Phy-psy ch 11-14

Which of the following statements about H.M.'s memory deficits is true?

His explicit memory was impaired, but his implicit memory​ was spared

One of the reasons why people with amygdala damage have trouble recognizing fearful faces is that they

focus their attention on the nose and mouth of faces instead of the eyes

The right hemisphere receives auditory information

from the left ear mostly

When people were forced to smile by clenching a pen between their teeth, how did they rate a cartoon they were reading?​

funnier than if they were not forced to smile

Research has found that bonobo chimpanzees ____

comprehend spoken language comparable to that of a two-year-old child

Nearly simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces LTP, whereas stimulation by just one produces it weakly, if at all. This is known as the property of ____.

cooperativity

During stress, the adrenal gland releases__________​

cortisol

Children with Williams syndrome ____

have good language abilities despite low overall intelligence

Which of the following characterizes the total brain activity, as measured by the rate of glucose metabolism, in those suffering from mood disorders?​

high in mania and low in depression

Studies of nonhuman language abilities suggest that________​

human language may have evolved from a precursor that was probably present in the ancient ancestor from which humans and bonobos evolved

Most tranquilizers reduce anxiety by ____

increasing GABA

According to operant conditioning, punishment _______

is an event that decreases the future probability of a response

In studies of eyelid conditioning in rabbits, Thompson and his colleagues have demonstrated that learning for this conditioned response takes place in the ____.

lateral interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum

Research with deaf children suggests that it is essential to ____​

learn any language when you are young if you do not want to be forever disadvantaged

A split-brain patient who sees something in his right visual field can point to it with the ____​

left hand but cannot name it

The right cerebral hemisphere controls muscles mainly on the ____ side of the body, and is connected to skin receptors mainly on the ____ half of the body

left; left

Which of the following group of forebrain structures plays a critical role in emotional responses?

limbic system

Research with monkeys shows that the probability of violent behavior is greatest under which condition

low serotonin turnover

Which of the following is a common side effect of electroconvulsive therapy?​

memory loss

Research on aggressive and criminal behaviors in adulthood have found that ____

monozygotic twins resemble each other more closely than dizygotic twins

What part of the brain is often linked to drug addiction?

nucleus accumbens

The training of Kanzi differed from the earlier language studies using other chimpanzees in that Kanzi ____​

observed his mother being trained while he was an infant

Research has found that people with prefrontal cortex impairment ____​

often make bad decisions is not become excessively inhibited in their dealings with others

An individual with damage to the right hemisphere is unable to

recognize emotional facial expressions

In addition to the neurotransmitter glutamate, in order to activate the NMDA receptors, the neuron requires ____.

removal of magnesium ions from sodium and calcium channels

The classical illness behaviors such as fever, sleepiness, and lack of appetite are caused by ____​

the immune system's production of cytokines

The dose of lithium given to bipolar patients must be carefully monitored because ____

the most beneficial dosage is just less than the dosage that is toxic

Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by blocking the enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms?​

tricyclics

The presence of physiological arousal is not sufficient for eliciting an emotion

true

Lashley found that a deep cut in a rat's cerebral cortex completely eliminated the effects of learning under what circumstances, if any?

under none of the circumstances he studied​

Damage to the left hemisphere is more likely than right hemisphere damage to impair which ability?​

understanding the meaning of language

​According to Hebb short-term memory _____

was a temporary holding station on the way to long-term memory

If your serotonin levels were suddenly reduced by a treatment

you would become both depressed and violent'

The ________________ prepares the body for the fight-or- flight response

​sympathetic nervous system

If the corpus callosum is severed_________

​the exchange of information between the two hemispheres is prevented

The reduced effect of a drug after its repeated use is known as:

​tolerance

The salivation to the meat in Pavlov's experiment was the ____

​unconditioned stimulus is not conditioned stimulus

A person suffering from Urbach-Wiethe disease would find it difficult to draw pictures expressing____________

fear

A drug used in the treatment of alcoholism that can make someone sick after drinking alcohol is_____

Antabuse

Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between language abilities and other intellectual abilities?​

Either can be impaired independently of the other.

Which of the following statements is true regarding St. John's wort?

It decreases the effectiveness of other medications the person may be taking

Which of the following statements regarding methadone is true?

It is is viewed as a less potentially harmful substitute for heroin and is taken orally every day

Which brain area is important for working memory?

The Prefrontal Cortex

Lashley's principle of mass action postulates that:

The cortex works act as a whole, and the more cortex the better

What happens with the startle reflex when the amygdala is impaired?

The rat's startle reflex does not vary from one situation to another.

Which of the following statements is true regarding individuals with Broca's Aphasia?

They are able to speak meaningfully, but they omit pronouns, tense, and number endings

What do the drugs valproate and carbamazepine share in common with lithium?​

They block the synthesis of arachidonic acid.

Which of the following statements is true regarding individuals with with Type II alcoholism?​

They ​have rapid onset alcoholism

Fluent aphasia, in which the victim has difficulty comprehending language but is still able to speak smoothly, is due to damage that includes ____

Wernicke's area

Long-term potentiation requires____________

a burst of many stimuli within a few seconds

If a split-brain patient sees the word "sky" in his left visual field and the word "scraper" in his right visual field, which picture will he draw with the left hand?

a sky and a scraper, separately

In a "Hebbian" synapse ____

activity of the synapse, paired with an action potential in the postsynaptic cell, strengthens that synapse

Stimulating the release of neurotransmitters would be considered to be a (an)_________effect

agonistic

Studies of individuals at high risk of alcoholism show that ____

alcohol decreases stress more for sons of alcoholics than it does for others

Which of the following brain structures is involved in learning what to fear

amygdala

An individual with _________________ amnesia is unable to form new memories

anterograde

Noam Chomsky and other advocates of the language acquisition device argue that humans ____

are born with language

Most researchers now believe that the accumulation of amyloid and tau protein ____.

are partly the cause of Alzheimer's disease

Research with people who suffer from pure autonomic failure indicates that_____

autonomic output is important for experiencing emotion

Many cells in the amygdala get input from sensory modalities, especially the ____ nuclei

basolateral and central

Which system is most likely to be active when moderate physiological arousal occurs while approaching a member of the opposite sex?​

behavioral activation system

Regarding second language learning, as compared with children, adults are ________

better at the vocabulary, but worse at the pronunciation

An antagonist is a drug that __

blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter

Which of the following statements is true for both repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and ECT?

both are effective in alleviating depression and no one knows why

What is one of the best treatments for seasonal affective disorder?​

bright light

As with Korsakoff's patients, Alzheimer's patients have impairments in ____ memory, but are relatively unimpaired in ____ memory.

declarative; procedural

Habituation is to ______as sensitization is to _______

decreased response; enhanced response

Most depressed people show ____ activity in the ____ prefrontal cortex.​

decreased; right is not decreased, right and left

Anomia is characterized by ____

difficulty ​remembering the names of objects

A key gene in addiction controls COMT, an enzyme that breaks down ____ after its release.​

dopamine

Which neurotransmitter has been repeatedly connected with addictive drugs?

dopamine

Possible side effects of tricyclic antidepressants are___________​

drowsiness and dry mouth

A specific impairment of reading in a person with adequate vision and adequate skills in other academic areas is referred to as ____

dyslexia

Which kind of memory is impaired the most when the hippocampus is damaged?

episodic memory

When presented with spontaneous facial expression of emotions, people find it easy to distinguish fear from surprise

false

Information from the left part of the visual field is sent to the ________hemisphere, and information from the right part of the visual field is send to the ________ hemisphere

right; left

Following a certain kind of experience in Aplysia, a facilitating interneuron causes changes that block the potassium channels at the end of the axon of the sensory neuron, leading to ____.

sensitization

A study with London taxi drivers found that answering ____ activated their hippocampus more than answering ____.

spatial questions; nonspatial questions

During habituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia, the change in the nervous system takes place at the ____

synapse between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron

According to the James-Lange theory__________________

the emotional experience precedes autonomic arousal is not autonomic arousal and the emotional experience occur simultaneously