Physical Earth Science Review
You are riding your bike past a fire siren when a siren goes off. Describe how the wavelength, pitch, frequency, and loudness changes as you ride toward the siren.
As you ride toward the siren the wavelengths of the sound waves would appear to become shorter and thus increase frequency. As a result of this change, the sound
You are going to wrap your hot-water heater with insulation to prevent heat form escaping into air. Would you want to place the insulation close to the tank or away from the tank? Explain why you selected the answer you did.
Away from the tank because air is a good insulator, so the air will help trap the heat
The type of matter that has no definite volume or shape and is made up of charged particles is what?
Plasma
Give two reasons alternative energy sources are needed
Population of the world is increasing. Energy needs are increasing. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources
Explain the difference between precision and accuracy.
Precision is how close experimental values are to each other. Accuracy is how close experimental values are to the accepted or real value
According to the table above, which material would experience a phase change the fastest?
Propane
Use the formula Q=m*C*delta T and table 2. How much thermal energy is needed to raise the temperature of 4.0 kg of water from 25 degrees Celsius to 75 degrees Celsius (delta T=75-25=50 degrees Celsius m=4.0 kg C=4184 j/kg* degrees Celsius)
Q=4.0 kg x 50 degrees Celsius x 4184 j/kg* degrees Celsius Q=836,800 J
Write the equation used to calculate the change in thermal energy and state what each variable stands for.
Q=delta T x m x c Q=Thermal energy(J) delta T=Change in temperature(degrees Celsius) m=mass(kg) c=Specific heat(J/kg degrees Celsius)
Which type of energy transfer doesn't require matter? Give one example of this happening.
Radiation doesn't require matter. The sun transferring energy to the earth is an example of radiation
Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum is usually used for communication today?
Radio waves
What occurs when a wave strikes an object and bounces off?
Reflection
A cross-country runner runs 10 km in 40 minutes. What is his average speed?
S=10 km/40 m S=0.25 km/min
Explain the difference between a scientific law and scientific theory. In addition provide ONE example of each.
Scientific law is a statement about what happens in nature and that seems to be true all the time. Scientific theory is an explanation of things or events based on knowledge gained from many observations and investigations
A figure skater is skating around a rink. Can she have a constant speed AND a changing velocity? Explain why or why not.
She could have a constant speed and a changing velocity by changing her direction
What is the formula for calculating acceleration?
final velocity-initial velocity/time
What is the metric unit for mass?
gram (g)
What is the metric unit for volume?
liter (L)
Show your calculation for the mass of object 2 in the table here (velocity=25 m/s momentum=300 kg*m/s)
m=300 kg*m/s divided by 25 m/s m=12 kg
Use the formula F=ma. Calculate your mass if a scale on earth reads 542 N when you stand on it.
m=542 N/9.8 m/s squared m=55.3 kg
What is the metric unit for length?
meter (m)
What is the equation for calculating the momentum of an object?
momentum = mass x velocity
does red or violet have a longer wavelength?
red
What is the equation for calculating the speed of an object?
speed = distance/time
What is the formula for calculating the speed of wave?
speed = wavelength x frequency
What does the law of reflection state?
the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
How many meters are in 20.8 millimeters?
0.0208 millimeters
Use the formula Q=m*C*delta T and table 2. How does the temperature of a 2.0 kg piece of graphite change when it absorbs 2,000 J of thermal energy? (m=2.0 C=710 ?/kg*degrees Celsius Q=2,000 J)
2,000=2 kg x 710 j/kg*degrees Celsius 2,000 J=1420 delta T=2,000 J/1420 delta T=1.4 degrees Celsius
A graduated cylinder has 10 mL of water in it. A marble with a mass of 10 grams is dropped into the cylinder. The water level rises to 30 mL. What is the density of the marble?
30 ml-10 ml=20 ml D=10 g/ 20 ml D=0.5 g/ml
How many millimeters are in 8.31 kilometers?
8,310,000 kilometers
Explain the path of a projectile as it moves through the air. What causes this path?
A projectile through the air will go up but as it travels will travel in a curved path downward. The curve downward is a result of gravity pulling the projectile back towards the earth
What is a scientific law? What is a scientific theory?
A scientific law is a statement about something that happens in nature that appears to be true all of the time. It tells what will happen in a situation. A scientific theory is a possible explanation about something that happens in nature. Theories answer how something happens
What does Newtons second law of motion state?
An object's acceleration depends on its mass and on the net force acting on it.
What happens to the force of gravity as two objects get further away form each other? What about as they get closer to each other?
As they get further away from each other, force of gravity decreases. As they get closer together, force of gravity increases
Define amplitude
Maximum distance a wave causes the particles in a medium to move from the rest position
What type of wave must have a medium through which to transport energy?
Mechanical waves
Show your calculation for momentum of object 1 in the table here (mass=10 kg velocity=25 m/s)
P=10 kg x 25 m/s P=250 kg*m/s
According to the chart, which source of energy is the most used
Petroleum
What is the metric unit for temperature?
degrees Celsius
Explain why this is not the same as the accepted value for acceleration due to gravity 9.8 m/s squared.
Planet earth has its own gravitational acceleration. Its based on the difference between two masses
An ocean wave has a frequency of 2.0 Hz with a wavelength of 10 m. What is the velocity of the wave?
V=20.0 Hz x 10 m V=200 m/s
What creates electromagnetic waves?
Vibrating electric charges
How do you find the volume of an object with an irregular shape?
Water Displacement
What is a major problem with using nuclear fission as an energy source?
Mining for uranium can harm the environment, nuclear waste products, expensive, controlling the heat/high temperatures of the fission reaction
On what multiple is the SI system based on?
Multiples of 10
What is the metric unit for weight?
Newton (N)
A figure skater is skating around a rink. Can she have a changing speed AND a constant velocity? Explain why or why not.
No she could not have a changing speed and a constant velocity because when the speed changes, the velocity changes
According to the chart, which source of energy uses 8% of the total?
Nuclear electric power
What type of power plant uses enriched Uranium-238 as its fuel source?
Nuclear power reactors
Rank these energy sources in order starting with the one that we use from greatest to least (hydroelectric, wind, fossil fuels, nuclear, solar)
Nuclear, solar, fossil fuels, hydroelectric, winds
What three ways can be used to gather scientific information?
Observation, experiments, models
What are the three types of nonrenewable energy sources we about in class?
Oil, natural gas, coal
Explain the difference between opaque, translucent, and transparent.
Opaque doesn't transmit any light it only absorbs or reflects light, translucent transmits some light but not enough to see clearly through it, transparent transmits almost all light striking it so it can be clearly seen through it
How many kilometers are in 20 grams?
0.02 kilograms
Explain the difference between conduction and convection.
Both of them require matter, but convection is the transfer of heat through fluid motion
If you have a slinky, describe how you would make a compressional wave and a transverse wave.
By shaking the slinky up and down to create crests and troughs, you would be creating a transverse wave. By shaking the slinky back and forth the length of the slinky(not side to side or up and down), you create the compressional wave.
Average human body temperature is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. Calculate the temperature in degrees Celsius. (C=(F-32)x 5/9
C=37 degrees Celsius
Which greenhouse gas is released when fossil fuels are burned ?
Carbon dioxide
When you look at an object why do we see that particular color? (for example, why are the leaves green?)
Cones respond the the light
Through what phase of matter is convection least likely to occur? Why?
Convection is least likely to occur through solids
A high speed train travels with an average speed of 227 km/h. The train travels for 2 h. What is the distance the train traveled?
D=227 km/h x 2 hrs D=554 km
What is the formula used to find density of an object?
Density = mass/volume
A truck travels to a stone quarry and then returns to its starting point. What is the distance the truck traveled? What is the trucks displacement?
Displacement is zero. The truck started and ended in the exact same location
Explain the difference between distance and displacement.
Distance is how something travels overall. Displacement is the distance and direction from an objects starting point and its ending point
According to the entropy principle, any event that occurs in the universe must cause what to happen?
Energy becomes more disordered and spread out
To what state of matter is the "X" referring?
Evaporation
What is the frequency of the ocean wave if the wavelength is 12 m and the velocity is 36 m/s
F=36 m/s divided by 12 m F=3 Hz
What does Newton's third law of motion state?
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
What type of electromagnetic radiation breaks down molecules and cells?
Gamma rays
List 7 types of electromagnetic waves from lowest to highest.
Gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light, infrared waves, microwaves, radio waves
Water from deep in the earth is turned to steam by magma; the steam rises and turns a turbine =. As the water cools, it is sent back down into the earth to recharge the system. What type of power is this?
Geothermal
What is the metric unit for density?
Grams/ Milliliters (g/mL)
In table 1, what caused object 4 to have a greater momentum than object 3
Greater velocity
What type of power plant is often built into dams on lakes and rivers?
Hydroelectric
What type of electromagnetic wave is known as heat wave?
Infrared wave
When television first started(in the 1950s) what type of electromagnetic wave was used to transmit signals?
Infrared waves
A material that reduces the flow of heat by conduction, convection, and radiation is what?
Insulation
Heat energy is removed/goes into the water of a lake in the winter when it freezes. (Circle one)
Is removed
Are AM wave frequencies higher or lower than FM frequencies?
Lower
According to the chart, what is the least used source of energy?
Solar
What type of power can be used in small, portable devices like calculators as well as entire buildings?
Solar
What type of power uses photons of light to create a current of electrons between two metals?
Solar
Acceleration occurs when an object changes its what?
Speed or direction
Define wavelength
The distance between one point on a wave and the nearest point just like it
Why does earth exert a stronger gravitational force than the moon?
The earth has more mass. Objects with more mass exert more gravitational force
How does the frequency of a wave change when the wavelength decreases?
The frequency increases
Explain how can a merry-go-round horse move at a constant speed but, at a changing velocity?
The horse is moving in a circle. Objects moving in a circle are constantly changing velocity
Define intensity
The measurable amount of a property, such as force, brightness, or a magnetic field
Define frequency
The rate at which something occurs or is replaced over a particular period of time
What happens to the speed of electromagnetic waves when they travel from water to air?
The wave slows down
What do sound waves carry?
They carry energy
Are electromagnetic waves transverse or compressional waves?
Transverse
What type of electromagnetic wave helps our bodies make vitamin D?
Ultraviolet rays
What type of power uses a turbine built with long slender blades to produce electricity?
Wind energy
What type of power plant requires hundreds of devices, is only 20% efficient, and cannot be used all the time?
Wind or solar
What electromagnetic wave is used for magnetic resonance imaging of the human body?
X-rays
Use the formula F=ma. A 300 N force acts on a 25 kg object. Calculate the acceleration of the object.
a=300 N/25 kg a=12 m/s squared
You weigh yourself at the top of a high mountain and the scale reads 707 Newtons. If your mass is 81 kg, calculate the acceleration due to gravity at your location.
a=707 N/81 kg a=8.72 m/s squared
Find the acceleration of a car that goes from 32 m/s to 96 m/s in 8.0 s
a=96 m/s-32 m/s a=64 m/s divided by 8.0 s a=8 sec
What does Newton's first law of motion state?
an object in motion stays in motion, and an object at rest stays at rest, unless an unbalanced (net force) force acts upon it