PHY S 100 FINAL BYU
how does water affect melting points?
it lowers melting points!
transform boundaries
just result in earthquakes (ex. haiti)
Newton's First Law
law of inertia every object is in a state of rest unless compelled to do otherwise by unbalanced forces acting on it - comes from mass
double split experiment
lead to wave-particle duality knowledge --shine a light through 2 slits & you get interference and diffraction (light acts like a wave) --shine a light through 1 slit & you only get diffraction...light acts like wave here as well! --when electrons are OBSERVED, they act like a particle --when electrons are NOT OBSERVED they act like a wave
fluid....bounded & unbounded
liquid or gas...anything that floats -bounded fluid: closed container meaning there is equal pressure throughout unbounded fluid: open container...pressure increases with depth
mesosphere
lower mantle solid and rigid
crust
made mostly of silicates top layer of earth...the part we live on
mantle
made of silicates and oxides
Metallic Bondind
malleable good conductors of heat/electricity high melting/boiling points opaque/shiny
tectonic plates move by
floating on top of very hot "plasticy" rock
Newton's Third Law
force pairs -equal and opposite 2 forces have equal and opposite actions and reactions
metamorphic
formed by intense heat and pressure this process creates bands/veins
igneous rocks
formed by other rocks that have melted and then resolidified --intrusive: solidified under the earth (crystals...the bigger the crystal the longer it took for the rock to cool) --extrusive: solidified on the surface of the earth (air bubbles...the larger the air bubbles, the quicker the rock cooled)
sedimentary rocks
formed by small pieces of igneous and metamorphic rocks that all became glued together
Ionization Energy Increases
from bottom up and left to right on periodic table
Volume Increases
from top to bottom and right to left on periodic table
Protons
positive in nuclues CANNOT move! (this means when an atom is negatively charged it has gained electrons/when it is positively charged it has lost electrons...never gain/lose protons!)
positive/negative feedback
positive: cause and effect go in the same direction negative: cause and effect go in opposite directions
Electromagnetic Force
interaction between positives and negatives possible from size of entire atoms all the way to continents
Buoyant Force
is equal to the weight of the displaced water...affected by the volume of the object, not the weight of the object!
asthenosphere
upper mantle solid, but plastic-like where the plate tectonics are
alluvial fan
water deposited in a valley
delta
water is deposited in the ocean creating new land on the coast
destructive interference
when 1 crest and 1 tough interact making a smaller wave
constructive interference
when either 2 crests or 2 troughs interact making a larger wave
Intramolecular
within atoms
for energy to transfer
work must be done
hydrogen
polar molecules where H is bonded to N, F, O
Strong Nuclear Force
smallest force acts on nucleus
where do electrons move
to the lower energy orbital
molecule
two of more elements bonded together in a certain ratio with specific bonds
order of energies
Kinetic Energy = most ordered Thermal Energy = most disordered everything else = in between
Gravitational Potential Energy
-energy of objects with a given height -energy increases as mass & height increase - U = mgh
Chemical Potential Energy
-energy stored within chemical bonds -energy from eating food or combusting chemicals
Elastic Potential Energy
-energy that comes from deforming an object (i.e. stretching or compressing an object)
Electric Potential Energy
-for like charges, energy is greater when they are closer together -for opposite charges, energy is greater when they are farther apart
fluids which is liquids or gases (traits)
-molecules are essentially free to move around and by each other
solids (traits)
-molecules are more "fixed" in place... motion in solids is less but still present...more of vibrations around equilibrium positions --THINK JELLO
how do we know they move?
-puzzle pieces of the continents -glaciers -magnetite -fossils
Tranverse Waves
-shear waves -only go through solids -these ones look like the waves we picture...go up and down
weird graph we need to know means:
-the mass decreases as you bring molecules together (fusion)...this releases lots of energy in heat -the mass increases as you break molecules apart (fission)
ALWAYS conserved
-total energy -linear momentum -angular momentum -charge -mass ***remember CAMEL
we measure ancient climates through
-tree rings -oxygen isotopes -coral -lake sediments -stalactites
3 modes of transfer of energy
conduction, convection, radiation
Wave Behaviors
- reflection (off of surfaces) - refraction (when passing through mediums) - diffraction (when dealing with obstacles or slits...wave spreads out!) - interference
think of the picture of changing states of matter:
-- temp increases on the inclines (KE increases) -- temp is constant on the plateaus (Electrical Potential Energy increases)
when a ball is thrown in the air:
-as it travels upward, its velocity is upwards and decreasing, while the acceleration is downwards and constant -at the peak, its velocity is zero and its acceleration is downwards -as it travels downwards, velocity and acceleration are both downwards with velocity increasing
Ionic Bonding
-between metal & nonmetal transparent brittle non-conductive (unless dissolved) high melting/boiling points
Covalent Bonding
-between non metal & non metal --forms MOLECULES (only one that does) low melting/boiling points
Longitudinal Waves
-compression waves -can go through fluids & solids -picture a slinky...compressed and spread out
convergent boundaries
-continental-continental: mountains -continental-oceanic: volcanoes, mountains, trenches -oceanic-oceanic: volcanoes, trenches, island arcs, tsunamis
divergent boundaries
-continental-continental: volcanoes, rift valleys -continental-oceanic: DOES NOT HAPPEN -oceanic-oceanic: volcanoes, mid-ocean ridges
Kinetic Energy
-energy of moving objects -energy increases as mass or velocity increases -K=1/2 mass times velocity squared
Models of Matter (understand order, scientist, and what each one is)
1) Continuous Model - Brownian Motion 2) Molecular Model - Gas Discharge Tube 3) Plum Pudding Model - Gold Foil Experiment 4) Solar System Model - Discrete Spectra 5) Modified Solar System - Double Slit 6) Quantum Model
4 ways of learning
1) authority 2) intuition 3) reason 4) sensory data
6 basic assumptions of science
1. existence 2. causality 3. position symmetry 4. time symmetry 5. noncontradiction 6. occams razor
5 principles of relative dating
1. original horizontality 2. super position 3. cross-cuts (younger) 4. inclusions (older) 5. faunal succession
2 Postulates of Special Relativity
1. the laws of nature are the same for all observers in uniform motion 2. the speed of light is the same regardless of individual's frame of reference or the motion of the light source
compound
2 or more elements bonded together
standing waves
2 waves interacting with eachother creating nodes (periods of no movement) & antinodes (periods of movement)
increase in temperature
= increase in kinetic energy
Newton's Second Law
F=m(a) -force is mass times acceleration
radioactive decays
alpha: losing 2 protons and 2 neutrons beta: losing 1 electron gamma: rearranges nucleons
wave properties
amplitude: trough to middle/crest to middle wavelength: crest to crest horizontally crests: peaks troughs: dips frequency: number of waves passing a point in a given time
polyunsaturated fats
bent multiple times, 2+ double bonds, and lowest melting/boiling points
unsaturated fats
bent once, 1 double bond, and low melting/boiling points
Intermolecular
between atoms/molecules dispersion/dipole-dipole/hydrogen bonds ^^ those listed in increasing order of strength
dispersion force
between nonpolar molecules
dipole dipole force
between polar molecules
p waves
can go through any medium...however they refract heavily when they travel through the liquid core and so they still create shadow waves!
Heisenerg Uncertainty Principle
cannot know exact speed and location of an object at the same time
glacier erosion
cause u shaped canyons
river erosion
causes v shaped canyons
acceleration
change in either speed or direction -caused by an unbalanced force
lithosphere
crust and part of upper mantle solid/brittle
frequency of particles
determines energy (ie color of light)
amplitude of waves
determines energy (ie how big a wave is / how bright a light is)
conduction
direct contact (ie stove)
General Theory of Relativity
due to gravity
Special Theory of Relativity
due to speed
Diatomic Elements
elements that DO NOT like to be alone they are: H N F O I Cl Br
Thermal Energy
energy in the form of heat --basically all energy is lost to thermal energy
radiation
energy travels through space (ie campfire / sun)
hot spots
ex. Hawaii volcano is formed by a hotspot of magma under the lithosphere, then islands are formed one by one by a single volcano as the plate moves over the hotspot
convection
moving hot molecules (ie convect oven)
Electrons
negative can move
Entropy
never decreases --law of increasing disorder
Weak Nuclear Force
not important
element
one atom from the periodic table
shear waves
only go through solids...therefore they create shadow zones when they reach the liquid part of the crust, because they cannot go through it
core
outer core: made of liquid metal inner core: made of solid metal
Electromagnetic Spectrum
radio: long wavelength, low energy&frequency microwave infrared visible ultra violet Xray gamma: short wavelength, high energy & frequency
when moving fast, objects become:
short, fat, and slow
Semi-conductors
similar properties to metallic bonds but only semi-conductors because of their band gap --better conductors when HOT
velocity
speed & direction
transfat
straight, one double bond, and highest melting/boiling points
saturated fats
straight, zero double bonds, and high melting/boiling points
Gravity
strongest force -force that causes acceleration (F=ma) -force relies on mass and distance of objects involved -acceleration due to gravity=unchanging -F=G(m1xm2/d2)...therefore, increasing the distance by 2 would be decreasing the force by 1/4...
radiation hits strongest at
the earth's equator...which is mostly ocean which causes the water to evaporate and form clouds and also transfers the heat around the planet through convection
the faster the water moves
the more kinetic energy it has