Physical communication infrastructure

Internet Society ISOC

Closest available thing to a true authority on the internet; Responsible for promoting the open development and evolution of Internet use throughout the world.

central processing unit CPU

the brain of the computer; executes instructions contained in a computer program and directs the flow of information within the computer

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

An American corporation who oversees global IP address allocation, Autonomous system number allocation, root zone management in domain name system, and other Internet protocol related things.

Which of the following is most typical of a broadband network?

Multiple analog channels

ITU is divided into 3 sections, which are:

ITU-R, radiocommunication sector ITU-D, telecommunication development sector ITU-T or ITU-TSS, telecommunication standardization sector

electronics industries association EIA

trade organization that sets standards for electronics hardware; contains smaller groups which focus on standards for specific types of electronics equipment, like telecommunications industry association TIA

asynchronous transmissions

use extra signals to mark begin and end of transmissions, meaning they do not rely on timing. example: start bit, 8 bits of data, end bit.

american national standards institude ANSI

voluntary org built of business, gov't and professionals. set standards in data comms, encryption, programming languages and magnetic storage

institute of electronics and electrical engineers IEEE

worldwide society of professionals who promote theories and methods. committees develop and publish many important standards for communications, computing and telecommunications. one of the most well known is 802.x, which defines the operations of LANs

amplitude

amount of time between highest and lowest energy states of a wave form; difference from peak to crest of a wave; the greater the distance between these points, the greater the energy of the wave

basic categorizations of all data network signals

analog or digital, one-way (simplex) or two-way (half- or full-duplex), timed (synchronous) or not timed (asynchronous)

signal

any change in a measurable condition that is used to represent information

ietf 8 main areas

applications, internet, network management, operational requirements, routing, security, transport, user services

internet engineering steering group IESG

area directors from each of the 8 bodies of the IETF as well as their chairperson

very high speed backbone network vBNS

began 4/1/1995, created by NSF and MCI; replaced the original NSFNET backbone as the research vehicle for the NSF research department; used to push the thresholds of internet capacity; currently running anywhere from 648 mbps to 4.8 gbps

synchronous transmissions

both sending & receiving device must synchronize their internal clocks before operation; devices can then measure signal at regular intervals of time to determine its meaning

half-duplex transmission

both sides of a transmission are able to send and receive but only one may send at a time; two way radios, where you can't hear while talking

analog signal

carried and transmitted as a pattern of continually changing waves

internet engineering task force IETF

loosely organized group of interested parties who participate in working groups to contribute to technical working standards for internet operations

The Asia Pacific Network Information Center (APNIC)

manages IP addresses in the Asia Pacific area

international standards organization ISO

int'l body which governs national bodies, including ANSI; standards typically all adhere to ISO, except where NATO or area specific factors create unique complications that require dissention

international telecommunications union ITU

intergovernmental group who develops and defines international standards that allow vendors to build equipment that can interconnect and interoperate with devices built by different manufacturers all around the world

method of transmitting a digital signal over an analog carrier

modulate the analog frequency to represent 1s and 0s; a sudden rapid fluctuation in amplitude would represent a 1 and an inactive state would represent a 0

data bus size

number of data bits a cpu can work on in a single instruction

frequency

number of times a wave changes its state in a second, measured in hertz

Réseaux IP Européens (RIPE)

operates wide-area IP networks and manages IP addresses in Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Africa and Asia

american registry for internet numbers ARIN

organization that manages IP addresses for north/south america, the caribbean, and sub-saharan africa

american telephone and telegraph AT&T

original monopoly provider of telephony services throughout USA due to them being the sole provider

bell laboratories

research subsidiary of AT&T, developed the Bell System which is widely used today; American telecommunication standards began with AT&T/Bell Labs

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

responsible for managing the allocation of ip addresses and domain names; created by US gov't when it privatized this role

protocols

rules that define the parts of a signaling system - described by standards documents

world wide web consortium W3C

sets the standards for the web across a variety of topics, including HTML standards, etc

NSFNET

A high-speed network created by the National Science Foundation in 1986 that established connections to smaller regional networks, other agencies' networks, CSNET, and ARPANET; began to allow commercial traffic in 1991

internet architecture board IAB

Responsible for the overall management and development of Internet standards. formerly known as the internet activities board. 13 voting members, one of whom is the chair of IETF - by virtue of this position, they also hold the chair of IESG.

national science foundation NSF

created original backbone network which carried data across the internet; created the NSFNET, main network which connected its own supercomputers, which is often called the backbone of the internet

simplex transmission

data transmission type in which one side always transmits and the other side always receives - transmission only. radio, old-style tv, etc

digital transmission

digital signals are transmitted in the form of binary bits, information represented by 0s and 1s. binary refers to the fact that there are only two values for a bit - on or off, high or low. 1 is on, 0 is off.

3 types of electromagnetic energy used by data networks to transmit signals

electricity, light, radio waves

full-duplex transmission

enables both sides to send and receive simultaneously; both sides can send and receive at the same time. telephones, where both parties speak simultaneously, are a good example

ipv6

extended the length of IP addresses from 32 bits to 128

internet research task force IRTF

focused on long-term research, unlike short-term problem solving of IETF; managed in part by IRSG; strictly a research group focused on improving the internet over the long term

analog transmitter

generates a constant wave frequency called a carrier wave then modulates a characteristic of said wave to include signal patterns

microprocessor

highly complex integrated circuit chip which lies at the heart of the cpu

frequency modulation FM

holding the amplitude constant and modulating the frequency to inject carrier waves

amplitude modulation AM

holding the frequency constant and modulating the amplitude to inject carrier wave

clock speed

how many instructions per second the cpu can execute; each tick is called a cycle and is measured in Hz

internet architecture board IAB 6 primary duties

iab has 6 primary duties - select chair of ietf and iesg candidates; oversee changes and additions to internet architecture; oversee internet standards process and act as a board of appeals for complaints regarding these; manage and publish series of rfc docs and all internet assigned numbers; act as liaison between internet community and other orgs in matters relating to standards and internet architecture; provide advice and guidance to isoc officers and board of trustees

bandwidth

information carrying capacity of a transmission path; the more frequencies a transmission medium can handle, the more channels of information it can carry