Phys. Sci Premidterm

Nebula

(1) Giant cloud of gas and dust

Protostar

(2) It is formed from nebula due to the gravity that pulled Hydrogen gas together until it spins faster and faster and becomes ignited.

Main Sequence Star

(3) This starts to form when nuclear fusion occurs at the core of the star, it begins to contract, glow, and become stable. Hydrogen is converted into Helium.

Red Giant

(4: Average Star) The star is unable to generate heat when it runs out of hydrogen in its core leading to its contraction and expansion. It cools down and glows red. The helium fused into carbon.

Red Supergiant

(4: Massive Star) A more massive main sequence star evolves, cools, and expands faster than low mass star and will turn into this type of star. It is the largest known star where carbon fusion still occurs and oxygen formed.

White Dwarf

(5: Average Star) Red giant star becomes exhausted of nuclear fuel, the outer material is blown off into space leaving the inert Carbon.

Supernova

(5: Massive Star) Explosion of star releases large amount of energy. Because of that, elements are dispersed into space.

Black Dwarf

(6: Average Star) This is saif to be the remains of the white dwarf that cooled down and no longer emits light and heat.

Neutron Star

(6A: Massive Star) It is believed that this is formed from a supernova explosion. This is also the smallest star.

Black Hole

(6B: Massive Star) It is a region in space where gravity is too strong that no matter can escape from it.

Radiation Era; Matter Era

2 Major Stages of Universe Evolution

Helium-4

2 protons and 2 neutrons

Helium-3

3 protons and 1 neutron

Lithium

3 protons and 3 neutrons

Supernova Nucleosynthesis

A process where elements heavier than Iron are formed.

Neutron capture

Addition of neutron to form heavier nuclei.

Abbe Georges Edouard Lemaitre

Created the primeval atom theory

James Chadwick

Discovered the neutron in 1932

Dr. Vesto Slipher

Discovered the spiral nebula (concluded the universe expands because of the increasingly growing spiral nebulae)

Gravity; Strong Nuclear; Electromagnetic; Weak Nuclear

Forces of Nature

S-process

Happens when there is a slow rate of capturing neutron while there is a faster rate of radioactive decay.

Ernest Rutherford

In 1919, he successfully carried out a nuclear transmutation reaction—a process of transforming one element or isotope into another element

Ernest Lawrence

In 1937, he synthesized element with atomic number 43 using a linear particle accelerator

Alpha ladder process

Nuclear fusion that happens in red supergiant star and creates more heavy elements until Iron.

Stellar Nucleosynthesis

Process by which elements are created within the star.

Big bang nucleosynthesis

Process wherein light elements such as Helium and Hydrogen form.

Dmitri Mendeleev

Russian chemist who developed a periodic table of the chemical elements and predicted the discovery of several new elements

Technetium

The first man-made element

Nucleosynthesis

The process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons, primarily protons and neutrons.

R-process

There is faster rate of capturing neutron before it undergoes radioactive decay.

CNO cycle

This happens in massive star which convert Hydrogen into Helium.

Tri-alpha process

This is how three Helium-4 is converted into Carbon in red giant star.

Proton-Proton Chain

This is the process by which average star gets their energy and convert Hydrogen into Helium.

Cosmology

a branch of astronomy that involves the origin and evolution of the universe, from the Big Bang to today and on into the future

Physical Science

a branch of natural science that studies non-living systems, in contrast to life science

Particle accelerator

a device that is used to speed up the protons to overcome the repulsion between the protons and the target atomic nuclei by using magnetic and electrical fields; used to synthesize new elements

Singularity

a point in space and/or a moment in time where the universe was infinitely hot and dense

Inflation

a theory of exponential expansion of space in the early universe

Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley

an English physicist who demonstrated that the atomic number, the number of protons in an atom, determines most of the properties of an element

Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)

an electromagnetic radiation left over from an early stage of the Big Bang Theory

Beryllium to Iron

elements formed during stellar formation and evolution

Trans-uranium elements

elements with more than 92 protons; discovered in the laboratory using nuclear reactor or particle accelerators

Big Bang Theory

explains how the elements were initially formed; the formation of different elements involved many nuclear reactions, including fusion, fission, and radioactive decay

Elements heavier than Iron

formed during stellar explosion

Alpha decay

forms new element with 2 fewer protons and 2 fewer neutrons

Beta decay

forms new element with one more proton and/or one fewer neutron

Gamma decay

forms no new element but now the element has less energy because energy is released as gamma rays

Henry Moseley

found that all atoms of a given element contained the same number of protons in the nucleus; in 1913, he used Rutherford's work to advance the understanding of the elements and solve the problem with Mendeleev's periodic table

Elements

known to have been formed during the big bang, stellar formation and evolution, and stellar explosion

Hydrogen (H); Helium (He); Lithium (Li)

light elements; elements formed during big bang

Deuterium/Deuteron

one proton and one neutron

Nuclear reactions

processes in which a nucleus either combines with another nucleus (through nuclear fusion)

Edwin Hubble

proved that other galaxies existed beyond the edge of the Milky Way

Isotope

refers to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses

Recombination

refers to the epoch at which charged electrons and protons first became bound to form electrically neutral hydrogen atoms

Atomic number

the number of protons (positively charged particles) in an atom

Atom

the smallest unit of matter that have all the properties of an element; composed of smaller subatomic particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons