physics

fraction submerged of floating object= *archmides principle

(displaced volume / object volume) = (object density / fluid density) density of object/ density of fluid

lower frequency

- lower pitch (vice versa)

change in kinetic energy + change in potential energy =

0

sin 0

0

sin 0 =

0

sin 180

0

sin 90

0

1 N*m = ___ J

1

sin 90=

1

1 C=

1 A* 1 S

1 F = 1

1 C/V 1uF= 1x10^-6 F

1 V= voltage units = volt= V

1 J/C

1 pascal (Pa)=

1 N/m^2

1 Amp= current units

1 coulomb/ second

1 N / m^2=

1 kg/m*s^2

1 joule=

1 newton (N) of force exerted over 1 meter (m) of distance (1 J= 1 N*m)

1 W = ...

1 per second of time 1 Joules/ second

f= 1/10 hours = 1 cycle / ? seconds

1/ 36000 Hx

cos 60 =

1/2

cos 60 degrees

1/2 0.5

kinetic energy =

1/2 x Mass x V^2

potential energy in a spring= elastic potential energy

1/2kx^2 work is necessary to compress spring and how much potential energy is stored once it compressed/stretched Elastic potential energy refers to the potential energy of springs and other elastic objects. Elastic potential energy increases following the application of a stretching or compressing force that displaces a spring from its equilibrium position.

KE=

1/2mv^2

kinetic energy=

1/2pv^2

Turbulent kinetic energy=

1/2sigmav^2

resistance units 1 ohm =

1/A

capacitance in series

1/Ct = 1/C1 + 1/C2

resistance in parallel

1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 Rp will decrease as more resistors are added

f=

1/T hertz inverse of period

period T

1/f number of seconds per cycle

period (T)=

1/frequency

frequency =

1/time period number of wavelengths passing a fixed point per second

1 atm = ? kPa

101.325

How much farther will a 5 MHz signal penetrate compared to a 10 MHz signal when the initial intensity of each signal decreases by a factor of 100?

10^2= 100 so 20 dB 4-2 = 2cm

A marble rolls down a slope at a velocity of 10 m/s. If the kinetic energy of the marble is 2 J, what is the mass of the marble?

2 J = 1/2m (10)^2 m= 4J/ 100m^2/s^2 0.04 kg or 40 g

parallel plate capacitor

2 plates of conductive material separated by small distance 1 plate positive 1 plate same negative charge -separation of charge creates electric field : E=(1/k)(Q/Ae0)

visible spectrum

400- 750 nm violet: 400- low wavelength, high energy/frequency red- 700- high wavelength, low frequency/energy

1 atm = ? mmHg

760 mmHg

greater sreaper slope

= higher velocity (positive slope)

resistance

A material's opposition to the flow of electric current.

open system

A system in which matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings.

transverse waves

A wave in which the particles of the medium move perpendicularly to the direction the wave is traveling

Q=

A*V

for incompressible laminar flow traveling at velocity v between two regions of a conduit

A1V1=A2V2

for a circular conduit , A can be expressed in terms of diameter d=

A= pi * (d/2)^2 = (pi/4)*d^2

isolated system

An isolated system does not allow heat or matter to be exchanged

doppler effect

An observed change in the frequency of a wave when the source or observer is moving A change in sound frequency caused by motion of the sound source, motion of the listener, or both. wavelength and frequency are inverse When relative motion exists between a wave source and an observer, the frequency and wavelength of the observed wave differ from those of the original wave. Frequency increases and wavelength decreases if the sound source is moving toward the observer.

total internal reflection

As the incident angle (angle between incident ray and the normal) increases and becomes shallower to the surface, the light ray is refracted closer to the surface. At a "critical angle", light is refracted at a 90° angle and continues parallel to the surface. At incident angles greater than the critical angle, light is reflected back into the water. This phenomenon is known as total internal reflection. ex: Because the refractive index of water is greater than that of air, light traveling from water to air will refract toward the surface of the water. At a critical angle, light is refracted at 90° and is parallel to the surface. Above this angle, all of the light will be reflected away from the surface (total internal reflection).

relating two intensities

B= 10log(I/I0) I0 - threshold of hearing I - intensity of sound wave

capacitance formula parallel plate

C= E(A/d) C=eA/d

capacitance =

C= Q/v

capacitance formula

C=Q/V voltage V charge Q C = capacitance A capacitor is a common component of electrical circuits that stores electric charge between equally but oppositely charged conductive surfaces (plates) separated by a fixed distance (d). A capacitor is charged when it is connected to a source of electric current. As electric current flows, an electric field develops across the capacitor, which causes positive charge to accumulate on the plate of the capacitor closest to the positive (+) node of the current source. Conversely, negative charge accumulates on the capacitor plate closest to the negative (−) node.Storing equal but opposite charges in proximity to one another generates an electric potential energy (voltage) from the mutual attraction between the positive and negative charges. Because movement of charge between the plates (leakage) would diminish the stored charge, capacitor strength is assessed by the quantity of charge (Q) that can be stored relative to the voltage (V)generated. Capacitors generate electric potential (voltage) by storing charge. The quantity of charge stored by a capacitor is a product of capacitance (capacitor strength) and the voltage generated by charge storage.

capacitance based on parallel plate geometry equation

C=e0(A/d)

Henry's law of solubility

C=kH*Pgas C= concentration of dissolved gas kH= the solubility coefficient specific to the gas and solution at a given temperature. P= pressure/partial pressure

metallic conductivity (sigma)

Conductivity (σ) indicates the ease with which electrons flow within the molecular structure of a material. For example, metals conduct electricity more readily than nonmetals because many of the electrons contained within metals are very loosely associated with the positively charged nuclei. In contrast, the conductivity of electrolytic solutions is proportional to the molar concentration of charged atoms. Conductivity is inversely proportional to resistivity (ρ), a variable that quantifies the relative difficulty with which electrons flow through a material: σ∝1/ρ Both resistivity and conductivity are intensive properties related to the behavior of materials rather than objects. Therefore, modifying the physical dimensions of an electric conductor may influence the rate at which current flows through the conductor, but not the underlying conductivity of the material from which the conductor is formed. Consequently, conductivity is directly proportional to the conductance of an electric conductor just as resistivity is directly proportional to resistance (R) of a resistor.

unit of charge

Coulomb

capacitance in parallel

Ct = C1 + C2 + C3 For capacitors in series, the circuit equivalent capacitance is always smaller than the smallest individual capacitance in the circuit. **Review diagram for parallel vs series

E=v/d

Electric field intensity equation in regards to voltage electric field in a capacitor An electric field accelerates charged particles, and its magnitude has SI units of newtons per coulomb (N/C), which are equivalent to volts per meter (V/m).

electric field lines

Electric field lines are used to denote the direction that a positive charge would be accelerated in an electric field. Because positive charges repel positive charges, electric field lines point outward from positive charges and point toward negative charges (Choice B). Because the accelerating plate is positively charged, its electric field lines nearby must be pointing away, as shown in the figure.

gravitational force equation

F = Gm1m2/r^2

P=

F/A the pressure experienced by any object within a two-object system is directly proportional to the magnitude of force between the objects and inversely proportional to the area over which the contacting objects meet.

Coulomb's Law

F=K q₁*q₂/r², magnitude of force between two charges (k = 8.99 × 109 N·m2·C−2) Coulomb's law may be used to determine the electric force generated by two point charges separated by some distance. Electric force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating the two charges. The magnitude and direction of the attractive or repulsive forces exerted between electric charges are directly proportional to the charge of each particle but inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating the charges.

centripetal force

F=ma=mv²/r

Charged particles are accelerated in electric fields by a force known as the electric Lorentz force. The force exerted on a particle in an electric field is equal to the product of the particle's charge (q) and the electric field strength (E):

F=qE

This force is a result of the force exerted on an ion in a magnetic field. This is known as the magnetic Lorentz force, and it is calculated as the product of the ion's charge (q), the ion's velocity (v), and the magnitude of the magnetic field (B):

F=qvB The force exerted on a moving particle in a magnetic field is known as the magnetic Lorentz force, and it is equal to the product of the particle's charge, velocity, and strength of the magnetic field: F = qvB. This force is the centripetal force that curves the path of ions in MS-MS. Therefore, an expression for the radius of curvature can be determined by equating the Lorentz force and centripetal force equations.

work=

Fd

highest frequency wave

Gamma

Condensation

Gas to liquid

heat flow rate per unit area H

H= k(change in temp/L) Thermal conductivity k measures how well a material transfers heat at a specified temperature gradient. For example, in metals, k is proportional to electrical conductivity (σ) because both conduction processes occur via the free electrons in a metal. As the cascade of intermolecular collisions continues, heat is transferred over a distance (L). The rate of heat transferred (H) from a high-temperature region (Th) to a low-temperature region (Tc) is directly proportional to the thermal conductivity (k) of the material adjoining them but inversely proportional to L:

The equilibrium between the gas partial pressure and the amount dissolved in solution is described by the Henry law of solubility: CC==kHPgaskHPgas

Henry law of solubility = C=kH*Pgas C= concentration of dissolved gas kH= the solubility coefficient specific to the gas and solution at a given temperature. P= pressure/partial pressure

frequency units

Hertz (Hz) - waves/second Hz= s^-1

wavelength

Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves

charge= relate current charge time

I*t current * time

sound intensity and the inverse- square law

I= P/A= P/4*pi*r^2= (P/4*pi ) * (1/r^2) I proportional to 1/r^2

current =

I=Q/t

graph of force*distance

In a graph of force versus distance, the work associated with a given displacement can be derived from the graph by evaluating the total area under the curve. Work describes the energy transfer into or out of a system that takes place as the result of a force acting through a distance.

positive pressure breathing

In normal inspiration, the diaphragm contracts to reduce intrapleural pressure, which results in lung expansion. In positive pressure ventilation, an external pump directly increases alveolar pressure by pumping air into the lungs to inflate the lungs.

starling equation

Jv = Kf[(Pc - Pi) - (πc -πi)] Jv = fluid movement (mL/min) Kf = hydraulic conductance (mL/min • mm Hg) Pc = capillary hydrostatic pressure (mmHg) Pi = interstitial hydrostatic pressure (mm Hg) πc = capillary oncotic pressure (mm Hg) πi = interstitial oncotic pressure (mm Hg)

magnification of convex lens in sequence =

M total = M1* M2

magnification of multiple lens =

M= m* m* m...

lorentz force

Moving charged particles are accelerated in a magnetic field by the Lorentz force. The direction of the force is always perpendicular to the particle's velocity. As a result, the particle's trajectory is forced into a curved path. In the figure, the path of the proton is bent to the left in the presence of the external magnetic field. This means that the Lorentz force initially points to the left for positive charges in the magnetic field. The direction of the Lorentz force for positive charges can be determined by using the right-hand rule. The direction of the force is in the opposite direction for negative charges. Therefore, the trajectory of an electron would curve in the opposite direction toward the right (Choices A and C). Because the mass and inertia of an electron is much lower than that of a proton, the electron will be more greatly affected by the magnetic field, and its path will curve more.

reducing g reduces

N and static friction

negative pressure breathing

Normal inspiration is initiated by contraction of the diaphragm. As the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the pleural cavity increases and intrapleural pressure (IPP) decreases. The lungs expand to fill the pleural cavity and air flows into the lungs. Because normal inspiration is initiated by decreasing IPP, this pressure mechanism is referred to as negative pressure breathing.

in contact of translational motion, power can be reinstated in terms of the change in energy per unit of time caused by the application F over distance d

P = (F*d)/t P= F* (d/t) = F*v

Bernoulli's Equation Venturi effect

P1 +1/2 ρv_1^2+ρgh_1= P_2+1/2 ρv_2^2+ρgh_2 P : absolute pressure of the fluid v: linear speed h: height of the fluid - based on the conservation of energy for fluids - used to determine total potential, kinetic, and pressure energy of a fluid at two points within a conduit models ideal fluids as they are non-compressible (unchanging density) - pressure of ideal fluid in motion decreases as fluid velocity increases- Venturi effect

Bernoulli's Principle

P1​ +1/2​ρv^2 ​+ ρgh1​ = P2​ + 1/2ρv^2​ + ρgh2

power of lens

P=1/f

power in terms of current and voltage= electric power

P=IV= I^2R= V^2/R

What is the change in pressure when a diver descends from 10 m to 100 m below the water's surface? (Note: The density of water is 1,000 kg/m3.)

P=ρgh The pressure experienced by the diver increases with depth because the amount of water directly above increases. During the diver's descent from 10 m to 100 m below the surface, h increases by 90 m. Using 1,000 kg/m3 for ρ, 10 m/s2 for g, and 90 m for Δh, the change in hydrostatic pressure is: ∆P=ρg∆h==(1,000 kgm3)(10 ms2)(90 m)= 900,000 Pa The SI unit of pressure is a pascal (Pa), which is defined as one newton per square meter (N/m2). Therefore, this value in scientific notation is 9.0 × 105 N/m2.

ideal gas law

PV=nRT T= C+ 273 = k

A diver is using a tank filled with 20% O2 and 80% N2 (by volume). If the pressure in the lungs is 5 atm, what is the expected equilibrium concentration of N2 dissolved in the diver's blood? (Note: Assume that the mixtures of the gases in the lungs and tank are equal.)

Pgax* Xgas* P total PN2==(0.8)(5 atm)= 4 ATM C=khPgas C= (6.0×10−3molatm ⋅ L)(4 atm)= 2.4x10^-2 mol/L

Dalton law of partial pressure=

Pgax* Xgas* P total Xgas= more fraction

I=

Q/t = V/R

Continuity equation

Q1=Q2 A1V1= A2V2 Q: volumetric flow rate A; cross sectional area v- fluid velocity

volumetric flow rate=

Q=A*v

blood flow rate=

Q=change in p / r= pir^4*P/ 8nL

resistance in series

R = R1 + R2 + R3

transition from laminar to turbulent flow indicated by

Reynolds number Re Re>2000: turbulent flow in blood flows, value of Reynolds number at which transition between laminar and smooth : 6000 Vcritical= n* Re/p*d n= dynamic viscosity of blood p= density of blood d= diameter of vessel

Tk=

Tc+273.15

absolute temperature

The absolute temperature scale quantifies temperature relative to absolute zero, the lowest possible total energy of matter. The absolute temperature of any system is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of molecules within the system.

latent heat of vaporization

The amount of energy required to change a unit mass of a substance from liquid to gas absorbed when when substance evaporates released when gas to liquid

specific heat

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celcius heat required to increase a unit mass of a substance by 1 Co or 1 K

conduction

The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching. direct physical contact

hooke's law important: Fel acts counter to the direction of displacement*** which is why it is negative An elastic force (Fel) is generated when displacing a spring or other elastic object from its equilibrium point, which is the natural, nondisplaced position of an elastic object. According to Hooke's law, Fel is a function of the object displacement (x) and the elastic constant (k). This is expressed mathematically as: Fel=−kx When applying Hooke's law, Fel is typically expressed as a negative (−) quantity because Fel acts counter to the direction of displacement. For example, extending a spring (ie, lengthening it) requires a displacing force (F) to perform some mechanical work on the spring over a positive (+) distance. Because the spring will rapidly return to its equilibrium position and undergo harmonic oscillations if F is withdrawn, Fel opposes F and is therefore expressed as a negative quantity. Hooke's law may be used to calculate the elastic forces generated by the compression and extension of springs and other elastic objects. The magnitude of the elastic force varies with displacement, but elastic forces are always oriented toward the equilibrium point.

The law stating that the stress of a solid is directly proportional to the strain applied to it. F=-kx (restorative force from spring as it is being pushed back spring puts a force to counteract that) k: spring constant x: displacement from equilibrium point Fel: elastic force/ restorative force (force spring applies to whatever is pushing on it) so if you are pushing -5 N on spring, spring pushing back +5N, ie compression spring to left then force is also to the left which is shown as Fc Fc= kx (so force to compress spring to left) note change in negative sign on k (so this is just force counteracting F=-kx to compress/stretch the spring--> the spring then puts back F=-kx to counteract the displacement ) on graph : k= slope between two points Hooke's law states that the elastic force generated by an object is a product of the object's spring constant (elasticity) and the extent to which the object is displaced. For perfectly elastic objects, the relationship between displacement and elastic force is linear across the range of displacements.

If a baseball traveling at 20 m/s strikes a player running at 5 m/s, what is the difference between the minimum and maximum possible relative velocities between the ball and the player?

The minimum relative velocity occurs when the ball and player are moving in the same direction. The relative velocity is their difference (vector subtraction): v = 20 m/s − 5 m/s = 15 m/s The maximum relative velocity occurs when the ball and the player are moving in opposite directions. The relative velocity is their sum (vector addition): v = 20 m/s + 5 m/s = 25 m/s The difference between the minimum (15 m/s) and maximum (25 m/s) possible values is 10 m/s. The relative velocity between two objects depends on their directions. The minimum relative velocity occurs when the velocities are the same direction, and it is determined by vector subtraction. The maximum relative velocity occurs when the vectors are pointed in opposite directions, and it is determined by vector addition.

voltage

The potential difference measured in volts. The amount of work to be done to move a charge from one point to another along an electric circuit.

inertia

The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion

thermal expansion formula of L or volume V

The thermal expansion of the length L or volume V of a substance is linearly proportional to its change in temperature ΔT: ∆L=αL∆T av: koefficient of thermal expansion ∆V=αV∆T The expansion of a substance is linearly proportional to its change in temperature, and it is described by its coefficient of thermal expansion. Given a change in temperature and its corresponding change in length, the linear relationship can be applied to predict the change in length at other temperatures.

for resistors in parallel

The voltage drop across each resistor is the same. If they are in parallel with the battery, the voltage drop across each resistor will be equal to that of the voltage generated by the battery. (Voltage in series Vtotal= V1 = V2) The equivalent resistance decreases if a resistor is added in parallel. Conversely, the equivalent resistance increases if a resistor in parallel is removed. The current through each resistor is independent from that through the other resistors. The total current is equal to the sum of the currents through each component. From the analogous properties, the equivalent resistance (total vascular flow resistance) will increase with the removal of a resistor (the brain) because it is in parallel with the other components.

rotational equilibrium

Torque is the tendency of an applied force to cause an object to rotate around a pivot point located at some radial distance from where the force is applied. Rotational equilibrium occurs when the sum of all torques acting on an object is equal to zero and results in no rotation.

potential energy stored in a capacitor =

U= 1/2CV^2

gravitational potential energy (U)

U=-GMm/r

Fs=

Us*N max value/ upper limit of static friction force that prevents two surfaces from sliding

Vx= Vy=

V* cos theta V* sin theta

voltage and cell emf

V= Ecell - ir(internal) e- electromotive force ir = current*resistance

propagation speed (v) of a wave=

V= lambda(Wavelength) * frequency

ohms law

V=IR

voltage formula

V=IR ohm law current I resistance R high resistance, high voltage difference in electric potential between two points that drives the movement of electric charges

An inhalational anesthetic administered to a patient has a rate of diffusion Vgas. If the partial pressure difference is doubled and the membrane thickness is also doubled, what will be the new rate of diffusion? Vgas=DAΔP/T

Vgas ​​​​​​​ From the above equation, the rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the partial pressure difference ΔP and inversely proportional to membrane thickness T. If both ΔP and T are doubled, the rate of diffusion will be unchanged: new Vgas = DA(2ΔP)/(2T) = DAΔP/T = Vgas

Voltage drop across circuit elements (parallel)

Vp=V1=V2=V3=...=Vn

Voltage drop across circuit elements (series)

Vs=V1+V2+V3+...+Vn

Power=

W/t= F * v Watt

relate power and kinetic energy power=

W/t= change in kinetic energy/ time

mechanical work =

W= F* d = P * change in volume W=F⋅d=P⋅ΔVW=F⋅d=P⋅ΔV force versus distance, the area under the curve is equal to the associated work because within the above equation, Fcorresponds to a y-axis value (a force) and d corresponds to an x-axis value (a displacement from the equilibrium point). so area under curve= 1/2b*h for triangle

work done by friction forces is object slides down length l of ramp and pushed back up to original position

W=fd w= f * 2L

when submerged in water, object's apparent weight

Wapparent=Wair-Fb force bouyant

x ray diffraction

X-rays diffract within molecules because the space between atoms is comparable to the wavelength of x-rays. X-ray diffraction through a sample of a purified and crystallized material can be used to determine its three-dimensional molecular structure and packing. Not all forms of electromagnetic radiation undergo diffraction when incident upon one or more slits. For example, x-raysare a form of electromagnetic radiation that cannot undergo classic slit diffraction because the wavelengths of x-rays range from 1 × 10−11 m to 10 × 10−11 m, which is always exceeded by the lengths of industrially fabricated slits. However, the wavelength of some x-rays is comparable to the typical distance between atoms within the molecular structure of most materials. Consequently, exposing a sample of a purified and crystallized material to x-ray radiation may produce a diffraction pattern unique to that particular substance. When two x-ray waveforms approach and depart a crystalline lattice at an identical incident angle, the waveforms may constructively interfere such that a bright spot is observed on a piece of film distant to the material. The occurrence of constructive interference is a function of the incident angle (θ), the distance between atoms (d), and an integer multiple (n = ±1, ±2, ±3...) of the x-ray wavelength (λ): 2d*sin theta= lambda

ratio of intensities of two sounds is measured on a base 10 logarithmic scale with units decibels (dB)

[dB]= 10log(I1/I2) every increase 10dB= ratio of intensities increases by factor of 10 10^2= 100 more intense - also decreases by factor of 10 for every decrease in 10 dB ex: 20-50= -30 dB 10^3= 1000 times less intense

ideal fluid

a fluid that has no internal friction or viscosity and is incompressible laminar flow incompressible no viscosity

Isochoric (isovolumetric)

a process that occurs at constant volume (ΔV = 0)

state function

a property of the system that changes independently of its pathway

path function

a property that depends on how the particular change took place

position of dark fringes in single slit dark fringes

a sin theta= n* lambda a = width of slit if decreased width of slit or increased wavelength = widen band pattern such that greater distance between light and dark bands

longitudinal waves

a wave in which the particles move parallel to the path of the wave

in calorimetry heat if submerged in water heat released from combustion of ____ is

absorbed by water

v=

acceleration * times area under curve in acceleration * time graph Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes over time, and therefore the product of acceleration and time is the change in velocity. On a graph, the product of the axes' quantities is represented by the area under a curve. Therefore, the area under the curve on an acceleration vs. time graph represents the change in velocity.

polarization =

alignment of transverse waves in particular direction

internal energy

amount of heat (Q) transferred to the system + Work done to the system by surrounding

intensity

amount of power (energy per unit time) delivered per unit area - average rate of energy transfer per area across a surface that is perpendicular to the wave - logarithmic - ten fold increase in sound intensity is perceived to be twice as loud

buoyancy force

an upward force acting on an object in a fluid. It is equal to the weight of the water displaced. when fluid at rest then Fg= Fbouy Fg= mg (gravitational force) Fbuoy= pvg density(p rho)= m/v v= volume displaced check: p=m/v (m/v)*vg = (v cancels) = m*g= Fg

equilibrium postion =

at rest

center of mass

average of the masses weighted by their displacement from a fixed reference point shift in same direction as a redistribution of mass

normal

axis perpendicular to interface between media

diffraction

bending of light around edges and objects

Bernoulli's equation dictates that an increase in the velocity of an ideal fluid is accompanied

by a decrease in fluid pressure.

for unrestrained object like astronaut in space pivot point is

center of mass

shift in mass

center of mass will also shift in same direction

velocity =

change in distance(displacement)/ time

Doppler effect

change in f/f= v/c change in f: frequency shift f: original frequency v: relative frequency between source and observer magnitude of doppler shift is inversely related to the speed of the wave

W =

change in kinetic energy work energy theorem

acceleration =

change in velocity/time force/mass

closed system

closed system allows heat but not matter to be exchanged with the surroundings

magnitude of static friction is directly proportional to the

coefficient of static friction * normal force

surface tension is because of

cohesive forces between molecules creates a tendency to decrease exposed surface area due to a net inward force at the surface molecules The formation of water droplets is partly due to surface tension effects. Water molecules away from the liquid-air interface experience attractive intermolecular forces from all directions. Conversely, water molecules at the surfaceexperience a net inward force. This decreases the surface area of the water and pulls it into an approximately spherical shape. Because high surface tension indicates high cohesive forces, water with greater surface tension creates droplets with smaller surface areas.

myopia is corrected with

concave lens

body heat transferred to inhaled air is warmed air exhaled into environment

conduction convection Heat transfer from an organism to the environment can be accomplished by increasing superficial blood flow (enhancing thermal conduction) or by increasing respiration (enhancing conduction and convection).

gravity is a __________ force

conservative depends on the initial and final position of the mass it acts on net work W done by a conservative force is the amount of energy transferred by the force F over a displacement d in the direction of the force: W=Fd work and displacement are positive if they are in the same direction as the force, and gravity does work only along the vertical axis

isobaric process

constant pressure

lens of eye is

converging convex

combustion engine energy is

converted to thermal and kinetic

hyperopia is corrected with

convex lens

osmotic pressure

created by osmosis fluid goes low osmotic pressure to high osmotic pressure osmotic pressure of blood is greater than interstitial fluid

current flow vs electron flow

current is flow of positive charge from + to - electron flow opposite

The distance (d) traveled by a uniformly accelerating object is given by the kinematic equation:

d= v0t + 1/2at^2 v0= inital a= constant acceleration t= duration of time

attenuation

damping decrease in the amplitude (intensity) of a wave due to absorption and scattering - magnitude for attenuation greater for softer materials

on a ramp, angle of inclination increases , kinetic friction:

decrease because the weight component perpendicular to the ramp decreases

current explained

defined as the movement of charge per unit of time. The current within a circuit may be expressed in terms of coulombs per second, volts per ohm, or watts per volt.

photoelectric effect =

describes the ejection of electrons from a substance due to the absorption of electromagnetic radiation. Although higher-intensity electromagnetic radiation exhibits greater electric field oscillations, some types of electromagnetic radiation do not cause the ejection of electrons in any case, regardless of intensity. This is due to the electric potential energy between positive charges (protons) and negative charges (electrons). hf=1/2mv^2 + W For each electron there exists a discrete value of electric potential known as the work function (W), and the magnitude of energy absorbed through electromagnetic radiation must exceed W for the ejection of an electron to occur. Because the energy needed to eject an electron is fixed via its work function, increasing the energy of electromagnetic radiation will increase the kinetic energy of ejected electrons.

spherical abberation

describes the phenomenon by which real lenses' perfectly rounded (ie, spherical) surfaces do not produce an image at a single point, but rather at a series of focal points. In converging lenses, the location of each focal point is related to the distance from the principal axis (ie, the lens center) at which light enters and exits the lens. Spherical aberration is most pronounced among rays entering and exiting the lens periphery (ie, distant from the principal axis). Furthermore, correcting spherical aberration in converging lenses requires using an aspherical lens in which the thickness of the lens periphery is decreased relative to a perfectly rounded lens. Because reducing the thickness of the lens periphery will lead to less refraction of light, light rays exiting the periphery of a spherical converging lens can be said to refract excessively, converging on a focal point that is too close to the lens.

dielectric

dielectrics can be inserted between capacitor plates such that the characteristics of a capacitor are altered. Dielectrics are a class of polarizable materials in which electric dipoles can be induced. When a dielectric material is inserted between capacitor plates, the electric field present between these plates causes the dipoles induced in the dielectric material to align, decreasing both electric field strength and voltage. Due to this insulating effect, dielectric substances increase capacitance. Accordingly, the dielectric constant (κ) reflects the ability of dielectrics to increase the functional capacitance beyond the capacitance in a vacuum (C0), defined as the absence of any material. This relationship is expressed as: C=κ⋅Co Co: original voltage decreases capacitance increases

maximum relative velocity

difference in velocities moving in opposite directions vector addition = sum

minimum relative velocity

difference of velocities moving in same direction vector subtraction = sum

amplitude

displacement from equilibrium point on wave

displacement =

displacement of an object is calculated as the average velocity of the object multiplied by the interval of time during which the object moves. The speed of an object is equal to the magnitude of the velocity of the object.

velocity=

distance/time

ohmeter

does not require circuit to be active have own batter of known voltage and then function as ammeter through another point in circuit calculate resistance by knowing ohmmeters voltage and current crated through another point in the cirucit runs own current circuit should be off measures resistance in ohms

pulmonary resiliency

elastic recoil and surface tension effects surface tension due to h bonding allows for passive exhalation - does not requires muscles or ATP so can occur under paralysis

from archimedes principle, the buoyant force experienced by the individual is

equal to the weight of the displaced fluid = Fb= pVg density and volume of displaced fluid pwater apparent weight of submerged object is its reduced weight due to an upward buoyant force

frequency of a standing wave(strings and open pipes) =

f= nv/2L

frequency of standing wave = closed pipes

f= nv/4L

unit for capacitance

farad F

Work

fd

pivot point

fixed point such as hinge or axle

pressure=

force/area

resonant frequency

frequency at which a standing wave occurs frequency that causes relatively large oscillations compared to other frequencies lowest resonant frequency- fundamental frequency

E=

h*f

q=mc∆T t= usually c

heat added or removed from system the amount of heat q gained or lost by an object is the product of its mass , specific heat c, and change in temperature

In the combustion of a solid to a gas, enthalpy and entropy is...

heat is released (ΔH is negative) and the products are more disordered (ΔS is positive).

enthalpy

hermodynamic quantity that measures the energy stored in a chemical bond, and ΔH is the net amount of energy (heat) released or absorbed from the formation and destruction of chemical bonds in a reaction. Energy is released as heat if the enthalpy of the products is lower than the enthalpy of the reactants, and ΔH is negative (exothermic). Because the temperature of the surroundings (water) increases in the combustion of the sample, heat is released and therefore ΔH is negative.

energy =

hf= hc/lambda h= plank constant c= speed of light f= frequency

ultrasound refers to

high frequency sounds waves

ideal gas behavior

high temperature and low pressure negligible molecular volume no intermolecular forces (decrease in pressure, increase temperature)

phase difference

how "in-step" or "out of step" two waves are Phase differences can result in constructive interference, destructive interference, or no interference. 180 degrees phase difference - complete constructive interference 90 degrees - constructive interference or no interference 0 degrees - complete constructive interference

dielectric material also known as

insulation

conduction

intermolecular collisions cause the movement of heat between high- and low-temperature regions because molecules within high-temperature regions tend to move faster and therefore have larger kinetic energies. High-speed molecules impart kinetic energy by colliding with nearby slower-moving molecules, transferring thermal energy.

frequency of cyclical motions is the

inverse of period- Time required to complete one cycle

electrical conductivity

is a physical property that describes how easily electric charge flows through a given material. In solids, electrical conductivity is closely related to how readily electrons can move between atoms to produce an electric current. Electrons within metals are weakly attracted to their corresponding nuclei because the atomic number of many metals is such that the distance between positively charged protons and negatively charged valence electrons is relatively great. Consequently, electrons within metallic materials may be easily dislodged following exposure to an external electric field. Therefore, most metals are electrical conductors whereas most nonmetals are electrical insulators (materials that do not readily transmit electrical energy). In many cases, electrical fires begin as combustible foreign materials enter the electrical circuit, accumulate thermal energy from the high voltage source, and ignite. To prevent such accidental fires, electrical wires are coated in with an electrical insulator with high resistance, which does not transmit electrical energy and prevents electric current from easily exiting the circuit. Electrical conductors facilitate electrical current (ie, the movement of charge) whereas electrical insulators inhibit current. Although some electrical conductors are also thermal conductors, mechanisms of thermal and electrical conductivity are not the same.

total energy within a system

kinetic + potential

total energy of system

kinetic + potential U=KE + PE KE= 1/2mv^2 PE= ugh Translational kinetic energy is the energy of motion whereas gravitational potential energy describes the energy of position. Due to the conservation of energy, in the absence of friction, the total energy of an object along a path remains constant, but contributions from potential energy may convert to kinetic energy (or vice versa).

as the applies force increases, friction increases until the upper limit is reached. this the threshold of motion and static friction is replaced with

kinetic friction- constant and lower than static friction Fk=uk*N Uk is always less then Us

speed of light c=

lambda * frequency

wavelength of standing wave (strings and open pipes)

lambda= 2L/n

wavelength of standing wave= closed pipe=

lambda= 4L/n n= 1, 3, 5

poiseuille law

laminar flow of viscous, incompressible fluid through a pipe viscosity = internal friction fluid is incompressible if its density and volume do not change due to change in pressure flow rate proportional to vessel radius and pressure difference, inversely proportional to viscosity and vessel length

center of mass is closest to

largest collection or concentration of mass

voltmeter

like an ammeter, requires a circuit to be active measures voltage drop in watts across two points in circuit wired in parallel to these two points ideal voltmeter has infinite resistance

sound wave is

longitudinal wave

Deviations from Ideal gas Behavior

low temperature high pressure high molecular volume

magnification =

m= - i/o

F=ma

mass experiences a net force, mass will accelerate in the direction of the force

density=

mass/volume (g/mL)

ammeter

measure current at some point within a current requires circuit to be on measured current in amps must have very low/no resistance (and no voltage drops ideally)

standard deviation

measure of how the points in a data set tend to deviate from the mean value - indicated by the average magnitude of the fluctuations about the mean in a graph

power

measures the rate at which energy is expended over time P=E/t= W/t units: watts= J/s

Friction=

mew*Normal force

w=

mg

Newton's first law

moment after an applied force is removed, net force acting on object returns to zero in absence of net fore, an object at pst will stay at rest V=0m/s, and an object in motion at a given velocity will stay in motion at the same velocity

Fperpendicular

m•g•cos(theta)

Fparallel

m•g•sin(theta)

snell's law

n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2

index of refraction =

n= c/v n= index of refraction c= speed of light in a vacuum v= speed of light in material

index of refraction

n=c/v

adiabatic

no heat exchange

friction is a _____________ force

nonconservative - does not conserve the total mechanical energy (potential plus kinetic) in a system

mechanical advantage definition

number of times a machine increases your force describes the phenomenon by which forces are amplified using a mechanical device or system. One way to achieve mechanical advantage is by using a pulley system comprising a rope and one or more pulleys (ie, a wheel located on an axle) that may be configured to significantly reduce the force required to transport or support the weight (W) of an object.

heat capacity =

object mass* specific heat: C=mc C=mc = q/change in T C= mc = q/T

doppler effect

observed wave differs from original frequency and wavelength The Doppler effect describes apparent changes in the velocity of waveforms that lead to changes in the observed frequency of those waveforms, which are known as Doppler shifts; however, the actual velocity of waveforms does not change when Doppler shifts occur. For example, when the source or observer is moving away from the other, the distance between successive waveforms increases and the perceived waveform velocity decreases.

static friction

occurs when the magnitude of the frictional force is greater than the combined magnitude of forces promoting motion Static friction is an antagonistic force acting within a static equilibrium to prevent motion along the interface between two objects in direct contact. The maximum magnitude of static friction is the product of the normal force and the coefficient of static friction.

change in potential energy=

of an object is equal to the amount of work done in the vertical direction work/time w/t=mg*change in height/time w=change in potential energy=mg(change in height)

current is the movement

of electrical charges, and electric charge is always conserved *amount current entering and exiting resistor is always the same

power is the rate

of energy transfer into or out of a system translational motion= power is equal to the product of F* v

mechanical advantage formula

output force/input force

mechanical advantage=

output force/input force work done by the output force must equal the work done by the input force: F1d1=F2d2 d1= distance from the pivot point to input force d2= distance from the pivot point to output force F2/F1=d1/d2

resistance =

pL/A p= resistivity- ohm - meter ( ohm * m ) resistance (R) refers to the capacity of an object acting as a resistor to oppose the movement of charge (ie, current).

pitch

perception of frequency of sound

on a ramp, N=

perpendicular component of weight force

hydrostatic pressure P=

pgh pressure exerted by the weight of a static/nonmoving fluid fluid density p height of fluid above point of interest h

hydrostatic pressure or Pon point= Pon plane=

pgy= pgh rho*g*y(height)= density*g*height - pressure exerted by the weight of a fluid - as deeper into water, density increases so does pressure - The difference in pressure ΔP between two points is calculated using Δh. plane= F/A

when sound crosses one medium to another,

portion of sound wave energy reflected sound waves lose energy and intensity decreases when passing from air to a solid structure sound propagation: gas - slowest liquid - faster solid- fastest When a wave moves from one medium to another, its frequency does not change. Changes in wave velocity are only due to changes in wavelength. The propagation velocity of sound waves depends on the properties of the medium: Velocity increases with temperature. Velocity is slowest in gases, faster in liquids, and fastest in solids. Within a phase of matter, velocity increases with stiffness and decreases with density.

potential energy is related to

position not path associated with conservative forces

work done on the system

positive

Intensity =

power / area = (energy /time) / area intensity proportional to individual energy of each emitted particle and number of particles emitted per unit time

intensity = formula

power/area

work associated with expansion or contraction of gas is

pressure volume work W= P * change in volume

Reynolds number (Re) =

pvd/n p= kg/m^3 n=kg/m*s = (kg*m^-1*s^-1)/(kg*m^-1*s^-1)

flow

quantity of fluid that passes a point per unit time volumetric flow rate: Q=A*v volume of flow that takes place within enclosed conduit flow rate through any interconnected segment of any conduit must be equal

Torque=

r*Fsin(theta) theta: angle between lever arm and force, r is length of lever arm r: radial distance angle between Force and radius : theta

gravitational potential energy is inversely proportional to the *

radial distance between masses

the order of electromagnetic radiation types arranged from lowest energy to highest energy is:

radio waves> microwave> infrared > visible light > UV> x rays> gamma rays

power=

rate of work done per unit time work/time w/t=mg*change in height/time w=change in potential energy=mg(change in height)

center of mass equation

rcm=m1r1+ m2r2/ m1 + m2...

torque is a

rotational force equal to the product of the lever arm length r and the perpendicular force F T=rF static rotational equilibrium= no net rotational movement, and sum of all torques is zero

torque is

rotational force that makes object spin about a pivot point An applied force that promotes the rotation of an object around a pivot point is known as torque. The magnitude of the applied force, the length of the lever arm, and the angle between the applied force and the lever arm are all needed to calculate the torque.

1 Hz=

s^-1

equivalent resistance

set of resistors in series can be treated as as single resistor with a resistance equal to the sum of individual resistances Rs always increases as more resistors are added Rs= total resistance in series

high frequency

short wavelength high energy higher temperature

critical angle =

sin^-1(n2/n1)

ideal lens generates image at

single focal point

coefficient of kinetic friction is independent of the

size of the contact surface and speed between two two surfaces

sublimation

solid to gas

sin 60

square root 3/2

constructive interference

sum of amplitudes result in larger amplitude perfectly in phase

destructive interference

sum of amplitudes results in smaller amplitude perfectly out of phase complete noise cancellation occurs when generated sound wave destructively interferes with the original wave at all point, resulting in amplitude of zero ie wave flipped across the x-axis will have equal and opposite amplitudes at each point along wave

isothermal

temperature remains constant

weight can act as a compressive force or as a

tensile pulling force - leads to elongation under tension

capacitance

the ability of a conductor to store energy in the form of electrically separated charges 2 metal plates separated by insulator stores electrical charge- not like battery stores charge by taking e from one side to other

law of reflection

the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection theta 1= theta 2

refraction

the bending of light, occurs at the boundary between two different mediums due to differences in their indices of refraction. If light passes form a high to low refractive index, such as from water to air, light will bend away from the normal (axis perpendicular to the surface) and toward the surface.

fundamental frequency

the lowest frequency of vibration of a standing wave frequency f of first harmonic (n=1) f1= v/lambda

explain hydrostatic pressure

the pressure exerted by the weight/potential energy of a fluid is directly proportional to its depth - change in P = pg*change in height

hydrostatic pressure

the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel fluid moves from high to low pressure capillary hydrostatic pressure promotes the movement of fluid out of the capillaries, whereas interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure diminishes the movement of fluid out of capillaries

specific gravity

the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a standard, usually water for a liquid or solid, and air for a gas. = psubstance/pwater

when Bernoulli's Equation applied to punctured tank

the weight of water above the hole(potential energy) drives the movement of water through the hole (kinetic energy)

internal energy of the gas will increase by

the work done= W=PV

entropy

thermodynamic quantity that measures the disorder of a substance (or system). Solids have relatively low entropy because the structure of the molecules is ordered and their motion is more constrained. Gases have relatively high entropy because the molecules are disordered and their motion is less constrained. Because the gaseous products of the reaction are more disordered than the solid powdered sample, disorder increases and therefore ΔS is positive.

light will bend toward/away normal when it passed through media from lower to higher refractive index

toward

radiation

transfer of heat through electromagnetic radiation, such as infrared light. radiation heat transfer is significant only for high temperatures

convection

transfer of heat through flow of fluids - fluids absorb heat from hotter regions and deliver it to colder regions

Fk=

ukFn fN= W= mg kinetic friction causes sliding objects to decelerate

upward buoyancy force for floating object

upward buoyant force felt by a submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces (Archimedes principle). For an object floating at the surface, the vertical forces (its buoyancy and weight) cancel each other out and there is no net vertical force or acceleration. Therefore, the weight of the buoy is equal to its buoyancy force (10 N): FB=W

Ffr=

usN (mew static friction * n) = us*mg (mew * Mg)

speed of sound=

v= (B/p)^1/2

wave speed=

v= f* wavelength

area under curve of velocity vs time graph is

velocity vs time= displacement displacement of a moving object over an interval of time can be derived from the graph by calculating the total area under the curve during that interval

sound propagates through

vibrations of molecules in a medium - compressions and rarefactions = pressure wave - longitudinal wave

kinetic energy in fluid flows is dissipated by the

viscous shear force acting between different layers of fluid flow

for object fully immersed in two different fluids

volumes of fluid displaced in each are equal to the volume of the object V1=V2=Vobject ratio of Fb equal to the ratio of fluid densities: (Fb1/Fb2)=(p1V1g/p2V2g)= p1/p2 Fb1/Fb2= p1/p2

if forces acting on object are conservative

w = - change potenital energy

angular frequency =

w = 2*pi* f = 2*pi/T

unit of power

watt

linear polarization

waveform oscillations take place within only one plane of coordinate system electric field of all waves are oriented in the same direction

sound source moves toward observe: doppler effect increase/decrease: wavelength.. frequency..

wavelength decreases frequency increases V= wavelength * frequency

static equilibrium

when the balance of forces acting on an object maintains the absence of motion by that object sum of all forces acting on a motionless object is equal to zero

x = constant acceleration , kinematics

xo+ vt + 1/2at^2

y =

y0 + vyt + -1/2gt^2