Phys chapter 11

A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 24) Most preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

A

Which functions are controlled through the autonomic nervous system? 1. blood pressure 2. heart rate 3. water balance 4. temperature regulation

ANS: 1234 ALL

Autonomic neurotransmitters are synthesized in the ________.

axon

The two types of cholinergic receptors are ________ and ________.

nicotinic, muscarinic

The signal molecule ________ elicits the stronger response from alpha receptors.

norepinephrine

primary sympathetic neurotransmitter

norepinephrine

Cholinergic muscarinic receptors are found at the ________ in the ANS.

parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions

The ________ is the major source of parasympathetic output.

vagus nerve

The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress is the A) sympathetic division. B) parasympathetic division. C) craniosacral division. D) intramural division. E) somatomotor division.

A

The drug Chantix®, which treats nicotine addiction, is an ________ for the nicotine receptor. A) agonist B) antagonist

A

________ are swellings that contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitter.

Varicosities

sympathetic tissue receptor

adrenergic receptor

The two varieties of adrenergic receptors are ________ and ________.

alpha, beta

Cholinergic receptors respond to the neurotransmitter ________.

acetylcholine

released by all autonomic preganglionic neurons

acetylcholine

A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions It is important during stress or emergencies (fight-or-flight).

A

A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions It releases norepinephrine at the neuroeffector synapse.

A

A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions The adrenal medulla is closely allied with this system.

A

A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions The ganglia are found in a chain that runs close to the spinal cord or along the descending aorta.

A

Sweat glands contain A) cholinergic receptors. B) alpha receptors. C) beta receptors. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

A

The motor end plate is A) a folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold. B) the same as the neuromuscular junction. C) the same as the synaptic cleft. D) formed by the membrane of enlarged axon terminals, or boutons, that lie on the surface of skeletal muscle cells. E) a special fibrous matrix whose collagen fibers hold the axon terminal in proper position.

A

Which area(s) of the brain exert(s) control over the autonomic nervous system? 1. cerebrum 2. cerebellum 3. hypothalamus 4. pons 5. medulla 6. thalamus

ANS: 1345

Describe the different types of adrenergic receptors in the autonomic nervous system. Which neurotransmitter binds to each type? For those that bind more than one neurotransmitter, how does the response to the neurotransmitters compare?

Alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3 receptors are described in Table 11.2 in the chapter. Most of these receptors are more sensitive to norepinephrine than to epinephrine, but they will all respond to either neurotransmitter. These neurotransmitters are nearly identical structurally, and the response of the target tissue to the binding of either is the same.

A child is rushed to the hospital after taking one of his grandmother's blood pressure medications. He has a low blood pressure and is also having trouble breathing, with audible wheezing upon exhalation. Which class of drugs did the child most likely take? A) ACE inhibitor B) beta blocker C) calcium channel blocker D) diuretic

B

A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions It dominates during resting-and-digesting activities.

B

A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions The cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are found either in the brain stem or in the sacral region of the spinal cord.

B

A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released by neurons at the neuroeffector synapse.

B

Increased parasympathetic stimulation A) increases heart rate. B) increases gastric motility. C) causes sweat glands to release sweat. D) causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate. E) causes the pupils to dilate.

B

Nicotine enhances the release of ________ in the brain. A) serotonin B) dopamine C) acetylcholine D) epinephrine E) glutamate

B

The two divisions of the efferent side of the peripheral nervous system are A) somatic motor neurons and voluntary neurons. B) somatic motor neurons and autonomic neurons. C) the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. D) voluntary nervous system and somatic motor neurons.

B

Which of the following has its cell body in the ganglion? A) preganglionic neuron B) postganglionic neuron C) somatic motor neuron D) preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron E) preganglionic neuron, postganglionic neuron, and somatic motor neuron

B

________ postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete ________ onto their target cells. A) All, norepinephrine B) Most, norepinephrine C) All, acetylcholine D) Most, acetylcholine

B

Both alpha-bungarotoxin and curare bind to the same neurotransmitter receptor, but only curare binds reversibly. Which receptor is involved? List some locations for this receptor. Would either toxin be appropriate to use as a paralytic during surgery? Explain your answer. Are all such receptors necessarily affected by a given toxin in the same way? Explain the significance of your answer.

Both of these toxins bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. This type of receptor is located on skeletal muscle and in autonomic ganglia. For a paralytic during surgery, curare would be appropriate but bungarotoxin would not, because the irreversibility of bungarotoxin binding results in permanent paralysis of skeletal muscles. Bungarotoxin binds to the receptors in skeletal muscle but not to those in autonomic ganglia, illustrating a structural difference in the receptors in these two sites.

Describe the general rules for the identity of neurotransmitters secreted by pre- and postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division. Be sure to specify the types of receptors, where relevant, and describe the exceptions.

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons secrete acetylcholine onto nicotinic receptors within the autonomic ganglion. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete norepinephrine onto adrenergic receptors. Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons secrete acetylcholine onto muscarinic receptors. Exceptions include sympathetic postganglionic neurons that secrete acetylcholine, and nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neurons that secrete substance P, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, adenosine, nitric oxide, or ATP.

"Dual innervation" refers to an organ receiving A) two nerves from the spinal cord. B) both autonomic and somatomotor nerves. C) both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. D) nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord. E) None of the answers are correct

C

46) Epinephrine and norepinephrine that are released from the adrenal glands affect target tissue for a longer period of time than the same substances released from neurons at their peripheral receptors. Why? A) The adrenal gland releases larger amounts of the neurotransmitters than the neurons. B) The hormones released from the adrenal glands bind to different receptors than those released from neurons. C) There are no enzymes to break down epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood and very little in peripheral tissues. D) The effectors are less sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the adrenal glands. E) The epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands are released by sympathetic neurons, whereas parasympathetic neurons release these substances at the effector organs.

C

A. acetylcholine B. norepinephrine C. cholinergic nicotinic receptor D. adrenergic receptor E. cholinergic muscarinic receptor 19) target receptor for preganglionic neurons

C

A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions 23) The neural pathway from the spinal cord to the target tissue has two neurons, the preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron.

C

A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions Inside the ganglia are interneurons, which modulate messages.

C

A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions It contains cholinergic neurons

C

A. true only for the sympathetic division B. true only for the parasympathetic division C. true for both divisions On average, one preganglionic neuron synapses with eight or nine postganglionic neurons, each innervating a different target.

C

Antagonistic control of efferent output is typical of the ________ division. A) somatic B) sensory C) autonomic D) somatic and sensory E) somatic and autonomic

C

If humans administered a physiological dose of ufo-epi responded to the chemical, which of the following would indicate ufo-epi is an epinephrine agonist? A) constriction of respiratory tubes B) hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) C) increase in fatty acids in the blood D) localized sweating E) decreased heart rate

C

The presence of two peripheral efferent neurons in a pathway is typical of the ________ division. A) somatic B) sensory C) autonomic D) somatic and sensory E) somatic and autonomic

C

Which area is NOT normally considered to be an autonomic control center? A) pons B) medulla C) amygdala D) hypothalamus

C

Describe the different types of cholinergic receptors in the nervous system. Which neurotransmitter binds to each type?

Cholinergic receptors are either nicotinic or muscarinic; they are distinguishable by the binding of either nicotine or muscarine to the same receptors. Both receptors bind to acetylcholine.

Each of these statements is true EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A) Monoamine oxidase is the main enzyme responsible for the degradation of catecholamines. B) β1 receptors respond equally well to both epinephrine and norepinephrine. C) β2 receptors are not innervated by sympathetic neurons, so are more sensitive to epinephrine, delivered via the blood. D) Activation of α receptors opens Na+ channels in the membrane.

D

If the results of ufo-epi treatment of humans included pupil dilation, localized sweating, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose, which conclusion would be indicated? A) It acts on AMPA receptors. B) It acts at the neuromuscular junction. C) It acts on muscarinic receptors. D) It acts on alpha adrenergic receptors. E) It acts on beta adrenergic receptors.

D

Which statements apply to the parasympathetic division of the nervous system? A) It is dominant during "resting and digesting." B) Its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs. C) Epinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division. D) It is dominant during "resting and digesting" and its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs. E) All of the statements apply.

D

A. acetylcholine B. norepinephrine C. cholinergic nicotinic receptor D. adrenergic receptor E. cholinergic muscarinic receptor 18) parasympathetic tissue receptor

E

Nicotine is thought to cause approximately ________ deaths per year, worldwide. A) 500 B) 5,000 C) 50,000 D) 500,000 E) 5,000,000

E

The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because A) it is a source of catecholamines. B) it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion. C) it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood. D) it is a source of catecholamines and it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion. E) it is a source of catecholamines, it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.

E

Explain what is meant by antagonistic control.

For fine-tuned control over the body's internal state, one autonomic branch may have an excitatory effect on a particular organ while the other branch is inhibitory.

What steps are necessary to terminate neurotransmitter action? What would happen if these steps failed?

Neurotransmitter molecules are either enzymatically degraded or are taken back into the presynaptic terminal (reuptake). Calcium ions are removed from the axon terminal. Failure of these steps prolongs the action of the neurotransmitter. Consequences vary according to the identity of the effector organ. In a skeletal muscle, for example, this can lead to spastic paralysis.

Describe the major anatomical differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.

Sympathetic pathways exit the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar regions whereas parasympathetic pathways exit through the cranial and sacral regions. Also, sympathetic ganglia are located near the spinal cord; and therefore, sympathetic pathways typically have short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers. In contrast, parasympathetic ganglia are located on or near their target tissue; and therefore, parasympathetic pathways have long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers.

Explain the use of the terms fight and flight in describing sympathetic motor responses. How does sympathetic activity explain your increased "jumpiness" when you are home alone at night, watching a horror movie on TV?

When presented with a real or imaginary threat, the sympathetic motor system produces changes that prepare the body to oppose the threat ("fight") or run away from the threat ("flight"). Responses include an increase in heart and respiratory rate, and increased blood flow to cardiac and skeletal muscle. Reading or watching scenes that are threatening to others, even if you could not possibly be at risk, can produce the same sympathetic response in you as if you were actually present in the scene. If the phone rings or there is a knock at the door, you are likely to react to that very quickly, because you are primed for action.

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors are found in the ________ of the ANS.

autonomic ganglia

The signal molecule ________ elicits the stronger response from beta2 receptors.

epinephrine

salivation

parasympathetic agonist

pupil dilation

sympathetic agonist