Physical Geography Ch 2, Physical Geography- Chapter 2 Reading, GY 101 Chapter 2 (a)(b) Learnsmarts, Chapter 2, Geo2

Select the statements below that help characterize electromagnetic radiation. (Select all that apply)

It is composed of interacting electrical and magnetic fields. It consists of energy radiated from charged particles.

What is the latent energy?

It is the energy released or stored when matter changes states.

What is insolation on Earth?

It is the incoming solar radiation

What is insolation on Earth?

It is the incoming solar radiation.

What is special about the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum?

It is the only range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation that humans can see

What does the Stefan-Botlzmann Law describe?

It relates the amount of energy emitted by an object to its surface temperature

What does the Stefan-Botlzmann Law describe?

It relates the amount of energy emitted by an object, which absorbs all energy, to its surface temperature.

Select the statement below that is the accurate comparison between the amount of energy used to bring water to the melting and boiling points as compared to the amount needed to get the water to change phases at those points at sea level

It requires a greater amount of energy to get water to change phases than it does to bring it to those points

Match the description of the energy level with the state of matter, assuming that the material is the same

Gas: Most energetic. Liquid: The intermediate energy state. Solid: The least energetic state

change phase

Heat needs to be released or absorbed by water in order for it to ______.

What is the scientific unit used to measure heat?

Joule

Mesosphere Troposphere

As the four different layers of the atmosphere interact with the insolation passing through them, their temperature changes with altitude. Select the layers of the atmosphere that decline in temperature with increasing altitude.

Thermosphere

Absorbs most of the very shortest and most energetic electromagnetic radiation (X-rays and gamma rays)

phase

As the physical spacing of the distance between water molecules changes, the ______ of the water may change too.

decreases

As the rate of atomic motion decreases in a system, the amount of energy it contains ______

increase

As the temperature of an object decreases, the average wavelength of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) it produces will ______.

Atmosphere

As viewed from space, Earth's ______ appears as a very thin layer that surrounds the planet and separates it from space.

exactly

At 20 degree S on the March Equinox, where will the Sun set with respect to due west? It will set ______ due west

to the northeast of

At 50 degrees N on June 1, where will the Sun rise with respect to due east? It will rise ______ due east.

Why does insolation vary with latitude?

At higher latitudes, the angle of incidence is smaller and this spreads the incoming energy over a greater area

How does the amount of incoming radiation to earth compare to the amount of outgoing radiation?

The amount of outgoing radiation equals the amount of incoming radiation.

medium

The energy from the Sun cannot be transferred to Earth through conduction, convection, and advection because space lacks a ____________ through it would be transferred.

Latent heat flux

The energy transfer that takes place as processes such as melting, evaporation, and transpiration from plants occur

latent heat flux

The energy transfer that takes place as processes such as melting, evaporation, and transpiration from plants occur

at either equinox

The sun angle is halfway between its highest and lowest

What is the total solar irradiance (TSI)?

The sun's total output of energy

over a range of wavelengths

The temperature of an object is the average energy content of all its molecules. The fact that objects are not uniformly at one temperature explains why objects produce electromagnetic radiation ______.

when each hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, it experiences longer periods of night and less direct sunlight

The tilt of Earth with respect to the orbital plane is the cause of the seasons because ______.

Locations in the tropics are subjected to the lowest average zenith angles and are thus warm year-round because ____

The tilt of earth's orbital plane causes the sun to remain high in the sky

areas of surplus to areas of deficit

The transfer of energy toward the poles occurs because energy flows from ______.

Longwave energy flux

The transfer of radiation that takes place back and forth between the atmosphere and ground in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum

longwave energy flux

The transfer of radiation that takes place back and forth between the atmosphere and ground in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum

How are the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic field oriented with respect to each other?

The travel in two mutually perpendicular planes

insolation received at Earth's surface

Variations in cloud cover, amount of daylight, Sun angles, and other factors contribute to variations in the amount of ______.

The amount of insolation received varies from place to place.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the insolation striking Earth?

1. It is composed of interacting electrical and magnetic fields. 2. It consists of energy radiated from charged particles.

Which statements below characterize electromagnetic radiation? 1. It is composed of interacting electrical and magnetic fields. 2. It is the energy that holds the nucleus of atoms together. 3. It consists of energy radiated from charged particles. 4. It cannot be transmitted through the vacuum of space.

1. Thermosphere 2. Stratosphere

Which two layers of Earth's atmosphere most strongly absorb solar insolation?

Stratosphere Thermosphere

Which two layers of Earth's atmosphere most strongly absorb solar insolation?

Heat is being taken in and stored as latent heat, or latent heat is being released into the environment.

Why are atmospheric temperatures affected by the phase changes of water?

Convection and advection transfer heat by vertically and horizontally moving material, respectively; whereas ___ transfers heat by direct contact, and ___ transfers heat by way of electrical and magnetic fields.

conduction; radiation

The main process by which the Sun generates electromagnetic radiation is ____ which is the joining of two smaller particles to create a larger one

fusion

The main process by which the Sun generates electromagnetic radiation is _______, which is the joining of two smaller particles to create a larger one.

fusion

The main process by which the sun generates electromagnetic radiation is ___. It is the joining of two smaller particles to create a larger one.

fusion

The atmosphere is held in place both by a buoyancy force directed upward (a flow toward the vacuum of outer space) and ____, which is directed downward

gravity

The atmosphere is held in place both by a buoyancy force directed upward and ___, which is directed downward.

gravity

The atmosphere is held in place both by buoyancy force directed upward (a flow toward the vacuum of outer space) and _________, which is directed downward.

gravity

___ gases strongly absorb outgoing longwave radiation and re-emit it again as heat. This keeps the atmosphere warmer than it otherwise would be.

greenhouse

The incoming energy transmitted from the sun to earth is called ___.

insolation

17%

insolation Absorbed by dust and molecules in the atmosphere

20%

insolation Reflected by clouds

49%

insolation absorbed by the ground

latent heat of fusion

melting, freezing

Greater motion at the atomic level results in the faster moving molecules having ___.

more energy

The atmosphere is mostly composed of ____ and ____ gas

nitrogen and oxygen

The atmosphere is mostly composed of ______ and ____ gases.

nitrogen; oxygen

One of the coldest periods in the last 1000 years occurred during a time of few or no sunspots for many years in a row. The modern period of warming has occurred during a period of ___.

numerous sunspots

If there is a net transfer of energy from one object to another, then it is possible for ___.

one to warm and one to cool

The approximate 11-year solar cycle is defined by the number of ___ observed on the sun.

sunspots

The approximate 11-year solar cycle is defined by the number of _______ observed on the Sun.

sunspots

The dark areas on the surface of the sun that are cooler than the rest of the sun are called ___.

sunspots

We measure an object's internal kinetic energy by _________, whereas the thermal energy transferred from one object to another is _________.

temperature; heat

The electromagnetic spectrum is ordered by ___.

wavelength

Temperature Scale. Used mainly in science; an "absolute" scale where zero represents a lack of molecular motion.

Kelvin

What is counter-radiation?

Longwave energy that is directed downward from the atmosphere

If one object warms another, then the object that is warming up is gaining energy and the object doing the warming is

Losing energy

Select the ways in which the average amount of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) varies on a global scale. (Select all that apply)

OLR Patterns are more varied over land than over ocean. The highest amount of OLR are in the tropics

Warming

Object increases in temperature

32 F 273 K 0 C

Select the temperatures below that represent the freezing point of water at sea level.

In general, lower amounts of insolation are received at higher latitudes. The highest values of received insolation are in subtropical deserts due, in part, to low cloud cover.

Select the ways in which the amount of insolation reaching Earth's surface varies spatially.

1. The highest amounts of OLR are in the tropics. 2. OLR patterns are more varied over land than over the ocean.

Select the ways in which the average amount of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) varies on a global scale.

The highest amounts of OLR are in the tropics. OLR patterns are more varied over land than over the ocean.

Select the ways in which the average amount of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) varies on a global scale.

mesosphere

Absorbs little insolation at any wavelength

gas

the most energetic state

True

True or false: Electromagnetic radiation can be described as waves or particles.

True

True or false: Potential energy can be stored within the molecular or atomic structure of matter.

What forms of electromagnetic and if you can cost ozone's to photo dissociate? (Select all that apply.)

UV-B and UV-C

Celsius

Used by most of the countries in the world; a relative scale calibrated to water Used by most of the countries in the world; a relative scale calibrated to water

Kelvin

Used mainly in science; an "absolute" scale where zero represents a lack of molecular motion

Select all scenarios for water below that will warm the surrounding air

Vapor changing to liquid. Liquid change to ice. Vapor changing to ice

frequency

the number of waves per second passing a point

nitrogen oxygen

About 99% of Earth's atmosphere (by volume) is composed of just two gases, the most abundant at about 78% is ___________ , followed by __________ at about 21%.

What forms of electromagnetic energy can cause ozone to photodissociate?

--UV-B --UV-C

Select all the statements below that accurately compare the relative energy content of the states of matter.

-A gas has a higher relative energy content than a solid. -A liquid has a higher relative energy content than a solid. -A liquid has a lower relative energy content than a gas.

In addition to the changes associated with charged particles, how can electromagnetic energy be generated?

-By the fusion of particles -By changes in the energy level of electrons.

Match the relative amount of insolation received to the given regions. Assume it is the one of the equinoxes and there are clear skies everywhere.

-Equatorial regions: The most insolation received. -Mid-latitude regions: A moderate amount of insolation received. Polar regions: The least amount of insolation received.

17%

Absorbed by dust and molecules in the atmosphere

Select the statements below that accurately describe how and why insolation varies by location.

-Mid-latitudes experience their greatest amount of insolation during their summer as the amount of daylight is greater and zenith angles are smaller. -The equatorial regions experience the least amount of variation in insolation as zenith angles are small and atmospheric attenuation is minimized.

Select the ways in which the average amount of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) varies on a global scale.

-OLR patterns are more varied over land than over the ocean. -The highest amounts of OLR are in the tropics

Which of the following are examples of electromagnetic radiation?

-X-rays -Radio waves -Visible light

The visible spectrum ranges from violet (_ micrometers) to red (_ micrometers)

.4;.7

Select the temperatures below that represent the freezing point of water at sea level.

0 C 32 F 273 K

Select the correct range of wavelengths for the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. All answers are in micrometers

0.4 to 0.7

Earth

0.5 μm

Select the ways in which the amount of insolation reaching Earth's surface varies spatially. (Select all that apply) 1. The highest values of received insolation are in subtropical deserts due, in part, to low cloud cover. 2. Variation over the oceans is greater than over the continents. 3. Regions just north and south of the equator receive more insolation than at the equator. 4. In general, lower amounts of insolation are received at higher latitudes .

1 & 4

Arctic Circle

66.5 N

Antarctic Circle

66.5 S

Arctic Circle

66.5◦ N

Antarctic Circle

66.5◦ S

49%

Absorbed by the ground

Stratosphere

Absorbs UV radiation due to the presence of ozone

Rank the relative amounts of each wavelength of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches Earth's surface. (Most abundant that strikes earths surface at the bottom)

1) The shorter UV-C wavelengths 2) The intermediate UV-B wavelengths 3) The longer UV-A wavelengths

Match the layer of Earth's atmosphere to its description.

1) Thermosphere= The top layer; it can be hotter than 1,500 degrees Celcius. 2) Mesosphere= 50 to 80 km above sea level; the upper part is extremely cold. 3) Stratosphere= 10 to 50 km above sea level; it is often well stratified. 4) Troposphere= The lowest layer; it is where the weather we experience exists.

Select the statements below that accurately relate the distance Earth is from the Sun to the amount of insolation received.

1) When Earth is closest to the Sun, it intercepts the most insolation. 2) When Earth is at aphelion, it intercepts the least amount of insolation.

How do the different layers of the atmosphere vary?

1) in air pressure 2) in temperature 3) in amounts of composition of their gases

Mesosphere

Absorbs little insolation at any wavelength

Rank the parts of the electromagnet spectrum listed below by their frequencies. (Place the highest frequencies on the bottom.)

1. Microwaves 2. Infrared 3. Ultraviolet 4. X-rays

Rank the following gases by their contribution of the total volume of Earth's atmosphere. (Place most abundant at top).

1. Nitrogen 2. Oxygen 3. Carbon Dioxide 4. Hydrogen

Sun

10.0 μm

______ is the process that breaks apart molecules in the atmosphere as those molecules are struck by electromagnetic energy with wavelengths equal to or less than visible light. 1. Gaussian interference 2. Photodissociation 3. Fission 4. Wave cancellation

2

Of the total amount of insolation that reaches the top of the atmosphere, 3% is absorbed by clouds, and 4% is reflected up to space from the ground. That's what happens to the remaining portion (93%) of insulation to its fate

7%: scattered into the atmosphere. 17%: Absorbed by dust and molecules in the atmosphere. 20%: reflected by the clouds. 49%: absorbed by the ground.

Select all the accurate statements below about the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere. 1. Ozone levels drop after thunderstorms because lightning destroys ozone molecules. 2. Ozone concentrations slightly rise in the lower troposphere because it is a by-product of sunlight striking hydrocarbons (pollution) in the air. 3. A beneficial ozone layer is located in the stratosphere and blacks harmful ultraviolet light 4. Ozone concentration rises over rain forests as the abundant plant life produces it.

2, 3

Why does the amount of insolation reaching Earth's surface vary on a global scale? (Select all that apply) 1. The amount of energy output from the sun varies 2. The amount of daylight varies across Earth 3. Sun angles vary with latitude 4. The amount and type of cloud cover varies spatially.

2, 3, 4

Earth is tilted to _____ from vertical relative to its orbital plane of the Sun

23.5

Earth is tilted to _________ degrees from vertical relative to its orbital plane of the Sun.

23.5

Earth is tilted to ___ from vertical relative to its orbital plane of the sun.

23.5°

Tropic of Capricorn

23.5◦ S

Tropic of Cancer

23.5◦N

One rotation of Earth about his axis takes___

24 hours

What the temperatures below that represent the freezing point of water at sea level. Select all that apply

273 K. 0 C. 32 f

What change about Earth's tilted axis causes variation in daylight length for locations not on the equator? 1. The angle of tilt changes from 22.5 to about 24.5 during the course of the year 2. The rotational axis of Earth itself migrates over the course of the year 3. The direction of the tilt with respect to the Sun changes during the course of the year

3

The formula to convert from the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale is k equals C + 273. Use this formula to convert 27 C to the Kelvin scale

300

The temperatures that represent the freezing point of water at sea level.

32°F; 273K; 0°C

In general, what happens to shortwave radiation that reaches Earth's surface that isnt reflected? 1. It is completely lost to entropy. 2. So little shortwave reaches Earth's surface, scientists are unsure what happens to it 3. It is magnified and transmitted toward the Earth's core by translucent minerals 4. It is converted into other forms of energy

4

What days of the year do all latitudes of Earth experience the same amount of daylight and darkness? Select all. 1. New years day 2. the december solstice 3. the june solstice 4. the march equinox 5. the september equinox

4 & 5

Select the factors below that affect the thermal interactions of water. A) Shortwave radiation can penetrate water to varying degrees in part due to water clarity. B) Convection of water can help move surface heat to deeper water C) Conduction of heat does not take place in water, just convection and advection D) Longwave radiation cannot leave bodies of water due to the optical properties of water

A & B

Which event listed below takes 24 hours to complete?

A complete rotation of Earth about its axis.

What is a factor, important to global climate, that the greater amount of ocean cover in the Southern Hemisphere influences?

A greater amount of latent heat can be stored in the Southern Hemisphere

What is the "atmospheric window"?

A range of wavelengths in the infrared spectrum that passes through the atmosphere without much loss

atmospheric window

A range of wavelengths in the infrared spectrum that passes through the atmosphere without much loss

Match the atmospheric layer to the reason it has the temperature gradient than it does. A). Thermosphere B) Mesosphere C) Stratosphere 1) Absorbs little insolation at any wavelengths. 2) Absorbs UV radiation due to the presence of ozone 3) Absorbs most of the very shortest and most energetic electromagnetic radiation (x-rays and gamma rays)

A-3 B-1 C-2

Match the name of the process to its description: A) Sensible heat flux B) Latent heat flux C) Longwave energy flux 1) The energy transfer that takes place as processes such as melting, evaporation, and transpiration from plants occur. 2) The transfer of radiation that takes place back and forth between the atmosphere and ground in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. 3) The upward transmission of energy, mostly by convection, of warm air near the surface to greater altitudes.

A-3 B-1 C-2

____ Is defined as ability of an object to reflect insulation

Albedo

Energy

All matter contains ____.

1. Melting (solid to liquid) 2. Evaporation (liquid to gas)

All phase changes either store or release latent heat. Identify all the phase changes below for water in which latent heat is stored in the water molecules. 1. Freezing (liquid to solid) 2. Melting (solid to liquid) 3. Condensation (gas to liquid) 4. Evaporation (liquid to gas)

What prevents conduction, convection, and advection from transferring energy generated in the sun to the earth?

All require a medium for transferring energy and there is no medium in the vacuum of space.

What prevents conduction, convection, and advection from transferring energy generated in the Sun to Earth?

All require medium for transferring energy, and there is no medium in the vacuum of space

False

All the energy that is retained in the process of absorption is lost from the system.

water vapor

An abundant and the most important greenhouse gas, it absorbs a wide range of OLR.

Water Vapor

An abundant and the most important greenhouse has, it absorbs a wide range of OLR.

Absorption

An object retains some of the energy that strikes it.

absorption

An object retains some of the energy that strikes it.

1. Radio Waves 2. infrared radiation 3. visible light 4. Gamma Rays

Arrange the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum listed below by wavelength. (Place the shortest wavelength at the bottom.)

What is the result of the effect of gravity on earth's atmosphere?

Atmosphere molecules are more closely spaced near the ground and thin out with distance away from earth's surface

Wavelengths

Because different ______ of electromagnetic energy are absorbed, scattered, and reflected at different rates in the atmosphere, the spectrum of sunlight received at sea level is different and less than the spectrum of sunlight received at the top of the atmosphere.

wavelengths or colors

Because different ___________ of electromagnetic energy are absorbed, scattered, and reflected at different rates in the atmosphere, the spectrum of sunlight received at sea level is different and less than the spectrum of sunlight received at the top of the atmosphere.

latent

Because energy is stored as ______ heat, the temperature of water does not change as it melts or boils.

latent

Because energy is stored as ___________ heat, the temperature of water does not change as it melts or boils.

water vapor (H20)

Because it is abundant and intercepts a wide range of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), ______ is the most important greenhouse gas.

daylight darkness

Because it takes months for the direction of Earth's tilt relative to the Sun to significantly change, polar regions can experience months of continuous ______.

In addition to the changes associated with charged particles, how can electromagnetic energy be generated? Select all that apply

By changes in the energy level of electrons and by the fusion of particles

_______ is defined as the ability of an object to reflect insolation. A. Inverse color B. Spectral dissociation C. Albedo D. Shortwave resistance capability (SRC)

C

Located at 23.5°N latitude is the Tropic of ___ and at 23.5°S latitude is the Tropic of ___.

Cancer; Capricorn

When measuring the amount of heat needed to increase an object's temperature, the heat ___ depends on the type of material and the amount of material, whereas the ____ heat capacity depends only on the type of material because the amount of material is a constant.

Capacity, specific

Temperature Scale. Used by most of the countries in the world; a relative scale calibrated to water

Celsius

Earth's axis is tilted at 23.5 degrees with respect to the orbital plane. This angle of tilt ____

Changes by about a degree either way over the course of 40,000 years

Identify factors that can cause changes in Earth's Global shortwave radiation budget throughout the year. Select all that apply

Changes in cloud cover and volcanic eruptions

___ represent about 20% of the planetary Albedo on average but the amount of albedo they cause at any one time or location can widely vary

Clouds

Select the statement below that accurately compares the process of warming and cooling

Cooling involves a lot of energy to the environment and warming involves getting energy from it

Releases latent heat

Condensation

Match the type of heat flux to its description.

Conduction: Heat transfer by direct contact. Radiation: Energy transmission by means of electrical and magnetic fields. Convection: The vertical heat transfer by the vertical movement of a material. Advection: The horizontal heat transfer by the horizontal movement of a material.

Match the type of heat flux to its description

Conduction: the heat transfer of direct contact. Radiation: energy transmission by means of electrical and magnetic fields. Convection: the vertical heat transfer by the vertical movement of a material. Advection: the horizontal heat transfer by the horizontal movement of a material

Match the type of heat transfer to an example of it

Conduction: the top layer of soil heating the layer of soil below it if you have the surface between them. Radiation: the top layer of soil heating up because the energy gained via Rays from the Sun. Convection: warm air Rising higher into the atmosphere. Advection: warmer air over the ocean blue and horizontally over the beach at night

conduction, radiation/electromagnetic radiation

Convection and advection transfer heat by vertically and horizontally moving material, respectively; whereas _____ transfers heat by direct contact, and _____ transfers heat by electrical and magnetic fields.

It takes months for the direction of the Earth's Tilt relative to the Sun to significantly changed, polar regions can experience months of continuous

Darkness and daylight

carbon dioxide

It is a trace gas. It strongly absorbs wavelengths just longer than those in the atmospheric window.

Match the term used to describe waves to its definition

Direction of wave propagation: The direction the wave is moving. Wavelength: the distance between the same point on successive waves. Amplitude: the distance between the top and bottom of a wave. Frequency: the number of waves per second pass it a point.

Yes, it varies with latitude, time, atmospheric conditions, and other factors.

Does the amount of solar insolation received at any one place vary?

What state correctly characterizes the spatial and temporal distribution of energy from the sun that reaches Earth's surface?

Energy distribution varies arcross time and region

its orbital plane of the Sun

Earth is tilted 23.5ο relative to ______.

higher; reduces

Earth is tilted relative to its orbital plane. This causes the seasons because as Earth orbits the Sun, each hemisphere is tilted toward and away from the Sun for part of the year. When a hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun, it experiences ______ temperatures because the Sun angle is increased, which also ______ atmospheric attenuation.

How do the average wavelengths of radiation emitted by the Sun and Earth compare?

Earth produces a longer average wavelength

the fusion of hydrogen into helium

Earth receives huge amounts of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from the Sun. The Sun produces this EMR mainly by ______

cooler

Earth would be a lot ______________ if it didn't have greenhouse gases in its atmosphere.

changes by about a degree either way over the course of 40,000 years

Earth's axis is tilted at 23.5 degrees with respect to the orbital plane. This angle of tilt ______.

changes by about a degree either way over the course of 40,000 years

Earth's axis is tilted at 23.5ο with respect to the orbital plane. This angle of tilt ______.

2.0

Earth's tilt relative to the axial plane varies by a total of ______ degrees between its maximum and minimum.

2

Earth's tilt relative to the axial plane varies by a total of ____________degrees between its maximum and minimum.

____ radiation is the fundamental force of nature that transmits energy to us from the Sun and is fundamental in determining our weather and climate

Electromagnetic

_________ radiation is the fundamental force of nature that transmits energy to us from the Sun and is fundamental in determining our weather and climate.

Electromagnetic

All matter contains____, which is the capability of an object to do work

Energy

Reflection

Energy bounces off the surface of an object.

reflection

Energy bounces off the surface of an object.

True

Energy can bounce off an object in a process called reflection.

Select that statement below that correctly characterizes the spatial and temporal distribution of the energy from the Sun that reaches Earth's surface.

Energy distribution varies across time and region.

Transmission

Energy is able to pass though the matter.

transmission

Energy is able to pass though the matter. Energy is able to pass though the matter.

scattering

Energy is dispersed in various directions

Scattering

Energy is dispersed in various directions.

If an object is to warm up or cool down, what must happen?

Energy must be transferred form one object to the next.

Radiation

Energy transmission by means of electrical and magnetic fields

The amount of insolation received by each hemisphere of Earth is equal at the March and September ____ and is most different at the December and June _____

Equinoxes and solstices

The amount of insolation received by each hemisphere of earth is equal at the March and September ___ and is most different at the December and June ___.

Equinoxes; Solstices

Stores latent heat

Evaporation

All Phase changes either store release latent heat. Identify all the phase changes below for water which latent heat is stored in the water molecules

Evaporation liquid to gas. Melting solid to liquid

Temperature Scale. Mostly widely used in the U.S.; a relative scale not calibrated to water.

Fahrenheit

Match the temperature scale to its description

Fahrenheit: most widely used in the u.s. semicolon a relative scale not calibrated to water. Celsius colon used by most of the countries in the world call and a relative scale calibrated to water. Kelvin colon use mainly in science semicolon and absolute scale where is zero represents a lack of molecular movement

True or False: The amount of energy that reaches Earth's surface from the Sun is rather uniform across both space and time.

False

True or false: For locations between 23.5 north and south, the zenith angle remains unchanged during the year

False

Releases latent heat

Freezing

Why do Citrus Farmers sometimes spray their crops with water so it freezes in an effort to prevent damage due to low temperatures?

Freezing water releases latent heat, limiting or slowing the drop of temperatures within the cells of the plants

Rank the following types of Earth surfaces by their average albedos. (place the surface with the highest albedo at the top)

Fresh snow, old snow and ice, leafy leaf-bearing trees, a wet and dark soil

The land is likely to heat up more.

Given that water has a specific heat that is four times that of most rocks and materials, if the land and water are subjected to the same amount of insolation, which is likely to heat up more?

The description and summation of what happens to insulation a global scale is called ____ budget.

Global shortwave-radiation

If everything else remained the same, how would surface temperatures change compared to the temperatures today if greenhouse gases were not in the atmosphere?

Global surface temperatures would be much colder as outgoing longwave radiation would not be trapped in the atmosphere

more energy

Greater motion at the atomic level results in the faster-moving molecules having ______.

___ gases strongly absorb outgoing longwave radiation and re-emit it again as heat. This keeps the atmosphere warmer that it otherwise would be

Greenhouse

_______ gases strongly absorb outgoing longwave radiation and re-emit it again as heat. This keeps the atmosphere warmer than it otherwise would be.

Greenhouse

heat flux

Heat flow is the transfer of thermal energy from high-temperature objects to low-temperature objects. This process is also called ______.

Heat flow is the transfer of thermal energy from high-temperature objects to low-temperature objects. This process is also called _____.

Heat flux

Why are atmospheric temperatures affected by the phrase changes of water?

Heat is being taken and stored as Latent heat, or laten heat is being released into the environment

Why are atmospheric temperatures affected by the phase changes of water?

Heat is being taken in and stored as latent heat or latent heat is being released into the environment.

Conduction

Heat transfer by direct contact

What is the difference between high and low energy states?

High energy states require more energy to form

Greenhouse gases absorb outgoing longwave radiation and re-emit it in all directions.

How are greenhouse gases related to the greenhouse effect?

They travel in two mutually perpendicular planes.

How are the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic field orientated with respect to each other?

Earth's revolution of the Sun changes the direction Earth is tilted relative to the Sun

How can the periods of darkness or daylight near the poles extend for months? The closer a location is to one of the poles, the longer it will be pointed at or away from the Sun and thus experience long periods of daylight or darkness until ______.

Earth produces a longer average wavelength.

How do the average wavelengths of radiation emitted by the Sun and Earth compare?

In air pressure In amounts and composition of their gases In temperature

How do the different layers of the atmosphere vary?

In temperature In air pressure In amounts and composition of their gases

How do the different layers of the atmosphere vary?

By a relative gain or loss

How do we usually sense heat?

more insolation can be absorbed or reflected in the atmosphere and less reaches the ground

How does atmospheric attenuation affect the amount of insolation that reaches the ground? The lower the angle of incoming light, the more atmosphere insolation has to travel through to reach the ground; thus, ______.

Insolation is increasingly dispersed with increasing latitude north or south of the equator.

How does insolation vary with respect to latitude?

An oxygen molecule absorbs ultraviolet radiation, breaks apart, and the now single oxygen atom bonds with an existing oxygen molecule to form ozone.

How does ozone (O3) form naturally in the atmosphere

The amount of outgoing radiation equals the amount of incoming radiation.

How does the amount of incoming radiation to Earth compare to the amount of outgoing radiation?

Insolation striking Earth's surface decreases greatly with increasing latitude.

How does the amount of insolation striking the surface of Earth vary between 30° and 60ο latitude?

OLR is highest during their summer and lowest during their winter.

How does the amount of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) vary with time for either hemisphere?

It can cause the surrounding air to heat or cool, depending on the direction of the phase change.

How does the exchange of latent heat associated with phase changes of water affect atmospheric temperature?

The evaporation of water increases the salinity and thus density of surface water; this can lead to the sinking and mixing of the water column.

How does the heating and evaporation of water from the ocean affect the mixing of the added heat to the ocean from insolation?

Low-level clouds reflect more light.

How does the light-reflecting ability of high- and low-level clouds compare?

It results in locations poleward of the Arctic and Antarctic circles experiencing 24-hour periods of complete darkness and daylight.

How does the orbital tilt of Earth influence the polar regions?

Human-made chlorofluorocarbons released into the atmosphere break apart ozone molecules by strongly attracting one of the oxygen atoms.

How have humans contributed to the destruction of ozone?

It accounts for about 7% of the variation in amount of insolation received.

How much does the variation in the changing distance between Earth and the Sun in a year account for the amount of insolation received?

How have humans contributed to the destruction of ozone?

Human made chlorofluorocarbons released into the atmosphere break apart ozone molecules by strongly attracted one of the oxygen atoms

How have humans contributed to the destruction of ozone?

Human-made chlorofluorocarbons released into the atmosphere break apart ozone molecules by strongly attracting one of the oxygen atoms.

Chlorine takes an oxygen atom from an ozone molecule to form a new molecule, which quickly splits, allowing chlorine to break another ozone molecule.

Humans have manufactured and released chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). These CFCs contain halogens such as chlorine. How does chlorine cause a decrease in the amount of ozone in the atmosphere?

-it shields us from harmful high-energy rays from space, -it contains oxygen, water vapor, and other important gases. -It is the source of weather and climate.

Identify ALL the reasons why Earth's atmosphere is important to life.

Shortwave radiation can be absorbed and then re-emitted at longer wavelengths. Molecules in ground materials absorb the radiation and thus increase their own temperature. Water molecules can store energy as ice melts into water as incoming energy is absorbed.

Identify correct descriptions of what can happen to shortwave radiation that strikes Earth's surface.

1. Volcanic eruptions 2. Changes in cloud cover

Identify factors below that can directly cause changes in Earth's global shortwave-radiation budget throughout the year.

Changes in cloud cover Volcanic eruptions

Identify factors below that can directly cause changes in Earth's global shortwave-radiation budget throughout the year.

To refer to the transfer of thermal energy To refer to the energy that is transferred

Identify the two ways scientists use the term heat.

Energy must be transferred from one object to the next.

If an object is to warm up or cool down, what must happen?

Carbon Dioxide

It is a trace gas. It strongly absorbs wavelengths just longer than those in the atmospheric window.

Global surface temperatures would be much colder as outgoing longwave radiation would not be trapped in the atmosphere.

If everything else remained the same, how would global surface temperatures change compared to the temperatures today if greenhouse gases were not in the atmosphere?

The energy is stored as latent heat.

If heat is added to a block of ice to the point that the ice begins to melt and the input of the heat continues, the ice does not increase in temperature despite its absorption of the heat. Why is that?

They are radiated into space as longwave energy: 12 units directly from Earth's surface and 57 units from the atmosphere.

If the total amount of insolation reaching the top of the atmosphere from the Sun is 100 units, and 31 of those units are reflected in the planetary albedo, what happens to the remaining 69 units?

one to warm and one to cool

If there is a net transfer of energy from one object to another, then it is possible for ______.

Ozone

Importantly to life, it absorbs incoming ultraviolet radiation

Ozone

Importantly to life, it absorbs incoming ultraviolet radiation.

ozone

Importantly to life, it absorbs incoming ultraviolet radiation.

By the fusion of particles By changes in the energy level of electrons

In addition to the changes associated with charged particles, how can electromagnetic energy be generated?

How do the different layers of the atmosphere vary? (Select all that apply)

In amounts and composition of their gases, in temperature, in air pressure

It is converted into other forms of energy.

In general, what happens to shortwave radiation that reaches Earth's surface that isn't reflected?

White or light-colored surfaces

In general, which of the following surfaces would have the highest albedo?

Celsius Kelvin

In the United States, the common system used to relate temperature to the public is the Fahrenheit scale. However, the rest of the world mainly uses the ___________ scale, which is calibrated to the freezing and boiling points of water. Another scale is the _________ scale, on which zero represents a lack of atomic motion.

Toward the poles

In what general direction does energy flow in the atmosphere?

Absorption

Incoming EMR is converted into kinetic energy, which is expressed within the component that is struck by the EMR.

Search one statement below that accurately describes how hurricanes and latent heat are related.

Incredible amounts of latent heat released in hurricanes as water condensation occurs in the atmosphere

latent; sensible

Insolation absorbed and stored by evaporating water contributes to _______ heat flux as the newly evaporated water molecules are warmed by outgoing longwave energy and rise and heat the surrounding air as part of the _______ heat flux.

latent sensible

Insolation absorbed and stored by evaporating water contributes to ____________ heat flux as the newly evaporated water molecules are warmed by outgoing longwave energy and rise and heat the surrounding air as part of the ___________ heat flux.

Variations in cloud cover, amount of daylight, Zenith angles, another factors contribute to the variations in the amount of ____

Insolation received at Earth's surface

7%

Insolation scattered in the atmosphere

True

Instead of just bouncing energy off its surface, an object can disperse the energy in various directions in a process called scattering.

select the statement below that accurately describes how Earth's atmosphere appears when you can space

It appears is a very thin layer that surrounds Earth's surface

What effect does the counterclockwise rotation (as viewed from above the North Pole) of Earth have on the exposure of Earth's surface to sunlight? (Select all that apply)

It causes the sun to appear to rise in the east and set in the west and it causes half of Earth to be subjected to darkness at any one time

identify all the reasons why Earth's atmosphere is important to life (click all that apply)

It contains oxygen, water vapor, and other important gases, it shields us from harmful high-energy rays from space and it is the source of weather and climate

Nitrous Oxide

It is a by-product of many industrial chemical processes. It absorbs some of the OLR at wavelengths in the thermal infrared.

Nitrous oxide

It is a by-product of many industrial chemical processes. It absorbs some of the OLR at wavelengths in the thermal infrared.

nitrous oxide

It is a by-product of many industrial chemical processes. It absorbs some of the OLR at wavelengths in the thermal infrared.

Because energy is stored as _____ heat, the temperature of water does not change as it melts or boils

Latent

Melting

Latent heat of fusion

Match the type of latent heat to a phrase change it is involved with

Latent heat of fusion: Melting. Latent heat of vaporization: Condensation. Latent heat of sublimation: Deposition.

Match the type of latent heat to a phase change it is involved with.

Latent heat of fusion=Melting Latent heat of vaporization= Condensation Latent heat of sublimation=Deposition

Deposition

Latent heat of sublimation

Condensation

Latent heat of vaporization

Shortwave radiation that reaches earth's surface can be converted to ____ . select all that apply

Latent heat. Sensible heat. Long-wave radiation

Cancer Capricorn

Located at 23.5ο N latitude is the Tropic of _________ and at 23.5ο S latitude is the Tropic of __________ . The Arctic and Antarctic Circles are at 66.5ο N and S, respectively.

the tilt of Earth's orbital plane causes the Sun to remain high in the sky

Locations in the tropics are subjected to the highest average Sun angles and are thus warm year-round because ______.

The orbital tilt of Earth results in one pole pointing away or partially away from the Sun for half of the year.

Locations poleward of the Arctic and Antarctic circles experience periods when they receive no insolation for 24 straight hours. Why does this occur?

counter

Long-wave energy that is emitted back to Earth is called _________________-radiation.

35

Low latitudes receive more insolation than they lose due to outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and high latitudes lose more OLR than they gain from insolation. At what latitude does OLR match insolation?

35 degrees

Low latitudes receive more insolation than they lose due to outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and high latitudes lose more OLR than they gain from insolation. At what latitude does OLR match insolation?

How does the light-reflecting ability of high- and low-level clouds compare?

Low-level clouds reflect more light

1. around 30° 2. on land

Maximum temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere in July are located ______.

Identify all the methods below that are used to measure temperature. ( select all that apply)

Measuring the wavelength of electromagnetic energy given off by an object. Thanks mansion in contraction of mercury in a glass tube. Calculating the temperature based on thermoelectric responses

Stores latent heat

Melting

All the phases changes for water in which latent heat is stored in the water molecules.

Melting; evaporation

As the four different layers of the atmosphere interact with insulation passing through them, they're temperature changes with altitude. Select the layers of the atmosphere that decline in temperature with increasing altitude. (Select all that apply)

Mesosphere and Troposphere

Select the layers of the atmosphere that decline in temperature with increasing altitudes.

Mesosphere, troposphere

Rank the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum listed below by their frequencies

Microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays

Click the statement below that accurately describe how and why insulation varies by location select all that apply

Mid latitudes experience the greatest amount of insolation during the summer as the amount of daylight is greater and Zenith angles are smaller. The equatorial regions experience the least amount of variation in insolation as angles are small and atmospheric attenuation is minimized

Identify correct description of what can happen to shortwave radiation that strikes Earth's surface. (Identify all that apply)

Molecules in the ground materials absorb the radiation and that's increase their own temperature. Water molecules can show store energy as ice melts into water as incoming energy is absorbed. Shortwave radiation can be absorbed and then re-emitted at longer-wavelength.

Greater motion at the atomic level results in the faster moving molecules having ___

More energy

tropics; poles

Most ozone is produced above the ______ and then moved by slow-moving circulation patterns toward the ______.

Farenheit

Mostly widely used in the U.S.; a relative scale not calibrated to water

Why do objects emit electromagnetic radiation in a range of wavelengths?

Mot all molecules in an object vibrate or move at the same speed.

the vast majority

Natural process on Earth are responsible for ______ of the gases and aerosols found in our atmosphere.

What is the source of most aerosols and gases in the atmosphere?

Natural processes on Earth

Rank the following gases by their contribution of the total volume of Earth's atmosphere. (Place the most abundant at the top)

Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen

Which of the following locations can be subjected to 24-hour periods of light or darkness, depending on the time of year? (Choose all that apply)

North of the Arctic Circle and South of the Antarctic Circle

What are the coldest place in the last 1000 years occurred during a time of few or no sun spots for many years in a row. The modern period of warming has occurred during the period of ____

Numerous sunspots

numerous sunspots

One of the coldest periods in the last 1,000 years occurred during a time of few or no sunspots for many years in a row. The modern period of warming has occurred during a period of ______

If there is a net transfer of energy from one object to another then it is possible for_____

One to warm and one to cool

spectrum

Ordering electromagnetic radiation (EMR) by wavelength, and thus also by frequency, results in the order of EMR displayed in the electromagnetic ______.

OLR

Outgoing Longwave Radiation

The temperature of an object is the average energy content of all its molecules. The fact that objects are not uniformly at one temperature explains why objects produce electromagnetic radiation ____

Over a range of wavelengths

The atmospheric gas _____ absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, shielding life from overexposure to ultraviolet radition

Ozone

Select all the accurate statements below about the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere

Ozone concentration slightly rise of the lower troposphere because it is a byproduct of sunlight striking hydrocarbons pollution in the air and a beneficial ozone layer is located in the stratosphere and blocks harmful ultraviolet light

In the tropics

Ozone is concentrated in the stratosphere at high latitudes. Where is most of it produced?

The date of Earth's closest approach to the sun is called the _____ and the farthest approached the most distant is called the ____

Perihelion and aphelion

high-energy low-energy

Phases that require more energy, like that of water vapor, are called ______ states, whereas phases that require less energetic states are called ______ states.

high-energy; low-energy

Phases that require more energy, like that of water vapor, are called ______ states, whereas phases that require less energetic states are called ______ states.

longer; energetic

Radio waves, microwaves, and infrared radiation all have wavelengths that are ______ than visible light. Ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays all are more _____ than visible light.

Match the description of the section of the electromagnetic spectrum to it's name

Radio waves: The longest wavelengths; used to transmit signals over long distances Microwaves: Relatively long wavelengths, can be used to quickly excite water molecules. Infrared radiation: Perceived as heat; frequencies just lower than visible light. Gamma rays: The shortest wavelengths; the most energetic and potentially harmful

1. Nitrogen 2. Oxygen 3. Carbon Dioxide 4. Hydrogen

Rank the following gases by their contribution to the total volume of Earth's atmosphere. (Place the most abundant at the top.)

1. fresh snow 2. old snow and ice 3. leafy leaf-bearing trees 4. a wet and dark soil

Rank the following types of Earth surfaces by their average albedos. (Place the surface with the highest albedo at the top.)

1. microwaves 2. infrared 3. ultraviolet 4. X-rays

Rank the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum listed below by their frequencies. (Place the highest frequencies on the bottom.)

1. Microwaves 2. Infrared 3. Ultraviolet 4. X-Rays

Rank the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum listed below by their frequencies. (Place the highest frequencies on the bottom.) 1. Microwaves 2. X-Rays 3. Infrared 4. Ultraviolet

1. The Shorter UV-C wavelengths 2. The intermediate UV-B Wavelengths 3. The Longer UV-A wavelengths

Rank the relative amounts of each wavelength of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches Earth's surface. (Place the wavelength of UV radiation that most abundantly strikes Earth's surface at the bottom.)

Why does the sun appear yellow during the day and sometimes a reddish orange at sunrise and sunset?

Real life of a sun passes through the atmosphere by day but it's filtered out by the longer Passage through the atmosphere at Dusk and Dawn

Master type of interaction that takes place in atmosphere between atmospheric components and electromagnetic radiation (EMR) to it's description

Reflection: Some EMR is sent off a surface in one direction (generally), which can break back into space. Absorption: incoming EMR is converted into kinetic energy, which is expressed within the component that is struck by the EMR. Scattering: the EMR is sent off in various directions; the variation is based mostly on radiation wavelength.

What effect does the lack of mixing on land and the mixing occurring in the ocean have on service temperatures? The differences and mixing contribute to the differences in their surface temperatures as less or no mixing ___

Results in more rapid surface temperature changes

What effect does the lack of mixing on land and the mixing occurring in the ocean have on surface temperatures? The differences in mixing contribute to the differences in their surface temperatures as less (or no) mixing _____.

Results in more rapid surface temperature changes

7%

Scattered in the atmosphere

heat

Scientists use the term "_______" to refer to both the transfer of thermal energy and to the energy that is transferred.

Energy can bounce off an object in a process called reflection. Instead of just bouncing energy off its surface, an object can disperse the energy in various directions in a process called scattering.

Select all that statements below that accurately characterize one of the four ways radiant energy can interact with matter.

Energy can bounce off an object in a process called reflection. Instead of just bouncing energy off its surface, an object can disperse the energy in various directions in a process called scattering.

Select all that statements below that accurately characterize one of the four ways radiant energy can interact with matter. 1. The process of reflecting radiant energy in various directions is called transmission. 2. All the energy that is retained in the process of absorption is lost from the system. 3. Energy can bounce off an object in a process called reflection. 4. Instead of just bouncing energy off its surface, an object can disperse the energy in various directions in a process called scattering.

A beneficial ozone layer is located in the stratosphere and blocks harmful ultraviolet light. Ozone concentrations slightly rise in the lower troposphere because it is a by-product of sunlight striking hydrocarbons (pollution) in the air.

Select all the accurate statements below about the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere.

Vapor changing to Ice Liquid changing to ice Vapor changing to liquid

Select all the scenarios for water below that will warm the surrounding air.

1. Liquid changing to ice 2. Vapor changing to Ice 3. Vapor changing to liquid

Select all the scenarios for water below that will warm the surrounding air. 1. Ice changing to liquid 2. Liquid changing to vapor 3. Liquid changing to ice 4. Vapor changing to Ice 5. Vapor changing to liquid

A gas has a higher relative energy content than a solid. A liquid has a higher relative energy content than a solid. A liquid has a lower relative energy content than a gas.

Select all the statements below that accurately compare the relative energy content of the states of matter. (Assume that in each statement, the substance is the same material, just in a different state.)

By changes associated with charged particles

Select an example of how electromagnetic energy is generated.

Incredible amounts of latent heat are released in hurricanes as water condensation occurs in the atmosphere.

Select one statement below that accurately describes how hurricanes and latent heat are related.

1. Some characteristics of the atmosphere go out to thousands of kilometers above Earth's surface. 2. It has definable layers that vary in temperature, air pressure, and other factors.

Select that statements below that correctly characterize the overall structure of Earth's atmosphere. 1. Some characteristics of the atmosphere go out to thousands of kilometers above Earth's surface. It extends no more than about 10 km above Earth's surface. 2. It extends no more than about 10 km above Earth's surface. 3. It is rather homogeneous in nature due to constant mixing. 4. It has definable layers that vary in temperature, air pressure, and other factors.

They each have a rather uniform thermal profile and are located at the top of the layer for which they are named.

Select the accurate summary of the atmospheric layers called the tropopause, stratopause, and mesopause.

The center of South America The Atlantic Ocean The Pacific Ocean

Select the areas listed below for which we generally lack a good decades-long record of temperature.

Most of the outgoing longwave energy is emitted from the atmosphere, and the rest is emitted directly from Earth's surface.

Select the best summary of the outgoing longwave energy flux budget.

212 F, 100 C, 373 K

Select the boiling points of water at sea level from the choices below.

There is an excess of insolation from the equator to 35ο latitude and then a deficit from there to the poles.

Select the correct description of the latitudinal variations in the radiative balance between incoming and outgoing radiation.

Earth's total albedo is about 31%; the remaining 69% of incoming insolation is absorbed in the atmosphere (20%) or by the ground (49%).

Select the correct overall summary of the global shortwave-radiation budget.

0.4 to 0.7

Select the correct range of wavelengths for the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. All answers are in micrometers.

The high specific heat moderates the temperature of water, which often results in water being colder than land during the day and warmer at night.

Select the correct summary below about how the thermal differences between land and water influence temperature differences between them.

The concentration of ozone is very low (parts per million) even in the stratosphere where it is most heavily concentrated.

Select the correct summary of the distribution of ozone in the atmosphere.

It is composed mostly of nitrogen and oxygen molecules, with some small solid and liquid particles.

Select the correct summary of the principal components of our atmosphere.

1. Convection of water can help move surface heat to deeper water. 2. Shortwave radiation can penetrate water to varying degrees in part due to water clarity.

Select the factors below that affect the thermal interactions of water.

The land will cool faster as its specific heat is much less than that of water and it acquired more heat during the day.

Select the statement below that accurately compares the amount of cooling that takes place at night after a hot summer day between a large body of water and an equally large area of nearby land.

The distribution is uneven, with most of the coverage being on land in low-lying populated areas.

Select the statement below that accurately describes the global coverage of stations recording temperature spanning back many decades.

Fusion is for the conversion between solid and liquid, vaporization for between liquid and gas, and sublimation for between gas and solid.

Select the statement below that accurately describes what differentiates the latent heat of fusion, vaporization, and sublimation. 1. Fusion is for lateral heat exchange, vaporization is for vertical heat exchange, and sublimation is for stationary heat exchange. 2. Fusion uses the Fahrenheit scale, vaporization uses the Celsius scale, and sublimation uses the Kelvin scale. 3. Fusion is for heat gain, vaporization is for heat loss, and sublimation is for when no heat exchange takes place. 4. Fusion is for the conversion between solid and liquid, vaporization for between liquid and gas, and sublimation for between gas and solid.

The Sun angle increases as the June Solstice approaches and decreases afterward as the December Solstice approaches.

Select the statement below that correctly describes the variation in Sun angle throughout the year for any location in the Northern Hemisphere north of 23.5ο N.

The larger the Sun angle, the greater the amount of insolation energy received.

Select the statement below that correctly relates the Sun angle to the amount of insolation energy received.

It requires a greater amount of energy to get water to change phases than it does to bring it to those points.

Select the statement below that is the accurate comparison between the amount of energy used to bring water to the melting and boiling points as compared to the amount needed to get the water to change phases at those points at sea level.

It requires a greater amount of energy to get water to change phases than it does to bring it to those points (more than five times).

Select the statement below that is the accurate comparison between the amount of energy used to bring water to the melting and boiling points as compared to the amount needed to get the water to change phases at those points at sea level. 1. It requires a greater amount of energy to get water to change phases than it does to bring it to those points. 2. At sea level only, the amount of energy required to bring water to the melting and boiling points is equal to the amount needed for a phase change. 3. It requires a lesser amount of energy to get water to change phases than it does to bring water to the melting and boiling points.

Locations poleward of 66.5ο north or south latitude experience periods of 24 hours of daylight and darkness. As you move farther away from the equator, the amount of yearly variation in daylight versus darkness increases.

Select the statements below that accurately describe how the amount of daylight varies during the year for different regions of Earth.

When Earth is closest to the Sun, it intercepts the most insolation. When Earth is at aphelion, it intercepts the least amount of insolation.

Select the statements below that accurately relate the distance Earth is from the Sun to the amount of insolation received.

Match the name of the process to its description

Sensible heat flux: the upward transmission of energy, mostly by convection of warm air near the surface to Greater altitudes. Latent heat flux: the energy transfer that takes place as processes such as melting, evaporation, and transpiration from plants occur. Long wave energy flux: the transfer of radiation it takes place back and forth between the atmosphere and ground and in front portion of electromagnetic spectrum

Slipped the factors that affect the thermal interactions of water. Select all that apply

Shortwave radiation that can penetrate water to varying degrees in part due to water clarity and convection of water can help move surface heat to deeper water

longwave radiation sensible heat latent heat

Shortwave radiation that reaches the Earth's surface can be converted to ______.

The consistent amount of energy Earth receives from the Sun is called the ____ ______. It is measured in watts per square meter

Solar constant

Reflection

Some EMR is sent off of a surface in one direction (generally), which can be back into space.

The difference between kinetic and potential energy is potential energy is ______

Stored energy and kinetic energy is related to the motions of matter

Which two layers of Earth's atmosphere most strongly absorb solar insolation?

Stratosphere, Thermosphere

What is the amount of insolation reaching Earth's surface area on a global scale? Slept all that apply

Sun angles vary with latitude. The amount and type of cloud cover varies spatially. The amount of daylight varies across earth.

The approximate 11 years solar cycle defined by the number of ____ observed on the Sun

Sunspots

The dark areas on the surface of the Sun that are cooler than the rest of the sun are called

Sunspots

wavelength

The electromagnetic spectrum is ordered by ______.

What is the difference between heat and temperature?

Temperature is a measure of an object's internal kinetic energy and heat is the energy transferred from one object to another

What is the difference between heat and temperature?

Temperature is a measure of an object's internal kinetic energy and heat is the energy transferred from one object to another.

Scattering

The EMR is sent off in various directions; the variation is based mostly on radiation wavelength.

conduction, radiation, convection, and advection

The Four mechanisms of of heat transfer are...

Select the areas listed below for which we generally lack of good decades-long record of temperature. ( select all that apply.)

The Pacific Ocean. The Atlantic Ocean. The center of South America

What days of the year do all latitudes of Earth experience the same amount of daylight and darkness? (Select all that apply.)

The September Equinox and the March Equinox

(a) Where does the energy come from that drives most natural systems on Earth?

The Sun

at the June Solstice

The Sun angle is at the highest

at the December Solstice.

The Sun angle is the lowest

least amount of insolation all year

The Sun is directly overhead of the Tropic of Cancer at the June Solstice. This results in the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere having the day when they receive the ______.

higher

The TSI of the Sun is ______ when there are a lot of sunspots.

global outgoing longwave radiation

The accounting of what happens to the longer wavelengths of energy that are leaving Earth is called the budget of ______.

releases heat

The act of water freezing ______ the surrounding air.

releases heat to

The act of water freezing ______ the surrounding air.

What is needed for water to change between any two phases?

The addition or release of energy

much greater than the

The amount of energy needed to evaporate water is ______ amount needed to get the water from the freezing point to the boiling point.

equinoxes soltices

The amount of insolation received by each hemisphere of Earth is equal at the March and September _________ and is most different at the December and June _________ .

How does insolation vary with respect to latitude?

The amount of insolation received decreases with increasing latitude north or south of the Equator

Which of the following statements is true regarding the insolation striking earth?

The amount of insolation received varies from place to place

latitude; incoming light

The amount of insolation received varies with ______ because the angle of ______ changes along with it.

latitude; incoming light (sun)

The amount of insolation received varies with ______ because the angle of ______ changes along with it.

nitrogen oxygen

The atmosphere is mostly composed of ___________ and _________gas.

relatively thin layer of gas that surrounds Earth's surface

The atmosphere is the ______.

ozone

The atmospheric gas ___________ absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, shielding life from overexposure to ultraviolet radiation.

Atmospheric window

The band of frequencies from 8 to 13 μm, located in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum through which energy can largely escape Earth unaffected, is called the ______.

atmospheric window

The band of frequencies from 8 to 13 μm, located in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum through which energy can largely escape Earth unaffected, is called the ______.

What is photodissociation?

The breakdown of a chemical compound caused by electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength equal to or less than visible light

pauses

The breaks between the layers of the atmosphere are called ______________

Match the objects below to the relative wavelength of energy they emit

The coldest object: The longest wavelengths, and object with an intermediate temperature: The intermediate wavelengths, the hottest object: the shortest wavelengths

What causes the gases near earth's surface to be more closely packed together than gases farther away from earth's surface?

The compressive weight of the overliding gases is greater the lower the position in the atmosphere.

What causes the gases near Earth's surface to be more closely packed together than gases farther away from Earth surface?

The compressive weight of the overriding gases is greater the lower the position in the atmosphere

perihelion; aphelion

The date of Earth's closest approach to the Sun is called the ______ and the farthest approach (the most distant) is called the ______.

global shortwave-radiation

The description and summation of what happens to insolation on a global scale is called the ______ budget.

What change about Earth's tilted axis causes variation in daylight length for locations not on the equator?

The direction of the tilt with respect to the sudden changes during the course of the year

Direction of wave propagation

The direction the wave is moving

Wavelength

The distance between the same point on successive waves

Amplitude

The distance between the top and bottom of a wave

How does the global distribution of ozone change throughout the year?

The distribution of ozone varies during the year as the pattern of insolation change.

How does the global distribution of ozone change throughout the year?

The distribution of ozone varies during the year as the patterns of insolation change

perpendicular; perpendicular

The electrical and magnetic components of an electromagnetic wave move ______ to each other and move ______ to the direction the wave propagates.

25 C

The formula to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius is C = 5/9 x (F - 32). Use this formula to covert 77οF to the Celsius scale.

300 K

The formula to convert from the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale is K = C + 273. Use this formula to convert 27 C to the Kelvin scale.

How does latitude affect the variation in the amount of daylight and new zenith angle and those variations in temperature? Select all that apply

The greater the latitude, the greater the variation in size of the Zenith angle during the year. The greater the latitude, the greater the variation the amount of daylight during the year.

What is the correlation between the number of sunspots and the total solar irradiance (TSI)?

The greater the number of sunspots, the greater the TSI

What is the correlation between the number of sunspots and the Total Solar Irradiance (TSI)?

The greater the number of sunspots, the greater the TSI.

What is sensible heat?

The heat that changes the temperature of two objects via the exchange of heat between them

What is sensible heat?

The heat that changes the temperature of two objects via the exchange of heat between them.

amplitude; wavelength

The height of a wave is defined by its ______ , which is the distance from the wave crest to wave trough, whereas ______ is the distance between the same point on successive waves.

Select the correct summary below about how the thermal differences between land and water influence temperature differences between them

The high specific energy moderate the temperature of water, which often results of water being colder than the land during the day and warmer at night

How does the surface temperature of an object relate to the electromagnetic radiation it emits?

The higher the surface temperature of an object, the more EMR it produces. High temperature produce greater levels of EMR. This relationship is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann Law.

Select the ways in which the amount of insolation reaching the earth spatially. (Select all that apply)

The highest values of recede insulation are in subtropical deserts do, and part, to low cloud cover. And in general, lower amounts of insolation are received at higher latitudes

Advection

The horizontal heat transfer by the horizontal movement of a material

flares

The huge ejections of solar mass into space are called solar ________.

insolation

The incoming energy transmitted from the Sun to Earth is called ______.

weather climate

The interaction between Earth's atmosphere and surface determines the ______, ______, and habitability of an area.

Which of the following is the most important factor in dtermining the weather, climate, and habitability of an area?

The interaction of energy with Earth's atmosphere and surface

Which of the following is the most important factor in determining the weather, climate, and habitability of an area?

The interaction of energy with Earth's atmosphere and surface.

False

The process of reflecting radiant energy in various directions is called transmission.

Select the statement below that accurately compares the amount of cooling that takes place at night after a hot summer day between a large body of water and an equally large area of nearby land

The land will cool faster as its specific heat is much less than that of the water and is acquired more heat during the day

The sun is directly overhead the Tropic of Cancer at the June Solstice. This results in the tropics in the southern hemisphere having the day when they received the_____

The least amount of insolation all year

What is the circle of illumination?

The line encircling Earth that separates the lighted half from the dark half.

What is the circle of illumination?

The line encircling Earth that seperates the lighted half from the dark half

The coldest object

The longest wavelengths

Cooling

The loss of energy to the surroundings

fusion

The main process by which the Sun generates electromagnetic radiation is nuclear __________, which is the joining of two smaller particles to create a larger one.

When the sun is directly overhead of an observer, the Zenith angle is 0 and the amount of insolation received is

The maximum amount possible

Frequency

The number of waves per second passing a point

What is a major difference, linked to latent heat, between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres that influence the global energy budget?

The ocean covers more of the Southern Hemisphere, allowing more energy from insolation to be stored as latent heat.

What is a major difference, linked to latent heat, between the northern and southern hemispheres that influenced the global energy budget?

The ocean covers more of the Southern Hemisphere, and more energy from insulation to be stored as latent heat

Locations poleward of the Arctic and Antarctic circles experience. Where they receive no insulation for 24 straight hours. Why does it occur?

The overall tilt of the earth results in one pole pointing away or partially within the Sun for half of the year

ozone

The photodissociation of oxygen molecules in the atmosphere can result in the formation of _________ as the liberated single oxygen atoms join with existing oxygen molecules.

What changes in water as it shifts from a solid to a liquid to a gas?

The physical spacing of the water molecules

orbital

The plane in which Earth revolves around the Sun is called the ______ plane.

Atmosphere

The relatively thin layer of gas that surrounds Earth's surface is called the

What causes the sun to set and rise

The rotation of Earth turns part of Earth away from and then back toward the Sun

atmosphere

The shields us from harmful high-energy rays from space, is the source of our weather and climate, and contains the gases life depends on.

Rank the relative amounts of each wavelength of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches Earth's surface. (Place the wavelength of UV radiation that most abundantly strikes Earth's surface at the bottom.)

The shorter UV-C, The intermediate UV-B, The longer UV-A

scattered in the atmosphere

The sky appears mostly blue and violet because those colors are preferentially ______.

directly toward and away from the Sun, and the equinoxes occur when the tilt of Earth's axis is sideways to the Sun

The solstices occur when the axis of Earth's rotation points ______.

Sensible heat flux

The upward transmission of energy, mostly by convection, of warm air near the surface to greater altitudes

sensible heat flux

The upward transmission of energy, mostly by convection, of warm air near the surface to greater altitudes

aerosols

The various solids and liquids in the atmosphere are collectively called ______. They play an important role in the formation of clouds and precipitation.

What are aerosols?

The various types of solids and liquids suspended in the atmosphere

What are aerosols?

The various types of solids and liquids suspended in the atmosphere.

Convection

The vertical heat transfer by the vertical movement of a material

longer

The wavelengths representing ultraviolet (UV) radiation can be divided into three groups: UV-A, UC-B, and UV-C. The ______ the ultraviolet wavelength, the more likely it is to reach the surface of Earth. This explains why UV-A is the most abundant type of UV radiation at Earth's surface.

What does the global outgoing long-wave radiation budget account for? It accounts for____

The way Earth loses heat through emission of long-wave radiation

Select the state below that correctly describes the variation in zenith angle throughout the year for any location in the Northern Hemisphere north of 23.5 degrees N

The zenith angle decreases as the June Solstice approaches and increases afterwards as the December solstice approaches

Why does the average global surface temperature on Earth remain fairly stable?

There is a balance between the amount of incoming and outgoing radiation

Why does the average global surface temperature on Earth remain fairly stable?

There is a balance between the amount of incoming and outgoing radiation.

Why does traveling a greater distance to the atmosphere reduce the amount of insolation it strikes the ground?

There is a greater distance over which atmospheric attenuation can absorb or reflect insulation

Select the correct description of the latitudinal variations in the radiative balance between incoming and outgoing radiation.

There is an excess of insolation from the equator to 35 degrees latitude and then a deficit from there to the poles.

Select the correct description of the latitudinal variations in the raditative balance between incoming and outgoing radiation

There is an excess of insulation from the equator to 35 degrees latitude and then a deficit from there to the polls

Heat

Thermal energy transferred from higher-temperature to lower-temperature objects.

Place the different layers of the atmosphere in order( place the bottommost layer of the atmosphere at the bottom

Thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, troposphere

Match the atmospheric layer to the reason it has the temperature gradient that it does

Thermosphere: absorbs most of the very shortest and most energetic electromagnetic radiation X-rays and gamma rays. Mesosphere: absorbs little insulation anyway right. Stratosphere: absorbs UV radiation due to the presence of ozone.

If the total amount of insolation reaching the top of the atmosphere from the Sun is 100 watts and 31 of those units are reflected in the primary albedo, what happened to the remaining 69 units?

They are radiated into space as long wave energy, 12 units directly from the Earth's surface and 57 units from the atmosphere

If the total amount of insolation reaching the top of the atmosphere from the Sun is 100 units, and 31 of those units are reflected in the planetary albedo, what happens to the remaining 69 units?

They are radiated into space as longwave energy: 12 units directly from Earth's surface and 57 units from the atmosphere

Select the accurate summary of the atmospheric layers called the propopause, stratopause, and the mesopause

They each have a rather uniform thermal profile and are located at the top of the layer for which they are named

What makes polar locations unique in terms of the solar energy received?

They experience periods of 24 hours of continuous sunlight and darkness during the year.

Why do hotter objects generate more electromagnetic radiation (EMR)?

They have more atomic motion and it is this motion that generates EMR

How are the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic field oriented with respect to each other?

They travel in two mutually perpendicular planes.

Identify the two ways scientists use the term heat.

To refer to the transfer of thermal energy, to refer to the energy that is transferred.

The combined output of energy from the sun is called the ___.

Total Solar Irradiance (TSI)

Match the type of interaction between matter and radiant energy in the atmosphere to its description

Transmission: energy is able to pass through the matter. Reflection: Energy bounces off the surface of an object. Absorption: An object retains some of the energy that strikes it. Scattering: Energy is dispersed in various directions

Match the name of the latitude to it's location in degrees latitude

Tropic of Cancer 23.5.N, Tropic of Capricorn 23.5.S, Arctic Circle 66.5.N, Antarctic Circle 66.5.S

Match the name of the latitude to its location in degrees latitude.

Tropic of Cancer-- 23.5 degrees N Tropic of Capricorn--23.5 degrees S Arctic Circle--66.5 degrees N Antarctic Circle--66.5 degrees S

True or false: potential energy stored within the molecule or atomic structure of matter

True

Which of the following are examples of electromagnetic radiation?

Visible light, x-rays, radio waves

Match the greenhouse gas to its description summary of how it interacts with outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR).

Water vapor: in abundant and the most important greenhouse gas, absorbs a wide range of olr. Carbon dioxide: it is a trace gas. It is strongly absorbs wavelengths just longer than those of the atmospheric window. Ozone: important to life, and absorbs incoming ultraviolet radiation. Nitrous gas: it is a byproduct of many industrial chemical processes are some of the oil are wavelength in the thermal infrared

The electromagnetic spectrum is ordered by

Wavelength

Why do two different objects, say a piece of wood and a piece of metal, with the same moderate temperature feel as if they are at different temperatures when we touch them?

We sense the flow of heat more than we sense the actual temperature of an object

Joule

We use the unit measurement of a ___________ to specify the amount of heat in an object.

What is the name of the relationship that relates the temperature of an object to the dominant wavelength of the energy it emits?

Wein's law

The various types of solids and liquids suspended in the atmosphere

What are aerosols?

Bursts of intense energy and matter from the Sun directed out into space

What are solar flares?

The compressive weight of the overriding gases is greater lower in the atmosphere.

What causes the gases near Earth's surface to be more closely packed together than gases farther away from Earth's surface?

The direction of the tilt with respect to the Sun changes during the course of a year.

What change about Earth's tilted axis causes variation in daylight length for locations not on the equator?

The physical spacing of the water molecules

What changes in water as it shifts from a solid to a liquid to a gas?

The physical spacing of the water molecules.

What changes in water as it shifts from a solid to a liquid to a gas?

The March Equinox The September Equinox

What days of the year do all latitudes of Earth experience the same amount of daylight and darkness?

the way Earth loses heat through emission of longwave radiation

What does the global outgoing longwave-radiation budget account for? It accounts for ______.

Atmosphere molecules are more closely spaced near the ground and thin out with distance away from Earth's surface.

What effect does gravity have on Earth's atmosphere?

results in more rapid surface temperature changes

What effect does the lack of mixing on land and the mixing occurring in the ocean have on surface temperatures? The differences in mixing contribute to the differences in their surface temperatures as less (or no) mixing ______.

UV-C UV-B

What forms of electromagnetic energy can cause ozone to photodissociate?

A greater amount of latent heat can be stored in the Southern Hemisphere.

What is a factor, important to global climate, that the greater amount of ocean cover in the Southern Hemisphere influences?

The ocean covers more of the Southern Hemisphere, allowing more energy from insolation to be stored as latent heat.

What is a major difference, linked to latent heat, between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres that influences the global energy budget?

Longwave energy that is directed downward from the atmosphere

What is counter-radiation?

The thermal energy transfer from high- to low-temperature objects

What is heat flow?

It is the incoming solar radiation.

What is insolation on Earth?

It is the energy released or stored when matter changes states.

What is latent energy or latent heat?

The addition or release of energy

What is needed for water to change between any two phases?

The heat that changes the temperature of two objects via the exchange of heat between them

What is sensible heat?

It is the only range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation that humans can see.

What is special about the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum?

A range of wavelengths in the infrared spectrum that passes through the atmosphere without much loss

What is the "atmospheric window"?

Some data suggests that sunspot numbers are related to changes in climate.

What is the best description of our current understanding between sunspots and climate?

The greater the number of sunspots, the greater the TSI.

What is the correlation between the number of sunspots and the total solar irradiance (TSI)?

The perihelion is the date of Earth's closest approach to the Sun, and aphelion is the date it is the farthest away from the Sun.

What is the difference between Earth's perihelion and its aphelion?

temperature by a given number of degrees, and specific heat is the amount of energy needed to increase a certain mass of a substance by 1 K

What is the difference between heat capacity and specific heat? Heat capacity expresses how much heat is required to change an object's ______.

High-energy states require more energy to form.

What is the difference between high- and low-energy states?

An accounting for the destination of insolation on a global scale

What is the global shortwave-radiation budget?

Wien's Law

What is the name of the relationship that relates the temperature of an object to the dominant wavelength of the energy it emits?

Natural processes on Earth

What is the source of most aerosols and gases in the atmosphere?

The Mesosphere

What layer of the atmosphere has a normal temperature gradient because it doesn't intercept insolation?

The mesosphere

What layer of the atmosphere has a normal temperature gradient because it doesn't intercept insolation?

All require a medium for transferring energy, and there is no medium in the vacuum of space.

What prevents conduction, convection, and advection from transferring energy generated in the Sun to Earth?

Photodissociation caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation, which is the same process that helps form it

What process is responsible for the natural destruction of ozone?

low-level

What type of clouds are better reflectors of insolation?

sensible

What type of heat changes the temperature of two objects by way of heat flux?

Select the statements below that accurately relate the distance Earth is from the Sun to the amount of insolation recieved

When Earth is closest to the Sun, it intercepts the most insolation. When Earth is at aphelion, it intercepts the least amount of insolation

The tilt of the Earth with respect to the orbital plane is the cause of the seasons because _____

When each hemisphere is tilted away from Sun it experiences longer periods of night and less direct sunlight

capacity; specific

When measuring the amount of heat needed to increase an object's temperature, the heat ______ depends on the type of material and the amount of material, whereas the ______ heat capacity depends only on the type of material because the amount of the material is a constant.

latent

When potential energy is related to a change in the state of matter (e.g., gas to a liquid), we call it ______ energy.

the maximum energy possible

When the Sun is directly overhead of an observer, the Sun angle is 90° and the amount of insolation received is ______.

It was stored as latent heat as liquid water evaporated to form water vapor.

When water vapor in the sky condenses to form raindrops, heat is released. How could that released heat have come from Earth's surface?

Within the structure itself

Where can energy be stored in an atomic or molecular structure?

The interaction of energy with Earth's atmosphere and surface

Which of the following is the most important factor in determining the weather, climate, and habitability of an area?

It is one of the four fundamental forces of nature.

Which of the following statements is accurate for electromagnetic radiation?

The freezing water releases latent heat, limiting or slowing the drop of temperatures within the cells of the plant.

Why do citrus farmers sometimes spray their crops with water so it freezes in an effort to prevent damage due to low temperatures?

Not all molecules in an object vibrate or move at the same speed.

Why do objects emit electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in a range of wavelengths?

We sense the flow of heat more than we sense the actual temperature of an object.

Why do two different objects, say a piece of wood and a piece of metal, with the same moderate temperature feel as if they are at different temperatures when we touch them?

At higher latitudes, the angle between the incoming light and the surface is smaller, and this spreads the incoming energy over a greater area.

Why does insolation vary with latitude?

Yellow light from the Sun passes through the atmosphere by day but is filtered out by the longer passage through the atmosphere at dusk and dawn.

Why does the Sun appear yellow during the day and sometimes a reddish-orange color at sunrise and sunset?

1. The amount of daylight varies across Earth. 2. The amount and type of cloud cover varies spatially. 3. Sun angles vary with latitude.

Why does the amount of insolation reaching Earth's surface vary on a global scale?

The amount of daylight varies across Earth. Sun angles vary with latitude. The amount and type of cloud cover varies spatially.

Why does the amount of insolation reaching Earth's surface vary on a global scale?

There is a balance between the amount of incoming and outgoing radiation.

Why does the average global surface temperature on Earth remain fairly stable?

Because the axial tilt of Earth results in the circle of illumination moving during the year with respect to the poles

Why does the length of daylight vary through the year for locations not at the equator?

There is a greater distance over which atmospheric attenuation can absorb or reflect insolation.

Why does traveling a greater distance through the atmosphere reduce the amount of insolation that strikes the ground?

Gravity exerts a downward force on the atmosphere.

Why doesn't the vacuum of outer space pull the atmosphere away from Earth?

It absorbs a lot of ultraviolet radiation that can damage living cells and DNA.

Why is ozone important to life on Earth?

Some wavelengths of EM energy are more strongly absorbed, scattered, or reflected than other wavelengths in the atmosphere.

Why is the spectrum of electromagnetic (EM) energy received at the top of the atmosphere different from the spectrum of EM energy received at sea level?

temperature

Wien's Law describes the relationship between the ___________ of an object to the dominant wavelength of EMR.

A location receives a peak amount of insolation in June and then a steady decrease in the amount of insolation it receives until late December and early January, when it receives none. Where is this location?

Within the Arctic Circle

Where can energy be stored in an atomic or molecular structure?

Within the structure itself.

Why does the Sun appear yellow during the day and sometimes a reddish-orange color at sunrise and sunset?

Yellow light from the Sun passes through the atmosphere by day but is filtered out by the longer passage through the atmosphere at dusk and dawn.

Heat transfer/heat flux/heat flow

_____ results when two adjacent masses have different temperatures.

albedo

______ is defined as the ability of an object to reflect insolation.

Clouds

______ represent about 20% of the planetary albedo on average, but the amount of albedo they cause at any one time or location can widely vary.

Greenhouse

_____________ gases strongly absorb outgoing longwave radiation and re-emit it again as heat. This keeps the atmosphere warmer than it otherwise would be.

clouds

_______________ represent about 20% of the planetary albedo on average, but the amount of albedo they cause at any one time or location can widely vary.

stratosphere

absorbs UV radiation due to the presence of ozone

thermosphere

absorbs most of the very shortest and most energetic electromagnetic radiation (X-rays and gamma rays)

water vapor

an abundant and the most important greenhouse gas. it absorbs a wide range of OLR

absorption

an object retains some of the energy that strikes it

The transfer of energy toward the poles occurs because energy flows from _____

areas of surplus to deficit

The transfer of energy toward the poles occurs because energy flows from __________.

areas of surplus to deficit

The transfer of energy towards the poles occurs because energy flows from ___.

areas of surplus to deficit

The ___ shields us from harmful high-energy rays form space, is the source of our weather and climate, and contains the gases life depends on.

atmosphere

The relatively thin layer of gas that surrounds earth's surface is called the ___________

atmosphere

The relatively thin layer of gas that surrounds earth's surface is called the atmosphere.

atmosphere

The band of frequencies from 8 to 13 comma located in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum through which energy can largely escaped or unaffected, is called the ____

atmospheric window

The zenith angle is the angle made ________.

by a line from an observer to the Sun and one drawn vertically over the observer.

In addition to the changes associated with charged particles, how can electromagnetic energy be generated?

by the fusion of particles by changes in the energy level of electrons

When measuring the amount of heat needed to increase an object's temperature, the heat ___ depends on the type of material and the amount of material, whereas the ___ heat capacity depends only on the type of material since the amount of the material is a constant.

capacity; specific

When measuring the amount of heat needed to increase an objects temperature, the heat _______ depends on the type of material and the amount of material, whereas the _____ heat capacity depends only on the type of material because the amount of the material is constant.

capacity; specific

Heat needs to be released or absorbed by water in order for it to ___.

change phase

latent heat of vaporization

condensation, evaporation

latent heat of sublimation

deposition

Radio waves, X-rays, visible light, and gamma rays are all examples of _______ radiation.

electromagnetic

___ radiation is the fundamental force of nature that transmits energy to us from the sun and is fundamental in determining our weather and climate.

electromagnetic

All matter contains ___, which is the capability of an object to do work.

energy

reflection

energy bounces off the surface of an object

transmission

energy is able to pass through the matter

scattering

energy is dispersed in various directions

If an object is to warm up or cool down, what must happen?

energy must be transferred from one object to the next

radiation

energy transmission by means of electrical and magnetic fields

The amount of insolation received by each hemisphere of Earth is equal at the March and September ___________ and is most different at the December and June _________.

equinoxes; solstices

At 20 degrees south on the March Equinox, where will the sunset with respect to Due West? It was set ___ due West

exactly

The huge ejections of solar mass into space are called solar ___.

flares

The huge ejections of solar masses space are called solar

flares

Scientists use the term ____ to refer to both of the transfer thermal energy into the energy that is transferred.

heat

conduction

heat transfer by direct contact

What is the difference between high- and low-energy states?

high-energy states require more energy to form.

The Earth is tilted relative to its orbital plane. This causes the seasons because of the earth orbits the sun each hemisphere is tilted towards and away from the Sun for part of the year. When a hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, experiences ____ temperatures because the Zenith angle is reduced, which also ____ atmospheric attenuation

higher; reduces

At any one time, half of earth's surface is lit in sunlight and half of earth is subjected to darkness. A line drawn around earth at the intersection between the two halves is called the circle of ___.

illumination

ozone

importantly to life, it absorbs incoming ultraviolet radiation

The angle between the direction of the energy and the surface it is striking is called the angle of ___.

incidence

The angle between the direction of the energy and the surface it is striking is called the angle of ______

incidence

The angle between the direction of the energy and the surface it is striking is called the angle of _______.

incidence

nitrous oxide

it is a by-product of many industrial chemical processes. it absorbs some of the OLR at wavelengths in the thermal infrared.

carbon dioxide

it is a trace gas. it strongly absorbs wavelengths just greater than those in the atmosphere window

How does the orbital tilt of the earth influence the polar regions?

it results in locations poleward of the Arctic and Antarctic circles experience 24 hours periods of complete darkness and sunlight

The type of energy related to motion is called ___ energy, whereas stored energy is called ___ energy.

kinetic; potential

Because energy is stored as ___ heat, the temperature of water does not change as it melts or boils.

latent

Because energy is stored as ______ heat, the temperature of water does not change as it melts or boils.

latent

Because energy is stored as___ heat, the temperature of water does not change as it melts of boils

latent

When potential energy is related to a change in the state of matter (e.g., gas to a liquid), we call it ___ energy.

latent

The coldest object has the ___ wavelengths.

longest

If one object warms another, then the object that is warming up is gaining energy and the object doing the warming is ___.

losing energy

The plane in which Earth revolves around the sun is called the ____ plane

orbital

The plane in which earth revolves around the sun is called the ___ plane.

orbital

A molecule composed of three oxygen atoms (O2) bonded together is called _______. This molecule absorbs much of the ultraviolet radiation passing through the atmosphere.

ozone

A molecule composed of three oxygen atoms bonded together is called ____ .This molecule absorbs much of the ultraviolet radiation passing through the atmosphere

ozone

Photodissociation of oxygen molecules in the atmosphere can result in the formation of ____ has the liberated oxygen atoms join with existing oxygen molecules

ozone

The atmospheric gas ___ absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, shielding life from overexposure to ultraviolet radiation.

ozone

The atmospheric gas ______ absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, shielding life from overexposure to ultraviolet radiation.

ozone

The photodissociation of oxygen molecules in the atmosphere can result in the formation of ___ as the liberated oxygen atoms join with existing oxygen molecules.

ozone

About the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere

ozone concentrations rise in the lower troposphere because it is a by-product of sunlight striking hydrocarbons in the air beneficial ozone layer is located in the stratosphere and blocks harmful ultraviolet light

The date of earth's closest approach to the sun is called the ___ and the farthest approach is called the ___.

perihelion; aphelion

As the physical spacing of the distance between water molecules changes, the ___ of the water may change too.

phase

electromagnetic

radiation is the fundamental force of nature that transmits energy to us from the Sun and is fundamental in determining our weather and climate.

The solar constant is the _______.

relatively consistent amount of solar energy received by Earth.

Shortwave radiation that reaches the earth's surface can be converted to ___.

sensible heat latent heat longwave radiation

The hottest object has the ___ wavelengths.

shortest

The consistent amount of energy earth receives from the sun is called the ___ ___. It is measured in watts per square meter.

solar constant

Why does the amount of insolation reaching earth's surface vary on a global scale?

the amount of daylight varies across the earth the amount and type of cloud cover varies spatially zenith angles vary with latitude

At the most basic level, energy is _______.

the capability of an object to do work

direction of wave propagation

the direction the wave is moving

wavelength

the distance between the same point on successive waves

amplitude

the distance between the top and bottom of a wave

latent heat flux

the energy transfer that takes place as processes like melting, evaporation, and transpiration from plants occur

advection

the horizontal heat transfer by the horizontal movement of a material

liquid

the intermediate energy state

an object with an intermediate temperature

the intermediate wavelengths

solid

the least energetic state

the hottest object

the shortest wavelengths

What is heat flow?

the thermal energy transfer from high- to low-temperature objects

The type of heat transfer: conduction

the top layer of soil heating the layer of soil below it via the surface between them

the type of heat transfer: radiation

the top layer of soil heating up because of the energy gained via rays from the sun

longwave energy flux

the transfer of radiation that takes place back and forth between the atmosphere and ground in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum

sensible heat flux

the upward transmission of energy, mostly by convection, of warm air near the surface to greater altitudes

convection

the vertical heat transfer by the vertical movement of a material

What does the global outgoing longwave-radiation budget account for? It accounts for __________.

the way Earth loses heat through emissions of longwave radiation

In what general direction does energy flow in the atmosphere?

towards the poles

All the scenarios for water that will warm the surrounding air.

vapor changing to liquid vapor changing to ice liquid changing to ice

the type of heat transfer: convection

warm air rising higher into the atmosphere

the type of heat transfer:advection

warmer air over the ocean blowing horizontally over the beach at night

Because difference _____ of electromagnetic energy are absorbed, scattered, and reflected at different rates in the atmosphere, the spectrum of sunlight received at sea levels is different and less than a spectrum of sunlight received at the top of the atmosphere

wavelengths

Because different ___ of electromagnetic energy are absorbed, scattered, and reflected at different rates in the atmosphere, the spectrum of sunlight received at sea level is different and less than the spectrum of sunlight received at the top of the atmosphere.

wavelengths

The interaction between earth's atmosphere and surface determines the ___, ___, and habitability of an area.

weather; climate

The angle made by the line connceting an observer to the sun and one drawn vertically with respect to the observer is called the ___ angle.

zenith

The angle made by the line connecting an observer to the Sun and one drawn vertically with respect to the observer is called the ___ angle

zenith