the water becomes calm again,

the red line is still at the water level.

two springs are hung from a ceiling and carry identical masses. The first spring has a spring constant twice as large as the second spring. The masses on each spring are pulled down from their equilibrium positions the same distance and are then released. The amplitude of the oscillation is

the same for both springs

The acceleration due to gravity near the surface of the Moon is about one-sixth of the value near the Earth's surface. If a rock were dropped from equal heights on the Moon and Earth, the time it would take the rock from the Moon to hit the ground would be

the square root of six times longer than on earth

An ice cube is floating in a glass of water with the water level just reaching the top of the glass. If the temperature in the surrounding area is above freezing, the ice cube will melt. When it does,

the water level in the glass will remain unchanged as the ice continues to melt.

If there is a net torque on a wheel, then

the wheel must have a nonzero angular acceleration.

Collisions between which pairs of objects is likely to be most nearly elastic

two steel balls

Pascal's Principle states that an increase of pressure on an enclosed fluid is transmitted _________ throughout the fluid.

uniformity

On a two-lane highway (not divided), a car headed north experiences a centripetal acceleration directed toward the west. Simultaneously, a truck passes the car, headed south in the other lane. The direction of the centripetal acceleration on the truck is

west

The advantage that a lever can give you is that

with a small force, you can move a large weight.

A 10-pound sack of potatoes falls from an airplane. As the velocity of the falling sack increases, so does the air resistance on it. When the air resistance equals 10 pounds, the acceleration of the sack will be

zero

Refer to the graph above. The velocity of this object at the start of the motion is

zero (it is not moving)

An auto, starting from rest, undergoes constant acceleration and covers a distance of 1250 meters. The final speed of the auto is 50 meters/sec. How long does it take the car to cover the 1250 meters?

50s

Why couldn't you use an electric motor to turn an electrical generator that in turn provides the electrical energy for the motor? A. No energy converter is 100% efficient. B. Yes, you can do this! C. Motors require AC and generators produce DC.

A. No energy converter is 100% efficient.

The change in internal energy during one complete cycle of a heat engine A. equals zero. B. equals the net heat flow into the engine. C. equals the heat energy exhausted from the engine. D. equals the heat energy entering the engine.

A. equals zero.

The Doppler effect refers to changes in a sound wave's A. frequency caused by motion of a source or receiver. B. frequency caused by a change in speed of sound. C. amplitude caused by motion of a source or receiver. D. amplitude caused by a change in speed of sound.

A. frequency caused by motion of a source or receiver.

As a wave passes from one medium into another, it often happens that its speed increases with no change in frequency. Under these circumstances, the wavelength A. increases. B. decreases. C. stays the same.

A. increases.

The primary function of any heat engine is to A. create a large amount of energy from a small amount of heat. B. create heat. C. convert heat into work. D. destroy energy and replace it with work.

C. convert heat into work.

The second law of thermodynamics says that the total amount of entropy, or randomness, in the universe cannot decrease. However, we see all around us objects that become more ordered—for example, the development of a biological organism or water that freezes. The decrease in entropy, or randomness, in such cases does not violate the second law because A. energy must be removed. B. energy must be added. C. there is always a greater increase in entropy somewhere else. D. water and living things do not have entropy.

C. there is always a greater increase in entropy somewhere else.

A rock that weighs 100 lb on Earth is taken to the Moon. Which of the following statements accurately describes what would be observed?

The rock is easier to lift because its weight is less on the moon.

The angular momentum of an isolated object can be changed only by

applying a torque.

The temperature of a sample of a substance is a way to gauge

the average kinetic energy of the molecules in that sample.

A clown at the circus blows up a balloon with helium. This balloon will not float to the ceiling unless

the balloon and the helium it contains weigh less than the air displaced by the balloon.

Which has the greater kinetic energy - a 1 ton car moving at 30 m/s or a half-ton car moving at 60 m/s?

the half-ton car

A student releases a ball from rest on an inclined plane and measures that it travels a distance of 0.5 m in a time of 2.0 s. The acceleration of the ball is

0.25 m/s^2

The efficiency of an engine can be defined as the A. ratio of work done to energy input. B. total amount of work performed. C. ratio of work done to energy exhausted. D. ratio of heat exhausted to heat intake.

A. ratio of work done to energy input.

Shown below are 4 figures that represent the heat flow in a heat engine. The thickness of the arrows represents the amount of heat flow. TH is the high-temperature reservoir, TC is the low-temperature reservoir, QH is heat to/from TH, QC is heat to/from TC, and W is work. Which figure best represents a real heat engine? (image) A. A B. B C. C D. D

B. B

Jim the meteorologist has predicted fair weather all day but sees flashes of lightning followed by rolls of thunder. To calculate the distance to the lightning bolt, Jim should measure the time between the instant he first sees a lightning flash and the A. instant the lightning flash is over. B. instant he hears the beginning of the next thunder roll. C. instant he hears the middle of the next thunder roll. D. instant he hears the end of the next thunder roll. E. instant he sees the beginning of the next lightning flash.

B. instant he hears the beginning of the next thunder roll.

Energy added to a cyclical heat engine A. is completely converted to external work. B. is converted to work and to waste heat. C. is used to generate work that is greater than the added energy. D. is converted to increased internal energy in the engine plus external work.

B. is converted to work and to waste heat.

Electromagnetic waves are generally A. longitudinal waves. B. transverse waves. C. a 50/50 combination of transverse and longitudinal waves. D. standing waves.

B. transverse waves.

A 20 N ball and a 40 N ball are dropped at the same time from a height of 10 meters. Air resistance is negligible. Which of the following statements is accurate?

Both balls hit the ground at the same time but gravity does more work on the heavy ball than on the light ball

On a day when the speed of sound in air is 340 m/s, a lightning bolt is observed and the resultant thunderclap is heard 5 seconds afterwards. About how far away was the lightning bolt? A. 1020 m B. 170 m C. 1700 m D. 680 m

C. 1700 m

One important feature of the Carnot cycle is that it A. maximizes the entropy of a heat engine operating between two temperatures. B. specifies the operating temperatures of any heat engine. C. converts all of the heat flowing into an engine to work. D. predicts the maximum efficiency of a heat engine operating between two temperatures.

D. predicts the maximum efficiency of a heat engine operating between two temperatures.

Which of the following is possessed by a moving object, but not by a stationary object?

Kinetic Energy

A common experience is to find that a steady pull is required to keep an object moving, even on a level surface, when friction is present. Analyzing this experience in light of the laws of motion, the accepted conclusion is that

a frictional force exactly opposes your pull and the first law applies

A sharp knife can more easily cut objects than can a dull knife because

a greater pressure can be applied with a sharp knife.

A car traveling at constant speed

can change direction

If work was done on an object, the object must have

changed its position

The bigger diameter gears on the rear wheel of a multi-speed bike allow the rider to

exert more torque on the wheel.

The rotational inertia of an object depends on

how its mass is distributed about the spin axis

The frictional force, due to air resistance, acting on an object is always

in the opposite direction of the objects motion

A bullet is fired straight down from a hovering helicopter. If we neglect air friction, then the velocity of the bullet

increases at 9.8 m/s each second

Which of the following mathematical expressions should be used to calculate the momentum of an auto?

mass x velocity

The starship Enterprise locks onto an alien ship (whose mass is much greater than the Enterprise's mass) with its tractor beam (think of this as a futuristic rope) and starts to pull the alien ship toward it. Neither ship has its propulsion engines running. Which ship has greater acceleration towards the other?

the Enterprise

A football thrown with a spinning motion is more stable than one thrown without spin because

the angular momentum of a spinning object can only be changed by applying a torque.

You toss a ball straight up in the air. At the highest point, the ball's

velocity is zero and the acceleration is downward

(Ignore air friction for this problem.) Two identical balls are thrown simultaneously from the top of a very tall cliff. Ball A is thrown downward with an initial velocity of 6 m/s, while ball B is thrown straight upward with an initial velocity of 9.8 m/s.

velocity of ball B is zero