Physics Final

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Masses are distributed in the xy-plane as follows: 10 kg at (2.0, 6.0) m, 4.0 kg at (2.0, 0.0) m, and 6.0 kg at (0.0, 3.0) m. Where would a 20-kg mass need to be positioned so that the center of gravity of the resulting four mass system would be at the origin?

(-1.4, -3.9) m

A hoop of radius 1.0 m is placed in the first quadrant of an xy-coordinate system with its rim touching both the x-axis and the y-axis. What are the coordinates of its center of gravity?

(1.0, 1.0) m

An object of mass m and moment of inertia I has rotational kinetic energy KR. Its angular momentum is:

(2 IK_R)^1/2

The internal energy of a monatomic ideal gas is equal to which of the following?

(3/2)PV

A 3.0-m rod is pivoted about its left end. A force of 6.0 N is applied perpendicular to the rod at a distance of 1.2 m from the pivot causing a ccw torque, and a force of 5.2 N is applied at the end of the rod 3.0 m from the pivot. The 5.2 N is at an angle of 30o to the rod and causes a cw torque. What is the net torque about the pivot?

-0.6 N*m

A puddle holds 150 g of water. If 0.50 g of water evaporates from the surface, what is the approximate temperature change of the remaining water? (Lv = 540 cal/g)

-1.8 degrees C

Carbon dioxide forms into a solid (dry ice) at approximately -157°F. What temperature in degrees Celsius does this correspond to?

-105 degrees C

I take 1.0 kg of ice and dump it into 1.0 kg of water and, when equilibrium is reached, I have 2.0 kg of ice at 0°C. The water was originally at 0°C. The specific heat of water = 1.00 kcal/kg×°C, the specific heat of ice = 0.50 kcal/kg×°C, and the latent heat of fusion of water is 80 kcal/kg. The original temperature of the ice was:

-160 degrees C

A 4-mol ideal gas system undergoes an adiabatic process where it expands and does 20 J of work on its environment. How much heat is received by the system?

-20 J

A 4-mol ideal gas system undergoes an adiabatic process where it expands and does 20 J of work on its environment. What is its change in internal energy?

-20 J

At what temperature is the same numerical value obtained in Celsius and Fahrenheit?

-40 degrees

A temperature of 233 K equals which of the following?

-40 degrees F

Two children seat themselves on a seesaw. The one on the left has a weight of 400 N while the one on the right weighs 300 N. The fulcrum is at the midpoint of the seesaw. If the child on the left is not at the end but is 1.50 m from the fulcrum and the seesaw is balanced, what is the torque provided by the weight of the child on the right?

-600 N*m

The volume of an ideal gas changes from 0.40 to 0.55 m3 although its pressure remains constant at 50 000 Pa. What work is done on the system by its environment?

-7500 J

An ice skater spins at 2.5 rev/s when his arms are extended. He draws his arms in and spins at 6.0 rev/s. By what factor does his moment of inertia change in the process?

.42

A 2.0-mol ideal gas system is maintained at a constant volume of 4.0 L. If 100 J of heat is added, what is the work done on the system?

A 5-mol ideal gas system undergoes an adiabatic free expansion (a rapid expansion into a vacuum), going from an initial volume of 10 L to a final volume of 20 L. How much work is done on the system during this adiabatic free expansion?

A mass on a spring vibrates in simple harmonic motion at a frequency of 4.0 Hz and an amplitude of 4.0 cm. If a timer is started when its displacement is a maximum (hence x = 4 cm when t = 0), what is the speed of the mass when t = 3 s?

Consider two identical and symmetrical wave pulses on a string. Suppose the first pulse reaches the fixed end of the string and is reflected back and then meets the second pulse. When the two pulses overlap exactly, the superposition principle predicts that the amplitude of the resultant pulses, at that moment, will be what factor times the amplitude of one of the original pulses?

The emissivity of an ideal reflector has which of the following values?

What is the phase difference when two waves, traveling in the same medium, undergo constructive interference?

The pressure in a constant-volume gas thermometer extrapolates to zero at what temperature?

0 K

The kinetic energy of the bob on a simple pendulum swinging in simple harmonic motion has its maximum value when the displacement from equilibrium is at what point in its swing?

0 displacement

A 0.20-kg object is oscillating on a spring with a spring constant of k = 15 N/m. What is the potential energy of the system when the object displacement is 0.040 m, exactly half the maximum amplitude?

0.012 J

The bottom of a flat-bottomed aluminum boat has an area of 4.0 m2 and the boat's mass is 60 kg. When set afloat in water, how far below the water surface is the boat bottom? (water density = 1.0 ´ 103 kg/m3)

0.015 m

A helium-filled weather balloon has a 0.90 m radius at liftoff where air pressure is 1.0 atm and the temperature is 298 K. When airborne, the temperature is 210 K, and its radius expands to 3.0 m. What is the pressure at the airborne location?

0.019 atm

A mass on a spring vibrates in simple harmonic motion at a frequency of 4.0 Hz and an amplitude of 8.0 cm. If a timer is started when its displacement is a maximum (hence x = 8 cm when t = 0), what is the displacement of the mass when t = 3.7 s?

0.025 m

Water (density = 1 ´ 103 kg/m3) flows at 10 m/s through a pipe with radius 0.030 m. The pipe goes up to the second floor of the building, 2.0 m higher, and the pressure remains unchanged. What is the radius of the pipe on the second floor?

0.034 m

Two hoops or rings (I = MR2) are centered, lying on a turntable. The smaller ring has radius = 0.050 m; the larger has radius = 0.10 m. Both have a mass of 3.0 kg. What is the total moment of inertia as the turntable spins? Ignore the mass of the turntable.

0.038 kg×m2

A silver bar of length 30 cm and cross-sectional area 1.0 cm2 is used to transfer heat from a 100°C reservoir to a 0°C block of ice. How much ice is melted per second? (For silver, k = 427 J/s×m×°C. For ice, Lf = 334 000 J/kg.)

0.043 g/s

A 2.00-kg copper rod is 50.00 cm long at 23°C. If 40 000 J are transferred to the rod by heat, what is its change in length? ccopper = 387 J/kg·°C and acopper = 17 x 10-6/°C.

0.044 cm

A fluid has a density of 1 040 kg/m3. If it rises to a height of 1.8 cm in a 1.0-mm diameter capillary tube, what is the surface tension of the liquid? Assume a contact angle of zero.

0.046 N/m

In order to overcome a surface tension of a fluid, a force of 1.32 x 10-2 N is required to lift a wire ring of circumference 12.0 cm. What is the surface tension of the fluid?

0.055 N/m

A majorette takes two batons and fastens them together in the middle at right angles to make an "x" shape. Each baton was 0.80 m long and each ball on the end is 0.20 kg. (Ignore the mass of the rods.) What is the moment of inertia if the arrangement is spun around an axis formed by one of the batons?

0.064 kgxm^2

A 0.2-kg aluminum plate, initially at 20°C, slides down a 15-m-long surface, inclined at a 30° angle to the horizontal. The force of kinetic friction exactly balances the component of gravity down the plane so that the plate, once started, glides down at constant velocity. If 90% of the mechanical energy of the system is absorbed by the aluminum, what is its temperature increase at the bottom of the incline? (Specific heat for aluminum is 900 J/kg×°C.)

0.07 degrees C

Suppose a 0.3-kg mass on a spring that has been compressed 0.10 m has elastic potential energy of 1.0 J. How much further must the spring be compressed to triple the elastic potential energy?

0.07 m

The bottom of a flat-bottomed aluminum boat has area = 4.0 m2 and mass = 60 kg. If two fishermen and their fishing gear with total mass of 300 kg are placed in the boat, how much lower will the boat ride in the water? (H2O density = 1.0 ´ 103 kg/m3)

0.075 m

The position of a 0.64-kg mass undergoing simple harmonic motion is given by x = (0.160 m) cos (pt/16). What is its position at t = 5.0 s?

0.089 m

Equal wavelength waves of amplitude 0.25 m and 0.15 m interfere with one another. What is the resulting minimum amplitude that can result?

0.10 m

0.13 kg×m^2

A quantity of monatomic ideal gas expands adiabatically from a volume of 2.0 liters to 6.0 liters. If the initial pressure is P0, what is the final pressure?

0.16 P_0

With molar quantity and temperature held constant, by what factor does the pressure of an ideal gas change when the volume is five times bigger?

0.2

Suppose a 0.30-kg mass on a spring-loaded gun that has been compressed 0.10 m has elastic potential energy of 1.0 J. How high above the spring's equilibrium point can the gun fire the mass if the gun is fired straight up?

0.24 m

A ping-pong ball has an average density of 0.0840 g/cm3 and a diameter of 3.80 cm. What force would be required to keep the ball completely submerged under water?

0.258 N

A child sits on a swing supported by ropes of length 3.0 m. With what frequency will she need to apply the driving force to maintain swinging?

0.29 Hz

A simple pendulum has a mass of 0.25 kg and a length of 1.0 m. It is displaced through an angle of 30° and then released. After a time, the maximum angle of swing is only 10°. How much energy has been lost to friction?

0.29 J

A waterfall is 145 m high. What is the increase in water temperature at the bottom of the falls if all the initial potential energy goes into heating the water? (g = 9.8 m/s2, cw = 4 186 J/kg×°C)

0.34 degrees C

Two loudspeakers are placed next to each other and driven by the same source at 500 Hz. A listener is positioned in front of the two speakers and on the line separating them, thus creating a constructive interference at the listener's ear. What minimum distance would one of the speakers be moved back away from the listener to produce destructive interference at the listener's ear? (The speed of sound = 340 m/s.)

0.34 m

A brass cube, 10 cm on a side, is raised in temperature by 200°C. The coefficient of volume expansion of brass is 57 ´ 10-6/C°. By what percentage is any one of the 10-cm edges increased in length?

0.38%

A 0.20-kg block rests on a frictionless level surface and is attached to a horizontally aligned spring with a spring constant of 40 N/m. The block is initially displaced 4.0 cm from the equilibrium point and then released to set up a simple harmonic motion. A frictional force of 0.3 N exists between the block and surface. What is the speed of the block when it passes through the equilibrium point after being released from the 4.0-cm displacement point?

0.45 m/s

An object with mass m and moment of inertia I is spinning with an angular momentum L. Its kinetic energy is:

0.5 L^2/I

A uniform pressure of 7.0 ´ 105 N/m2 is applied to all six sides of a copper cube. What is the percentage change in volume of the cube? (for copper, B = 14 ´ 1010 N/m2)

0.5 x 10^-3 %

A 0.20-kg block rests on a frictionless level surface and is attached to a horizontally aligned spring with a spring constant of 40 N/m. The block is initially displaced 4.0 cm from the equilibrium point and then released to set up a simple harmonic motion. What is the speed of the block when it passes through the equilibrium point?

0.57 m/s

If I triple the mass per unit length of guitar string, its natural frequency changes by what factor?

0.58

Tripling the mass per unit length of a guitar string will result in changing the wave speed in the string by what factor?

0.58

The thermal conductivity of aluminum is 238 J/s·m·ºC and of copper is 397 J/s·m·ºC. A rod of each material is used as a heat conductor. If the rods have the same geometry and are used between the same temperature differences for the same time interval, what is the ratio of the heat transferred by the aluminum to the heat transferred by the copper?

0.599

Water is being sprayed from a nozzle at the end of a garden hose of diameter 2.0 cm. If the nozzle has an opening of diameter 0.50 cm, and if the water leaves the nozzle at a speed of 10 m/s, what is the speed of the water inside the hose?

0.63 m/s

Tasha has mass 20 kg and wants to use a 4.0-m board of mass 10 kg as a seesaw. Her friends are busy, so Tasha seesaws by herself by putting the support at the system's center of gravity when she sits on one end of the board. How far is she from the support point?

0.67 m

An ideal fluid, of density 0.90 ´ 103 kg/m3, flows at 6.0 m/s through a level pipe with radius of 0.50 cm. The pressure in the fluid is 1.3 ´ 105 N/m2. This pipe connects to a second level pipe, with radius of 1.5 cm. Find the speed of flow in the second pipe.

0.67 m/s

Two loudspeakers are placed side by side and driven by the same source at 500 Hz. A listener is positioned in front of the two speakers and on the line separating them, thus creating a constructive interference at the listener's ear. If one of the speakers is gradually pushed toward the listener, how far must it be moved to repeat the condition of constructive interference at the listener's ear? (The speed of sound = 340 m/s.)

0.68 m

A 100-m-long high-voltage cable is suspended between two towers. The mass of the 100-m cable is 150 kg. If the tension in the cable is 30 000 N, what is the lowest frequency at which this cable can oscillate?

0.71 Hz

An automobile gas tank is filled to its capacity of 15.00 gallons with the gasoline at an initial temperature of 10°C. The automobile is parked in the sun causing the gasoline's temperature to rise to 60°C. If the coefficient of volume expansion for gasoline is 9.6 ´ 10-4/C°, what volume runs out the overflow tube? Assume the change in volume of the tank is negligible.

0.72 gallons

A runaway railroad car, with mass 30 ´ 104 kg, coasts across a level track at 2.0 m/s when it collides with a spring-loaded bumper at the end of the track. If the spring constant of the bumper is 2.0 ´ 106 N/m, what is the maximum compression of the spring during the collision? (Assume the collision is elastic.

0.77 m

A ventilation fan with a moment of inertia of 0.034 kg×m2 has a net torque of 0.11 N×m applied to it. If it starts from rest, what angular momentum will it have 8.0 s later?

0.88 kg×m2/s

A turntable has a moment of inertia of 3.0 ´ 10-2 kg×m2 and spins freely on a frictionless bearing at 25 rev/min. A 0.30-kg ball of putty is dropped vertically on the turntable and sticks at a point 0.10 m from the center. By what factor does the kinetic energy of the system change after the putty is dropped onto the turntable?

0.91

An ideal fluid, of density 0.85 ´ 103 kg/m3, flows at 0.25 kg/s through a pipe of radius 0.010 m. What is the fluid speed?

0.94 m/s

If the column of mercury in a barometer stands at 72.6 cm, what is the atmospheric pressure? (The density of mercury is 13.6 ´ 103 kg/m3 and g = 9.80 m/s2)

0.968 × 10^5 N/m^2

A simple pendulum has a period of 2.0 s. What is the pendulum length? (g = 9.8 m/s2)

0.99 m

What is the intensity of sound from a band with a sound level of 120 dB? (I0 = 10-12 W/m2)

1 W/m^2

Consider two steel rods, A and B. B has three times the area and twice the length of A, so Young's modulus for B will be what factor times Young's modulus for A?

1.0

I stretch a rubber band and "plunk" it to make it vibrate in its fundamental frequency. I then stretch it to twice its length and make it vibrate in the fundamental frequency once again. The rubber band is made so that doubling its length doubles the tension and reduces the mass per unit length by a factor of 2. The new frequency will be related to the old by a factor of:

1.0

Tripling the mass of the bob on a simple pendulum will cause a change in the frequency of the pendulum swing by what factor?

1.0

A tetherball is attached to a pole with a 2.0-m rope. It is circling at 0.20 rev/s. As the rope wraps around the pole it shortens. How long is the rope when the ball is moving at 5.0 m/s?

1.0 m

A tuning fork is sounded above a resonating tube (one end closed), which resonates at a length of 0.20 m and again at 0.60 m. If the tube length were extended further, at what point will the tuning fork again create a resonance condition?

1.0 m

A turntable has a moment of inertia of 3.00 ´ 10-2 kg×m2 and spins freely on a frictionless bearing at 25.0 rev/min. A 0.300-kg ball of putty is dropped vertically on the turntable and sticks at a point 0.100 m from the center. By what factor does the angular momentum of the system change after the putty is dropped onto the turntable?

1.00 no change

Tripling both the tension in a guitar string and its mass per unit length will result in changing the wave speed in the string by what factor?

1.00(no change)

A brass cube, 10 cm on a side, is raised in temperature by 200°C. The coefficient of volume expansion of brass is 57 ´ 10-6/C°. By what percentage does volume increase?

1.1 %

It takes 2.0 minutes to fill a gas tank with 40 liters of gasoline. If the pump nozzle is 1.0 cm in radius, what is the average speed of the gasoline as it leaves the nozzle? (1 000 liters = one cubic meter)

1.1 m/s

If a 1000-kg car was moving at 30 m/s, what would be its kinetic energy expressed in the unusual (for kinetic energy) units of calories? (1 cal = 4.186 J)

1.1 x 10^5

Masses are distributed in the x,y-plane as follows: 6.0 kg at (0.0, 0.0) m, 4.0 kg at (2.0, 0.0) m, and 5.0 kg at (2.0, 3.0) m. What is the x-coordinate of the center of gravity of this system of masses?

1.2 m

How many moles of air must escape from a 10-m ´ 8.0-m ´ 5.0-m room when the temperature is raised from 0°C to 20°C? Assume the pressure remains unchanged at one atmosphere while the room is heated.

1.2 x 10^3 moles

Doubling the tension in a guitar string will change its natural frequency by what factor?

1.4

A baseball pitcher loosens up his pitching arm. He tosses a 0.15-kg ball using only the rotation of his forearm, 0.32 m in length, to accelerate the ball. If the ball starts at rest and is released with a speed of 12 m/s in a time of 0.40 s, what torque is applied to the ball while being held by the pitcher's hand to produce the angular acceleration?

1.4 Nxm

A spherical air bubble originating from a scuba diver at a depth of 18.0 m has a diameter of 1.0 cm. What will the bubble's diameter be when it reaches the surface?

1.4 cm

By what amount does the sound intensity decrease when the distance to the source doubles?

1.4 dB

Iced tea is made by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at 80°C. How many kg of ice, initially at 0°C, are required to bring the mixture to 10°C? (Lf = 3.33 x 105 J/kg, cw = 4 186 J/kg×°C)

1.4 kg

A mass of 0.40 kg, hanging from a spring with a spring constant of 80 N/m, is set into an up-and-down simple harmonic motion. What is the speed of the mass when moving through a point at 0.05 m displacement? The starting displacement of the mass is 0.10 m from its equilibrium position.

1.4 m/s

A mass of 0.40 kg, hanging from a spring with a spring constant of 80 N/m, is set into an up-and-down simple harmonic motion. What is the speed of the mass when moving through the equilibrium point? The starting displacement from equilibrium is 0.10 m.

1.4 m/s

An ore car of mass 4 000 kg rolls downhill on tracks from a mine. At the end of the tracks, 10.0 m lower in elevation, is a spring with k = 400 000 N/m. How much is the spring compressed in stopping the ore car? Ignore friction.

1.40m

A slice of bread contains about 100 kcal. If specific heat of a person were 1.00 kcal/kg·°C, by how many °C would the temperature of a 70.0-kg person increase if all the energy in the bread were converted to heat?

1.43 degrees C

The Doppler shift of ultrasonic waves can measure the speed of blood in an artery. If the frequency of the stationary source is 100 kHz and the reflected sound has a Doppler shift of 200 Hz, what is the blood flow speed? (The speed of sound inside the body is 1 500 m/s.)

1.5 m/s

A baseball pitcher loosens up his pitching arm. He tosses a 0.15-kg ball using only the rotation of his forearm, 0.32 m in length, to accelerate the ball. What is the moment of inertia of the ball alone as it moves in a circular arc with a radius of 0.32 m?

1.5 x 10^-2 kg×m^2

A bucket of water with total mass 23 kg is attached to a rope, which in turn is wound around a 0.050-m radius cylinder, with crank, at the top of a well. The moment of inertia of the cylinder and crank is 0.12 kg×m2. The bucket is raised to the top of the well and released to fall back into the well. What is the kinetic energy of the cylinder and crank at the instant the bucket is moving with a speed of 8.0 m/s?

1.5 x 10^3 J

A solid rock, suspended in air by a spring scale, has a measured mass of 9.00 kg. When the rock is submerged in water, the scale reads 3.30 kg. What is the density of the rock? (water density = 1 000 kg/m3)

1.58 x 10^3 kg/m^3

A woman who weighs 500 N stands on an 8.0-m-long board that weighs 100 N. The board is supported at each end. The support force at the right end is 3 times the support force at the left end. How far from the right end is the woman standing?

1.6 m

A simple pendulum of length 1.00 m has a mass of 100 g attached. It is drawn back 30.0° and then released. What is the maximum speed of the mass?

1.62 m/s

A long string is pulled so that the tension in it increases by a factor of three. If the change in length is negligible, by what factor does the wave speed change?

1.7

The frequency separating audible waves and ultrasonic waves is considered to be 20 kHz. What wavelength in air at room temperature is associated with this frequency? (Assume the speed of sound to be 340 m/s.

1.7 cm

If one-third of the members of a symphony orchestra are absent because of head colds, thus reducing the overall intensity of sound by 33%, what will be the reduction in the decibel level?

1.7 dB

An 80-kg man is one fourth of the way up a 10-m ladder that is resting against a smooth, frictionless wall. If the ladder has a mass of 20 kg and it makes an angle of 60° with the ground, find the force of friction of the ground on the foot of the ladder.

1.7 x 10^2 N

If two adjacent frequencies of an organ pipe closed at one end are 550 Hz and 650 Hz, what is the length of the organ pipe? (vsound = 340 m/s)

1.70 m

A hole is poked through the metal side of a drum holding water. The hole is 18 cm below the water surface. What is the initial speed of outflow?

1.9 m/s

What is the internal energy of 50 moles of Neon gas (molecular mass = 20 u) at 27°C? (R = 8.31 J/mol·K)

1.9 x 10^5 J

A cylinder with its mass concentrated toward the center has a moment of inertia of 0.1 MR2. If this cylinder is rolling without slipping along a level surface with a linear speed v, what is the ratio of its rotational kinetic energy to its linear kinetic energy?

1/10

An object is attached to a spring and its frequency of oscillation is measured. Then another object is connected to the first object, and the resulting mass is four times the original value. By what factor is the frequency of oscillation changed?

1/2

An ideal gas is confined to a container with adjustable volume. The number of moles and temperature are constant. By what factor will the volume change if pressure triples?

1/3

Two ideal gases, X and Y, are thoroughly mixed and at thermal equilibrium in a single container. The molecular mass of X is 9 times that of Y. What is the ratio of root-mean-square velocities of the two gases, vX, rms /vY, rms?

1/3

An ideal fluid flows through a pipe made of two sections with diameters of 1.0 and 3.0 inches, respectively. The speed of the fluid flow through the 3.0-inch section will be what factor times that through the 1.0-inch section?

1/9

Tripling the distance between sound source and a listener will change the intensity, as detected by the listener, by what factor?

1/9

Assuming that the wave speed varies little when sound waves are traveling though a material that suddenly changes density by 10%, what percentage of the incident wave intensity is reflected?

10 %

An avalanche of ice and snow of mass 1 800 kg slides a vertical distance of 160 m down a mountainside. If the temperature of the ice, snow, mountain and surrounding air are all at 0°C, what is the change in entropy of the universe?

10 000 J/K

A series of ocean waves, 5.0 m between crests, move past at 2.0 waves/s. Find their speed.

10 m/s

A cylinder containing an ideal gas has a volume of 2.0 m3 and a pressure of 1.0 ´ 105 Pa at a temperature of 300 K. The cylinder is placed against a metal block that is maintained at 900 K and the gas expands as the pressure remains constant until the temperature of the gas reaches 900 K. The change in internal energy of the gas is +6.0 ´ 105 J. How much heat did the gas absorb?

10 x 10^5 J ???

A 2.50-m-long organ pipe is open at one end and closed at the other. Its fundamental tone has wavelength:

10.0 m

How deep under the surface of a lake would the pressure be double that at the surface? (1 atm = 1.01 x 105 Pa)

10.3 m

What is the temperature of a system in thermal equilibrium with another system made up of water and steam at one atmosphere of pressure?

100 degrees C

How far away is a lightning strike if you hear the thunderclap 3.00 s after you see the lightning bolt strike? (vsound = 340 m/s, vlight = 3 ´ 108 m/s)

1020 m

A gyroscope has a moment of inertia of 0.140 kg×m2 and has an initial angular speed of 15.0 rad/s. If a lubricant is applied to the bearings of the gyroscope so that frictional torque is reduced to 2.00 ´ 10-2 N×m, then in what time interval will the gyroscope coast from 15.0 rad/s to zero?

105 s

A unit for viscosity, the centipoise, is equal to which of the following?

10^-3 N·s/m^2

A ventilation fan with a moment of inertia of 0.034 kg×m2 has a net torque of 0.11 N×m applied to it. If it starts from rest, what kinetic energy will it have 8.0 s later?

11 J

A bucket filled with water has a mass of 23 kg and is attached to a rope, which in turn, is wound around a 0.050-m radius cylinder at the top of a well. What torque does the weight of water and bucket produce on the cylinder if the cylinder is not permitted to rotate?

11 Nxm

Water is sent from a fire hose at 30 m/s at an angle of 30° above the horizontal. What is the maximum height reached by the water?

11 m

A 3.00-g lead bullet is traveling at a speed of 240 m/s when it embeds in a wood post. If we assume that half of the resultant heat energy generated remains with the bullet, what is the increase in temperature of the embedded bullet? (specific heat of lead = 0.030 5 kcal/kg×°C, 1 kcal = 4 186 J)

113 degrees C

A steel sphere sits on top of an aluminum ring. The steel sphere (a = 1.10 ´ 10-5/C°) has a diameter of 4.000 0 cm at 0°C. The aluminum ring (a = 2.40 ´ 10-5/C°) has an inside diameter of 3.994 0 cm at 0°C. Closest to which temperature given will the sphere just fall through the ring?

116 degrees C

A sound source of frequency 1 000 Hz moves at 50.0 m/s toward a listener who is at rest. What is the apparent frequency heard by the listener? (speed of sound = 340 m/s)

1170 Hz

A metal bar is used to conduct heat. When the temperature at one end is 100°C and at the other is 20°C, heat is transferred at a rate of 16 J/s. If the temperature of the hotter end is reduced to 80°C, what will be the rate of heat transfer?

12 J/s

Tricia puts 44 g of dry ice (solid CO2) into a 2.0-L container and seals the top. The dry ice turns to gas at room temperature (20°C). Find the pressure increase in the 2.0-L container. (One mole of CO2 has a mass of 44 g, R = 0.082 1 L·atm/mol·K. Ignore the initial volume of the dry ice.)

12 atm

If the distance between a point sound source and a dB detector is increased by a factor of 4, what will be the reduction in intensity level?

12 dB

An object consists of a rod (of length 3.0 m and negligible moment of inertia) to which four small 2.0-kg masses are attached, one at each end and one at each point on the rod 1.0 m from each end. (The masses are one meter apart.) The moment of inertia of this object about an axis perpendicular to the rod and through one of the inner masses:

12 kg*m^2

Waves propagate at 8.0 m/s along a stretched string. The end of the string is vibrated up and down once every 1.5 s. What is the wavelength of the waves that travel along the string?

12 m

A rotating flywheel can be used as a method to store energy. If it is required that such a device be able to store up to a maximum of 1.00 ´ 106 J when rotating at 400 rad/s, what moment of inertia is required?

12.5 kg×m2

During each cycle of operation a refrigerator absorbs 55 cal from the freezer compartment and expels 85 cal to the room. If one cycle occurs every 10 s, how many minutes will it take to freeze 500 g of water, initially at 0°C? (Lv = 80 cal/g)

120 min

A mass on a spring vibrates in simple harmonic motion at a frequency of 4.0 Hz and an amplitude of 8.0 cm. If the mass of the object is 0.20 kg, what is the spring constant?

126 N/m

If it is given that 546 K equals 273°C, then it follows that 400 K equals:

127 degrees C

What is the first overtone frequency for an organ pipe 2.00 m in length, closed at one end? The speed of sound in air is 340 m/s.

128 Hz

Water (density = 1 ´ 103 kg/m3) flows at 15 m/s through a pipe with radius 0.040 m. The pipe goes up to the second floor of the building, 3.0 m higher, and the pressure remains unchanged. What is the speed of the water flow in the pipe on the second floor?

13 m/s

The water behind Grand Coulee Dam is 1 200 m wide and 150 m deep. Find the hydrostatic force on the back of the dam. (Hint: the total force = average pressure ´ area)

13.2 x 10^10 N

An object at 27°C has its temperature increased to 37°C. The power then radiated by this object increases by how many percent?

Two water waves meet at the same point, one having a displacement above equilibrium of 60 cm and the other having a displacement above equilibrium of 80 cm. At this moment, what is the resulting displacement above equilibrium?

140 cm

The pressure inside a commercial airliner is maintained at 1.00 atm (105 Pa). What is the net outward force exerted on a 1.0 m ´ 2.0 m cabin door if the outside pressure is 0.30 atm?

140000 N

The sulfur hexafluoride molecule consists of one sulfur atom and six fluorine atoms. The atomic masses of sulfur and fluorine are 32.0 u and 19.0 u respectively. One mole of this very heavy gas has what mass?

146 g

125 g of dry ice (solid CO2) is dropped into a beaker containing 500 g of 66°C water. The dry ice converts directly to gas, leaving the solution. When the dry ice is gone, the final temperature of the water is 29°C. What is the heat of vaporization of solid CO2? (cwater = 1.00 cal/g×°C)

148 cal/g

A large spring requires a force of 150 N to compress it only 0.010 m. What is the spring constant of the spring?

15 000 N/m

A sound wave in air has a frequency of 500 Hz and a wavelength of 0.68 m. What is the air temperature?

15 degrees C

The motion of a piston in an automobile engine is nearly simple harmonic. If the 1-kg piston travels back and forth over a total distance of 10.0 cm, what is its maximum speed when the engine is running at 3 000 rpm?

15.7 m/s

If a guitar string has a fundamental frequency of 500 Hz, what is the frequency of its second overtone?

1500 Hz

A pipe of diameter three cm is replaced by one of the same length but of diameter six cm. If the pressure difference between the ends of the pipe remains the same, by what factor is the rate of flow of a viscous liquid through it changed?

9.0 g of water in a 2.0-L pressure vessel is heated to 500°C. What is the pressure inside the container? (R = 0.082 L×atm/mol×K, one mole of water has a mass of 18 grams)

16 atm

A pressure of 1.0 ´ 10-7 mm of Hg is achieved in a vacuum system. How many gas molecules are present per liter volume if the temperature is 293 K? (760 mm of Hg = 1 atm, R = 0.082 1 L×atm/mol×K, and NA = 6.02 ´ 1023)

16 x 10^18

An 80.0-g piece of copper, initially at 295°C, is dropped into 250 g of water contained in a 300-g aluminum calorimeter; the water and calorimeter are initially at 10.0°C. What is the final temperature of the system? (Specific heats of copper and aluminum are 0.092 0 and 0.215 cal/g×°C, respectively. cw = 1.00 cal/g×°C)

16.5 degrees C

A 4.0-kg mass is placed at (3.0, 4.0) m, and a 6.0-kg mass is placed at (3.0, -4.0) m. What is the moment of inertia of this system of masses about the x-axis?

160 kg*m^2

A bucket of water with total mass 23 kg is attached to a rope, which in turn is wound around a 0.050-m radius cylinder at the top of a well. The bucket is raised to the top of the well and released. The bucket is moving with a speed of 8.0 m/s upon hitting the water surface in the well. What is the angular speed of the cylinder at this instant?

160 rad/s

A swimming pool heater has to be able to raise the temperature of the 40 000 gallons of water in the pool by 10.0 C°. How many kilowatt-hours of energy are required? (One gallon of water has a mass of approximately 3.8 kg and the specific heat of water is 4 186 J/kg×°C.)

1770 kWh

A 2.0-m2 Thermopane window is constructed, using two layers of glass 4.0 mm thick, separated by an air space of 5.0 mm. If the temperature difference is 20 C° from the inside of the house to the outside air, what is the rate of heat flow through this window? (Thermal conductivity for glass is 0.84 J/s×m×°C and for air 0.023 4 J/s×m×°C.)

180 W

When water freezes, it expands about nine percent. What would be the pressure increase inside your automobile engine block if the water in there froze? (The bulk modulus of ice is 2.0 ´ 109 Pa, and 1 atm = 1.0 ´ 105 Pa.)

1800 atm

I attach a 2.0-kg block to a spring that obeys Hooke's Law and supply 16 J of energy to stretch the spring. I release the block; it oscillates with period 0.30 s. The amplitude is:

19 cm

An 800-MW electric power plant has an efficiency of 30%. It loses its waste heat in large cooling towers. Approximately how much waste heat (in MJ) is discharged to the atmosphere per second?

1900 MJ

How much air must be pushed downward at 40.0 m/s to keep an 800-kg helicopter aloft?

196 kg/s

A Boeing-737 airliner has a mass of 20 000 kg. The total area of the wings is 100 m2. What must be the pressure difference between the top and bottom of the wings to keep the airplane up?

1960 Pa

Carly places one end of a steel bar in a Bunsen flame and the other end in an ice cube. By what factor is the rate of heat flow changed when the bar's cross-sectional area is doubled?

Different units can be used for length: m and cm, and of these two, m is the larger by a factor of 100. Different units can also be used for R: (1) J/mol×K, (2) L×atm/mol×K, and (3) (N/m2)×m3/mol×K. Which of these units for R is the largest? Hint: When expressing R in each of these units, which expression has the lowest numerical factor? (1L = 10-3 m3, 1 atm = 1.01 x 105 Pa)

A quantity of a monatomic ideal gas expands to twice the volume while maintaining the same pressure. If the internal energy of the gas were U0 before the expansion, what is it after the expansion?

2 U_0

Water pressurized to 3 ´ 105 Pa is flowing at 5.0 m/s in a pipe which contracts to 1/3 of its former area. What are the pressure and speed of the water after the contraction? (Density of water = 1 x 103 kg/m3.)

2 x 10^5 Pa, 15 m/s

A cube of wood of density 0.78 g/cm3 is 10 cm on a side. When placed in water, what height of the block will float above the surface? (water density = 1.00 g/cm3)

2.2 cm

I place a 500-g ice cube (initially at 0°C) in a Styrofoam box with wall thickness 1.0 cm and total surface area 600 cm2. If the air surrounding the box is at 20°C and after 4 hours the ice is completely melted, what is the conductivity of the Styrofoam material? (Lf = 80 cal/g)

2.3 x 10^-4 cal/s*m* degrees C

A figure skater on ice with arms extended, spins at a rate of 2.5 rev/s. After he draws his arms in, he spins at 6.0 rev/s. By what factor does the skater's kinetic energy change when he draws his arms in?

2.4

An 800-N billboard worker stands on a 4.0-m scaffold weighing 500 N and supported by vertical ropes at each end. How far would the worker stand from one of the supporting ropes to produce a tension of 550 N in that rope?

2.5 m

A 0.20-kg object is attached to a spring with spring constant k = 10 N/m and moves with simple harmonic motion over a horizontal frictionless surface. At the instant that it is displaced from equilibrium by -0.050 m, what is its acceleration?

2.5 m/s^2

What is the intensity of a sound with a measured intensity level of 84 dB? (I0 = 10-12 W/m2)

2.5 x 10^-4 W/m^2

A 0.003 0-kg lead bullet is traveling at a speed of 240 m/s when it embeds in a block of ice at 0°C. If all the heat generated goes into melting ice, what quantity of ice is melted? (Lf = 80 kcal/kg, the specific heat of lead = 0.03 kcal/kg×°C, and 1 kcal = 4 186 J)

2.6 x 10^-4 kg

Suppose the ends of a 20-m-long steel beam are rigidly clamped at 0°C to prevent expansion. The rail has a cross-sectional area of 30 cm2. What force does the beam exert when it is heated to 40°C? (asteel = 1.1 ´ 10-5/C°, Ysteel = 2.0 ´ 1011 N/m2).

2.6 x 10^5 N

A solid sphere with mass, M, and radius, R, rolls along a level surface without slipping with a linear speed, v. What is the ratio of rotational to linear kinetic energy? (For a solid sphere, I = 0.4 MR2).

2/5

A substance is heated from 15°C to 35°C. What would the same incremental change be when registered in kelvins?

If I0 = 10-12 W/m2 is the threshold of hearing, a sound with intensity I1 = 10-11 W/m2 will give a certain decibel level. Suppose a new sound has an intensity I2 = I12/I0. What is the new decibel level?

If the intensity of a sound is increased by a factor of 100, how is the decibel level changed? The new decibel level will be:

20 units greater

An initially installed flywheel can store 106 J of kinetic energy when rotating at 300 rad/s. It is replaced by another flywheel of the same size but made of a lighter and stronger material. If its mass is half that of the original and it is now capable of achieving a rotational speed of 600 rad/s, what maximum energy can be stored?

20 x 10^5 J

A block of wood has specific gravity 0.80. When placed in water, what percent of the volume of the wood is above the surface?

20%

A closed 2.0-L container holds 3.0 mol of an ideal gas. If 200 J of heat is added, what is the change in internal energy of the system?

200 J

Suppose a 0.3-kg mass on a spring that has been compressed 0.10 m has elastic potential energy of 1 J. What is the spring constant?

200 N/m

The mass of a hot-air balloon and its cargo (not including the air inside) is 200 kg. The air outside is at a temperature of 10°C and a pressure of 1 atm = 105 N/m2. The volume of the balloon is 400 m3. Which temperature below of the air in the balloon will allow the balloon to just lift off? (Air density at 10°C is 1.25 kg/m3.)

200 degrees C

The intensity level of sound 20 m from a jet airliner is 120 dB. At what distance from the airplane will the sound intensity level be a tolerable 100 dB? (Assume spherical spreading of sound.)

200 m

If a heat engine has an efficiency of 30% and its power output is 600 W, what is the rate of heat input from the combustion phase?

2000 W

A block of wood has density 0.50 g/cm3 and mass 1 500 g. It floats in a container of oil (the oil's density is 0.75 g/cm3). What volume of oil does the wood displace?

2000 cm^3

A rotating flywheel can be used as a method to store energy. If it has 1.0 ´ 106 J of kinetic energy when rotating at 400 rad/s, and if a frictional torque of 4.0 N×m acts on the system, in what interval of time would the flywheel come to rest?

21 min

The standard kilogram is a platinum-iridium cylinder 39.0 mm in height and 39.0 mm in diameter. What is the density of the material?

21.5 g/cm^3

One mole of an ideal gas at 1.00 atm and 0.00°C occupies 22.4 L. How many molecules of an ideal gas are in one cm3 under these conditions?

22,400

A turntable has a moment of inertia of 3.00 ´ 10-2 kg×m2 and spins freely on a frictionless bearing at 25.0 rev/min. A 0.300-kg ball of putty is dropped vertically onto the turntable and sticks at a point 0.100 m from the center. What is the new rate of rotation of the system?

22.7 rev/min

A sound wave coming from a tuba has a wavelength of 1.50 m and travels to your ears at a speed of 345 m/s. What is the frequency of the sound you hear?

230 Hz

A vault is opened by applying a force of 300 N perpendicular to the plane of the door, 0.80 m from the hinges. Find the torque due to this force about an axis through the hinges.

240 Nxm

An earthquake emits both P-waves and S-waves that travel at different speeds through the Earth. A P-wave travels at 8 000 m/s and an S-wave at 4 000 m/s. If P-waves are received at a seismic station 30.0 s before an S-wave arrives, how far is the station from the earthquake center?

240 km

A 2.00-kg block of ice is at STP (0°C, 1 atm) while it melts completely to water. What is its change in entropy? (For ice, Lf = 3.34 ´ 105 J/kg

2450 J/K

An automobile accelerates from zero to 30 m/s in 6.0 s. The wheels have a diameter of 0.40 m. What is the average angular acceleration of each wheel?

25 rad/s^2

A long steel beam has a length of twenty-five meters on a cold day when the temperature is 0°C. What is the length of the beam on a hot day when T = 40°C? (asteel= 1.1 ´ 10-5/C°)

25.011 m

25.3 m/s^2

A 4.0-kg mass is placed at (3.0, 4.0) m, and a 6.0-kg mass is placed at (3.0, -4.0) m. What is the moment of inertia of this system of masses about the z-axis?

250 kgxm^2

A windowpane is half a centimeter thick and has an area of 1.0 m2. The temperature difference between the inside and outside surfaces of the pane is 15 C°. What is the rate of heat flow through this window? (Thermal conductivity for glass is 0.84 J/s×m×°C.)

2500 J/s

How many calories are equal to one BTU? (One calorie = 4.186 J, one BTU = 1 054 J.)

252

Two tuning forks sounding together result in a beat frequency of 3 Hz. If the frequency of one of the forks is 256 Hz, what is the frequency of the other?

259 Hz or 253 Hz

While standing at a crosswalk, you hear a frequency of 560 Hz from an approaching police car. After the police car passes, its frequency is 480 Hz. What is the speed of the police car? (speed of sound = 340 m/s)

26.2 m/s

A flute behaves like a tube open at both ends. If its length is 65.3 cm, and the speed of sound is 340 m/s, what is its fundamental frequency in Hz?

260 Hz

A 2.0-m long piano string of mass 10 g is under a tension of 338 N. Find the speed with which a wave travels on this string.

260 m/s

An electrical generating plant operates at a boiler temperature of 220°C and exhausts the unused heat into a nearby river at 19°C. If the generating plant has a power output of 800 megawatts (MW) and if the actual efficiency is 3/4 the theoretical efficiency, how much heat per second must be delivered to the boiler? (0°C = 273 K)

2620 MW

What is the intensity level of a sound with intensity of 5.0 ´ 10-10 W/m2? (I0 = 10-12 W/m2)

27 dB

Air pressure is 1.0 ´ 105 N/m2, air density is 1.3 kg/m3, and the density of soft drinks is 1.0 ´ 103 kg/m3. If one blows carefully across the top of a straw sticking up 0.100 m from the liquid in a soft drink can, it is possible to make the soft drink rise half way up the straw and stay there. How fast must the air be blown across the top of the straw?

27 m/s

The Garfield Thomas water tunnel at Pennsylvania State University has a circular cross-section that constricts from a diameter of 3.6 m to the test section, which is 1.2 m in diameter. If the speed of flow is 3.0 m/s in the large-diameter pipe, determine the speed of flow in the test section.

27 m/s

The efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between 100°C and 0°C is most nearly:

27%

What is the temperature of a system in thermal equilibrium with another system made up of ice and water at one atmosphere of pressure?273 K

273 K

A solar heating system has a 25.0% conversion efficiency; the solar radiation incident on the panels is 1 000 W/m2. What is the increase in temperature of 30.0 kg of water in a 1.00-h period by a 4.00-m2-area collector? (cw = 4 186 J/kg×°C)

28.7 degrees C

A piece of aluminum has density 2.70 g/cm3 and mass 775 g. The aluminum is submerged in a container of oil (oil's density = 0.650 g/cm3). How much oil does the metal displace?

287 cm^3

The flow rate of blood through the average human aorta, of radius 1.0 cm, is about 90 cm3/s. What is the speed of the blood flow through the aorta?

29 cm/s

What is the temperature increase of 4.0 kg of water when heated by an 800-W immersion heater for 10 min? (cw = 4 186 J/kg×°C)

29 degrees C

A uniform bridge span weighs 50.0 ´ 103 N and is 40.0 m long. An automobile weighing 15.0 ´ 103 N is parked with its center of gravity located 12.0 m from the right pier. What upward support force does the left pier provide?

29.5 x 10^3 J

If the tension on a guitar string is increased by a factor of 3, the fundamental frequency at which it vibrates is changed by what factor?

Two vibrating tuning forks, held side by side, will create a beat frequency of what value if the individual frequencies of the two forks are 342 Hz and 345 Hz, respectively?

3 Hz

An ideal gas at pressure, volume, and temperature, P0, V0, and T0, respectively, is heated to point A, allowed to expand to point B also at A's temperature 2T0, and then returned to the original condition. The internal energy increases by 3P0V0/2 going from point T0 to point A. How much heat entered the gas from point T0 to point A?

3 P0 V0/2

What sound level change corresponds to a factor of two change in intensity?

3 dB

An ideal gas is confined to a container with adjustable volume. The pressure and mole number are constant. By what factor will volume change if absolute temperature triples?

3.0

An ideal gas is confined to a container with constant volume. The number of moles is constant. By what factor will the pressure change if the absolute temperature triples?

3.0

Dmitri places one end of a copper rod in a heat reservoir and the other end in a heat sink. By what factor is the rate of heat flow changed when the temperature difference between the reservoir and sink is tripled?

3.0

Tripling the displacement from equilibrium of an object in simple harmonic motion will bring about a change in the magnitude of the object's acceleration by what factor?

3.0

Tripling the weight suspended vertically from a coil spring will result in a change in the displacement of the spring's lower end by what factor?

3.0

A refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of 4.0. When removing 2.4 ´ 104 J from inside the refrigerator, how much energy is sent into the environment?

3.0 x 10^4 J

In an isobaric process 4.5 ´ 104 J of work is done on a quantity of gas while its volume changes from 2.6 m3 to 1.1 m3. What is the pressure during this process?

3.0 x 10^4 Pa

If a radio wave has speed 3.00 ´ 108 m/s and frequency 94.7 MHz, what is its wavelength?

3.17 m

A bucket of water with total mass 23 kg is attached to a rope, which in turn is wound around a 0.050-m radius cylinder at the top of a well. A crank with a turning radius of 0.25 m is attached to the end of the cylinder and the moment of inertia of cylinder and crank is 0.12 kg×m2. If the bucket is raised to the top of the well and released, what is the acceleration of the bucket as it falls toward the bottom of the well?

3.2 m/s^2

A ventilation fan with a moment of inertia of 0.034 kg×m2 has a net torque of 0.11 N×m applied to it. What angular acceleration does it experience?

3.2 rad/s^2

A centrifuge rotates at 100 rev/s (i.e., 628 rad/s). If the test tube places the suspension at 8.0 cm from the axis of rotation, by what factor are the terminal speeds of the settling particles increased as compared to sedimentation cause by gravity?

3.2 x 10^2

How many atoms are present in a sample of pure iron with a mass of 300 g? (The atomic mass of iron = 56 and NA = 6.02 ´ 1023)

3.2 x 10^24

The surface of the Sun is at approximately 5 700 K and the temperature of the Earth's surface is about 290 K. What total entropy change occurs when 1 000 J of heat energy is transferred from the Sun to the Earth?

3.27 J/K

A rectangular steel plate with dimensions of 30 cm ´ 25 cm is heated from 20°C to 220°C. What is its change in area? (Coefficient of linear expansion for steel is 11 ´ 10-6/C°.)

3.3 cm^2

What is the root-mean-square speed of chlorine gas molecules at a temperature of 320 K? (R = 8.31 J/mol×K, NA = 6.02 ´ 1023, and the molecular mass of Cl2 = 71)

3.4 x 10^2 m/s

What is the total force on the bottom of a 2.0-m-diameter by 1.0-m-deep round wading pool due to the weight of the air and the weight of the water? (Note the pressure contribution from the atmosphere is 1.0 ´ 105 N/m2, the density of water is 1 000 kg/m3, and g = 9.8 m/s2.)

3.4 x 10^5 N

A uniform 1.0-N meter stick is suspended horizontally by vertical strings attached at each end. A 2.0-N weight is suspended from the 10-cm position on the stick, another 2.0-N weight is suspended from the 50 cm position, and a 3.0-N weight is suspended from the 60 cm position. What is the tension in the string attached at the 100-cm end of the stick?

3.5 N

A disk has a moment of inertia of 3.0 ´ 10-4 kg×m2 and rotates with an angular speed of 3.5 rad/sec. What net torque must be applied to bring it to rest within 3 s?

3.5 ´ 10-4 N×m

A cylinder (I = MR2/2) is rolling along the ground at 7.0 m/s. It comes to a hill and starts going up. Assuming no losses to friction, how high does it get before it stops?

3.7 m

The position of a 0.64-kg mass undergoing simple harmonic motion is given by x = (0.160 m) cos (pt/16). What is the maximum net force on the mass as it oscillates?

3.9 x 10^-3 N

The surface of the Sun has a temperature of about 5 800 K. If the radius of the Sun is 7 ´ 108 m, determine the power output of the sun. (Take e = 1, and s = 5.67 ´ 10-8 W/m2×K4).

3.95 x 10^26 W

A phase difference of 270° corresponds to what wavelength difference?

3/4

A system is acted on by its surroundings in such a way that it receives 50 J of heat while simultaneously doing 20 J of work. What is its net change in internal energy?

30 J

A jet of water flowing from a hose at 15 m/s is directed against a wall. If the mass flow in the fluid stream is 2.0 kg/s, what force is the water applying to the wall if backsplash is negligible?

30 N

A meter stick is supported by a knife-edge at the 50-cm mark. Doug hangs masses of 0.40 and 0.60 kg from the 20-cm and 80-cm marks, respectively. Where should Doug hang a third mass of 0.30 kg to keep the stick balanced?

30 cm

A pipe of length 10.0 m increases in length by 1.5 cm when its temperature is increased by 90°F. What is its coefficient of linear expansion?

30 x 10^-6 degrees C

The condition for onset of turbulent flow is that the Reynolds Number reaches what value?

3000

A solid object is made of two materials, one material having density of 2 000 kg/m3 and the other having density of 6 000 kg/m3. If the object contains equal volumes of the materials, what is its average density?

3000 kg/m^3

A bus is designed to draw its power from a rotating flywheel that is brought up to its maximum speed (3 000 rpm) by an electric motor. The flywheel is a solid cylinder of mass 500 kg and radius 0.500 m (Icylinder = MR2/2). If the bus requires an average power of 10.0 kW, how long will the flywheel rotate?

308 s

88°F is how many degrees Celsius?

A piece of copper of mass 100 g is being drilled through with a 1/2" electric drill. The drill operates at 40.0 W and takes 30.0 s to bore through the copper. If all the energy from the drill heats the copper, find the copper's increase in temperature. ccopper = 387 J/kg×°C.

31.0 degrees C

Legend says that Archimedes, in determining whether or not the king's crown was made of pure gold, measured its volume by the water displacement method. If the density of gold is 19.3 g/cm3, and the crown's mass is 600 g, what volume would be necessary to prove that it is pure gold?

31.1 cm^3

Normal body temperature for humans is 37°C. What is this temperature in kelvins?

310K

A plane is traveling at Mach 0.950 through air at a temperature of 0ºC. What is the plane's speed? (Speed of sound at 0ºC is 331 m/s.)

314 m/s

The position of a 0.64-kg mass undergoing simple harmonic motion is given by x = (0.160 m) cos (pt/16). What is its period of oscillation?

32 s

A 5-g lead bullet traveling in 20°C air at 300 m/s strikes a flat steel plate and stops. What is the final temperature of the lead bullet? (Assume the bullet retains all heat.) The melting point of lead is 327°C. The specific heat of lead is 0.128 J/g×°C. The heat of fusion of lead is 24.5 J/g.

327 degrees C

musical tone, sounded on a piano, has a frequency of 410 Hz and a wavelength in air of 0.800 m. What is the wave speed?

328 m/s

A heat engine receives 6 000 J of heat from its combustion process and loses 4 000 J through the exhaust and friction. What is its efficiency?

33%

Of the frequencies listed below, to which one is the human ear most sensitive?

3300 Hz

The speed of sound at 0°C is 331 m/s. What is the speed of sound at 25°C? (0°C = 273 K)

346 m/s

A pound of body fat has an energy content of about 4 100 kcal. If a 1 400-kg automobile had an equivalent amount of translational kinetic energy, how fast would it be moving? (0.447 m/s = 1 mph, 1 kcal = 4 186 J)

350 mph

A temperature change from 15°C to 35°C corresponds to what incremental change in °F?

A hot (70°C) lump of metal has a mass of 250 g and a specific heat of 0.25 cal/g×°C. John drops the metal into a 500-g calorimeter containing 75 g of water at 20°C. The calorimeter is constructed of a material that has a specific heat of 0.10 cal/ g×°C. When equilibrium is reached, what will be the final temperature? cwater = 1.00 cal/g×°C.

37 degrees C

You stand by the railroad tracks as a train passes by. You hear a 1 000-Hz frequency when the train approaches, which changes to 800 Hz as it goes away. How fast is the train moving? The speed of sound in air is 340 m/s.

37.8 m/s

The density of a certain metal solid is 7.2 ´ 103 kg/m3, and its Young's modulus is 10 ´ 1010 N/m2. What is the speed of sound in this metal?

3700 m/s

A machine gear consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much total heat is generated in the part if its temperature increases by 35 C°? (Specific heats of iron and copper are 450 and 390 J/kg×°C, respectively.)

3800 J

A rod of length L is pivoted about its left end and has a force F applied perpendicular to the other end. The force F is now removed and another force F' is applied at the midpoint of the rod. If F' is at an angle of 30o with respect to the rod, what is its magnitude if the resulting torque is the same as when F was applied?

4 F

A metal bar is used to conduct heat. When the temperature at one end is 100°C and at the other is 20°C, heat is transferred at a rate of 16 J/s. The bar is then stretched uniformly to twice its original length. If again it has ends at 100°C and 20°C, at what rate will heat be transferred between it ends?

4 J/s

For a wave traveling in a string, by what factor would the tension need to be increased to double the wave speed?

4.0

If it takes 4.0 N to stretch a spring 6.0 cm and if the spring is then cut in half, what force does it take to stretch one of the halves 3.0 cm?

4.0 N

A solid cylinder of mass 3.0 kg and radius 0.2 m starts from rest at the top of a ramp, inclined 15°, and rolls to the bottom without slipping. (For a cylinder I = 0.5MR2) The upper end of the ramp is 1.2 m higher than the lower end. Find the linear speed of the cylinder when it reaches the bottom of the ramp.

4.0 m/s

A solid sphere of mass 4.0 kg and radius 0.12 m starts from rest at the top of a ramp inclined 15°, and rolls to the bottom. The upper end of the ramp is 1.2 m higher than the lower end. What is the linear speed of the sphere when it reaches the bottom of the ramp?

4.1 m/s

On an average diet, the consumption of 10 liters of oxygen releases how much energy? (4.8 kcal are released per liter of oxygen consumed.)

4.2 kJ

A fluid is drawn up through a tube as shown below. The atmospheric pressure is the same at both ends. Use Bernoulli's equation to determine the speed of fluid flow out of the tank. If the height difference from the top of the tank to the bottom of the siphon is 1.0 m, then the speed of outflow is:

4.4 m/s

Spherical particles of density 2.0 g/cm3 are shaken in a container of water (viscosity = 1.0 x 10-3 N·s/m3). The water is 8.0 cm deep and is allowed to stand for 30 minutes. What is the greatest terminal velocity of the particles still in suspension at that time?

4.4 x 10^-5 m/s

Two moles of an ideal gas at 3.0 atm and 10°C are heated up to 150°C. If the volume is held constant during this heating, what is the final pressure?

4.5 atm

Spherical particles of density 2.0 g/cm3 are shaken in a container of water (viscosity = 1.0 x 10-3 N·s/m3). The water is 8.0 cm deep and is allowed to stand for 30 minutes. What is the radius of the largest particles still in suspension at that time?

4.5 x 10^-6

A 10-kg piece of aluminum (which has a specific heat of 900 J/kg×°C) is warmed so that its temperature increases by 5.0 C°. How much heat was transferred into it?

4.5 x 10^4 J

Marc attaches a falling 500-kg object with a rope through a pulley to a paddle wheel shaft. He places the system in a well-insulated tank holding 25 kg of water. When the object falls, it causes the paddle wheel to rotate and churn the water. If the object falls a vertical distance of 100 m at constant speed, what is the temperature change of the water? (1 kcal = 4 186 J, the specific heat of water is 4 186 J/kg×°C, and g = 9.8 m/s2)

4.7 degrees C

Tripling the power output from a speaker emitting a single frequency will result in what increase in loudness?

4.8 dB

Two moles of nitrogen gas are contained in an enclosed cylinder with a movable piston. If the gas temperature is 298 K, and the pressure is 1.01 ´ 106 N/m2, what is the volume? (R = 8.31 J/mol×K)

4.9 x 10^-3 m^3

A traveling wave train has wavelength 0.50 m, speed 20 m/s. Find the wave frequency.

40 Hz

A bowling ball has a mass of 7.0 kg, a moment of inertia of 2.8 ´ 10-2 kg×m2 and a radius of 0.10 m. If it rolls down the lane without slipping at a linear speed of 4.0 m/s, what is its angular speed?

40 rad/s

A material has a coefficient of volume expansion of 60 ´ 10-6/°C. What is its area coefficient of expansion?

40 x 10^-6 /C

A solid object is made of two materials, one material having density of 2 000 kg/m3 and the other having density of 6 000 kg/m3. If the object contains equal masses of the materials, what is its average density?

4000 kg/m^3

An electrical generating plant operates at a boiler temperature of 220°C and exhausts the unused heat into a nearby river at 18°C. What is the maximum theoretical efficiency of the plant? (0°C = 273 K)

41%

Calories of the food type are equal to which of the following?

4186 J

What is the lowest frequency that will resonate in an organ pipe 2.00 m in length, closed at one end? The speed of sound in air is 340 m/s.

42.5 Hz

A tuning fork is sounded above a resonating tube (one end closed), which resonates at a length of 0.200 m and again at 0.600 m. What is the frequency of the fork when the speed of sound is taken to be 340 m/s?

425 Hz

At 20°C an aluminum ring has an inner diameter of 5.000 cm, and a brass rod has a diameter of 5.050 cm. Keeping the brass rod at 20°C, which of the following temperatures of the ring will allow the ring to just slip over the brass rod? (aAl = 2.4 ´ 10-5 /C°, abrass = 1.9 ´ 10-5/C° )

437 degrees C

A blimp is filled with 400 m3 of helium. How big a payload can the balloon lift? (The density of air is 1.29 kg/m3; the density of helium is 0.18 kg/m3.)

444 kg

A 1.5-m string is held fixed at both ends. When driven by a 180-Hz source, the string vibrates in 4 distinct segments. What is the natural fundamental frequency of the string?

45 Hz

A bucket of water with total mass 23 kg is attached to a rope, which in turn, is wound around a 0.050-m radius cylinder at the top of a well. A crank with a turning radius of 0.25 m is attached to the end of the cylinder. What minimum force directed perpendicular to the crank handle is required to just raise the bucket?

45 N

Estimate the volume of a helium-filled balloon at STP if it is to lift a payload of 500 kg. The density of air is 1.29 kg/m3 and helium has a density of 0.178 kg/m3.

450 m^3

A gasoline engine with an efficiency of 30.0% operates between a high temperature T1 and a low temperature T2 = 320 K. If this engine operates with Carnot efficiency, what is the high-side temperature T1?

457 K

A solid sphere of mass 4.0 kg and radius 0.12 m is at rest at the top of a ramp inclined 15°. It rolls to the bottom without slipping. The upper end of the ramp is 1.2 m higher than the lower end. Find the sphere's total kinetic energy when it reaches the bottom.

47 J

When gasoline is burned, it gives off 46 000 J/g of heat energy. If an automobile uses 13.0 kg of gasoline per hour with an efficiency of 21%, what is the average horsepower output of the engine? ( 1 hp = 746 W)

47 hp

A 500-Hz whistle is moved toward a listener at a speed of 10.0 m/s. At the same time, the listener moves at a speed of 20.0 m/s in a direction away from the whistle. What is the apparent frequency heard by the listener? (The speed of sound is 340 m/s.)

485 Hz

A 0.20 kg object, attached to a spring with spring constant k = 10 N/m, is moving on a horizontal frictionless surface in simple harmonic motion of amplitude of 0.080 m. What is its speed at the instant when its displacement is 0.040 m? (Hint: Use conservation of energy.)

49 cm/s

A vibrating guitar string emits a tone simultaneously with one from a 500-Hz tuning fork. If a beat frequency of 5 Hz results, what is the frequency of vibration of the string?

495 Hz

What is the total mass of the Earth's atmosphere? (The radius of the Earth is 6.4 ´ 106 m, and atmospheric pressure at the surface is 105 N/m2.)

5 x 10^18 kg

With volume and molar quantity held constant, by what factor does the absolute temperature change for an ideal gas when the pressure is five times bigger?

5.0

A copper wire of length 2.0 m, cross sectional area 7.1 ´ 10-6 m2 and Young's modulus 11 ´ 1010 N/m2 has a 200-kg load hung on it. What is its increase in length?

5.0 mm

A meter stick is hinged at its lower end and allowed to fall from a vertical position. If its moment of inertia is ML2/3, with what angular speed does it hit the table?

5.42 rad/s

Bats can detect small objects such as insects that are of a size approximately that of one wavelength. If bats emit a chirp at a frequency of 60 kHz, and the speed of sound waves in air is 330 m/s, what is the smallest size insect they can detect?

5.5 mm

A steel wire, 150 m long at 10°C, has a coefficient of linear expansion of 11 ´ 10-6/C°. Give its change in length as the temperature changes from 10°C to 45°C.

5.8 cm

The lower A on a piano has a frequency of 27.5 Hz. If the tension in the 2.0-m-long string is 304 N and one-half wavelength occupies the string, what is the mass of the string?

50 g

A heat engine exhausts 3 000 J of heat while performing 1 500 J of useful work. What is the efficiency of the engine?

50%

A turbine takes in 1000-K steam and exhausts the steam at a temperature of 500 K. What is the maximum theoretical efficiency of this system?

50%

A string is strung horizontally with a fixed tension. A wave of frequency 100 Hz is sent along the string, and it has a wave speed of 50.0 m/s. Then a second wave, one of frequency 200 Hz, is sent along the string. What is the wave speed of the second wave?

50.0 m/s

An object moving in simple harmonic motion has an amplitude of 0.020 m and a maximum acceleration of 40 m/s2. What is the frequency of the system?

51 Hz

A 100-N uniform ladder, 8.0 m long, rests against a smooth vertical wall. The coefficient of static friction between ladder and floor is 0.40. What minimum angle can the ladder make with the floor before it slips?

51 degrees

A bat, flying at 5.00 m/s toward a wall, emits a chirp at 50.0 kHz. If the wall reflects this sound pulse, what is the frequency of the echo received by the bat? (vsound = 340 m/s)

51.5 kHz

A train station bell gives off a fundamental tone of 500 Hz as the train approaches the station at a speed of 20 m/s. If the speed of sound in air is 335 m/s, what will be the apparent frequency of the bell to an observer riding the train?

530 Hz

A 120-g block of copper is taken from a kiln and quickly placed into a beaker of negligible heat capacity containing 300 g of water. The water temperature rises from 15°C to 35°C. Given cCu = 0.10 cal/g×°C, and cwater = 1.00 cal/g×°C, what was the temperature of the kiln?

535 degrees C

When two sound waves are out of phase by ____, destructive interference will occur.

540 degrees

A wave travels in a string at 60 m/s. A second string of 20% greater linear density has the same tension applied as in the first string. What will be the resulting wave speed in the second string?

55 m/s

Two moles of nitrogen gas are contained in an enclosed cylinder with a movable piston. If the molecular mass of nitrogen is 28, how many grams of nitrogen are present?

Two cars, one in front of the other, are traveling down the highway at 25 m/s. The car behind sounds its horn, which has a frequency of 500 Hz. What is the frequency heard by the driver of the lead car? (vsound = 340 m/s)

579 Hz

Water comes down the spillway of a dam from an initial vertical height of 170 m. What is the highest possible speed of the water at the end of the spillway?

58 m/s

A piece of aluminum has density 2.70 g/cm3 and mass 775 g. The aluminum is submerged in a container of oil of density 0.650 g/cm3. A spring balance is attached with string to the piece of aluminum. What reading will the balance register in grams (g) for the submerged metal?

588 g

A 0.20-kg mass is oscillating on a spring over a horizontal frictionless surface. When it is at a displacement of 2.6 cm for equilibrium it has a kinetic energy of 1.4 J and a spring potential energy of 2.2 J. What is the maximum speed of the mass during its oscillation?

6.0 m/s

How large a force is necessary to stretch a 2.0-mm-diameter steel wire (Y = 2.0 ´ 1011 N/m2) by 1.0%?

6.3 x 10^3 N

The flow rate of a liquid through a 2.0-cm-radius pipe is 0.008 0 m3/s. The average fluid speed in the pipe is:

6.4 m/s

A solid cylinder (I = MR2/2) has a string wrapped around it many times. When I release the cylinder, holding on to the string, the cylinder falls and spins as the string unwinds. What is the downward acceleration of the cylinder as it falls?

6.5 m/s^2

A heat engine operating between a pair of hot and cold reservoirs with respective temperatures of 500 K and 200 K will have what maximum efficiency?

60%

As a copper wire is heated, its length increases by 0.100%. What is the change of the temperature of the wire? (aCu = 16.6 ´ 10-6/C°)

60.2 degrees C

A 15 000-N car on a hydraulic lift rests on a cylinder with a piston of radius 0.20 m. If a connecting cylinder with a piston of 0.040-m radius is driven by compressed air, what force must be applied to this smaller piston in order to lift the car?

600 N

One kilogram of water at 1.00 atm at the boiling point of 100°C is heated until all the water vaporizes. What is its change in entropy? (For water, Lv = 2.26 ´ 106 J/kg)

6060 J/K

A 2.00-L container holds half a mole of an ideal gas at a pressure of 12.5 atm. What is the gas temperature? (R = 0.082 1 L×atm/mol×K)

609 K

A solar heated house loses about 5.4 ´ 107 cal through its outer surfaces on a typical 24-h winter day. What mass of storage rock is needed to provide this amount of heat if it is brought up to initial temperature of 62°C by the solar collectors and the house is maintained at 20°C? (Specific heat of rock is 0.21 cal/g×°C.)

6100 kg

Transverse waves travel with a speed of 200 m/s along a taut copper wire that has a diameter of 1.50 mm. What is the tension in the wire? (The density of copper is 8.93 g/cm3.)

631 N

A C note (f = 256 Hz) is sounded on a piano. If the length of the piano wire is 1.00 m and its mass density is 2.50 g/m, what is the tension in the wire?

655 N

A wave is traveling in a string at 60 m/s. When the tension is then increased 20%, what will be the resulting wave speed?

66 m/s

In the afternoon, the decibel level of a busy freeway is 80 dB with 100 cars passing a given point every minute. Late at night, the traffic flow is only 5 cars per minute. What is the late-night decibel level?

68 dB

A car with bad shocks bounces up and down with a period of 1.50 s after hitting a bump. The car has a mass of 1 500 kg and is supported by four springs of force constant k. What is k for each spring?

6850 N/m

A uniform, horizontal beam of length 6.0 m and weight 120 N is attached at one end to a wall by a pin connection (so that it may rotate). A cable attached to the wall above the pin supports the opposite end. The cable makes an angle of 60° with the horizontal. What is the tension in the cable needed to maintain the beam in equilibrium?

69 N

A person consumes 2 500 kcal/day while expending 3 500 kcal/day. In a month's time, about how much weight would this person lose if the loss were essentially all from body fat? (Body fat has an energy content of about 4 100 kcal per pound.)

7 pounds

A gyroscope has a moment of inertia of 0.14 kg×m2 and an initial angular speed of 15 rad/s. Friction in the bearings causes its speed to reduce to zero in 30 s. What is the value of the average frictional torque?

7.0x10^-2 N×m

tiny spring, with a spring constant of 1.20 N/m, will be stretched to what displacement by a 0.005 0-N force?

7.2 mm

A rod of length L is hinged at one end. The moment of inertia as the rod rotates around that hinge is ML2/3. Suppose a 2.00-m rod with a mass of 3.00 kg is hinged at one end and is held in a horizontal position. The rod is released as the free end is allowed to fall. What is the angular acceleration as it is released?

7.35 rad/s^2

What volume of water is displaced by a submerged 2.0-kg cylinder made of solid aluminum? (aluminum density = 2.7 ´ 103 kg/m3 and water density = 1.0 ´ 103 kg/m3)

7.4 x 10^-4 m^3

What is the change in entropy (DS) when one mole of silver (108 g) is completely melted at 961°C? (The heat of fusion of silver is 8.82 ´ 104 J/kg.)

7.72 J/K

A mass of 4.0 kg, resting on a horizontal frictionless surface, is attached on the right to a horizontal spring with spring constant 20 N/m and on the left to a horizontal spring with spring constant 50 N/m. If this system is moved from equilibrium, what is the effective spring constant?

70 N/m

A room has a volume of 60 m3 and is filled with air of an average molecular mass of 29 u. What is the mass of the air in the room at a pressure of 1.0 atm and temperature of 22°C? R = 0.082 L×atm/mol×K

72 kg

An astronaut is on a 100-m lifeline outside a spaceship, circling the ship with an angular speed of 0.100 rad/s. How far inward can she be pulled before the centripetal acceleration reaches 5g = 49 m/s2?

72.7 m

How much heat energy is required to vaporize a 1.0-g ice cube at 0°C? The heat of fusion of ice is 80 cal/g. The heat of vaporization of water is 540 cal/g, and cwater = 1.00 cal/g×°C.

720 cal

The tungsten filament of a light bulb has an operating temperature of about 2 100 K. If the emitting area of the filament is 1.0 cm2, and its emissivity is 0.68, what is the power output of the light bulb? (s = 5.67 ´ 10-8 W/m2×K4)

75 W

A bowling ball has a mass of 7.0 kg, a moment of inertia of 2.8 ´ 10-2 kg×m2 and a radius of 0.10 m. If it rolls down the lane without slipping at a linear speed of 4.0 m/s, what is its total kinetic energy?

78 J

Atmospheric pressure is 1.0 ´ 105 N/m2, and the density of air is 1.29 kg/m3. If the density of air is constant as you get higher and higher, calculate the height of the atmosphere needed to produce this pressure.

7900 m

Dams at two different locations are needed to form a lake. When the lake is filled, the water level will be at the top of both dams. The Dam #2 is twice as high and twice as wide as Dam #1. How much greater is the force of the water on Dam #2 than the force on Dam #1?

The oxygen molecule (O2) may be regarded as two masses connected by a spring. In vibrational motion, each oxygen atom alternately approaches, then moves away from the center of mass of the system. If each oxygen atom of mass m = 2.67 ´ 10-26 kg has a vibrational energy of 1.6 ´ 10-21 J and the effective spring constant is 50 N/m, then what is the amplitude of oscillation of each oxygen atom?

8.0 x 10^-12 m

A standing wave is set up in a 200-cm string fixed at both ends. The string vibrates in 5 distinct segments when driven by a 120-Hz source. What is the wavelength?

80 cm

By what factor is the total pressure greater at a depth of 850 m in water than at the surface where pressure is one atmosphere? (water density = 1.0 ´ 103 kg/m3, 1 atmosphere pressure = 1.01 ´ 105 N/m2, and g = 9.8 m/s2)

A Venturi tube may be used as the inlet to an automobile carburetor. If the inlet pipe of 2.0 cm diameter narrows to 1.0 cm diameter, what is the pressure drop in the constricted section for airflow of 3.0 m/s in the 2-cm section? (Assume air density is 1.25 kg/m3.)

84 Pa

Find the final equilibrium temperature when 10.0 g of milk at 10.0°C is added to 160 g of coffee at 90.0°C. (Assume the specific heats of coffee and milk are the same as water and neglect the heat capacity of the container.) cwater = 1.00 cal/g·ºC = 4186 J/kg·ºC

85.3 degrees C

An 800-N billboard worker stands on a 4.0-m scaffold supported by vertical ropes at each end. If the scaffold weighs 500 N and the worker stands 1.0 m from one end, what is the tension in the rope nearest the worker?

850 N

A tank with a volume of 0.150 m3 contains 27.0°C helium gas at a pressure of 100 atm. How many balloons can be blown up if each filled balloon is a sphere 30.0 cm in diameter at 27.0°C and absolute pressure of 1.20 atm? Assume all the helium is transferred to the balloons.

884 balloons

A very loud train whistle has an acoustic power output of 100 W. If the sound energy spreads out spherically, what is the intensity level in dB at a distance of 100 meters from the train? (I0 = 10-12 W/m2)

89.0 dB

By what factor must one change the weight suspended vertically from a spring coil in order to triple its period of simple harmonic motion?

9.0

By what factor should the length of a simple pendulum be changed if the period of vibration were to be tripled?

9.0

The Greenland ice sheet can be one km thick. Estimate the pressure underneath the ice. (The density of ice is 918 kg/m3.)

9.0 x 10^6 Pa (90 atm)

A 50-g cube of ice, initially at 0.0°C, is dropped into 200 g of water in an 80-g aluminum container, both initially at 30°C. What is the final equilibrium temperature? (Specific heat for aluminum is 900 J/kg×°C, the specific heat of water is 4 186 J/kg×°C, and Lf = 3.33 x 105 J/kg.)

9.5 degrees C

A fountain sends water to a height of 100 m. What must be the pressurization (above atmospheric) of the underground water system? (1 atm = 105 N/m2)

9.8 atm

A 4.0-kg mass is placed at (3.0, 4.0) m, and a 6.0-kg mass is placed at (3.0, -4.0) m. What is the moment of inertia of this system of masses about the y-axis?

90 kg x m^2

A stonecutter's chisel has an edge area of 0.50 cm2. If the chisel is struck with a force of 45 N, what is the pressure exerted on the stone?

900 000 Pa

At high noon, the sun delivers 1 000 W to each square meter of a blacktop road. What is the equilibrium temperature of the hot asphalt, assuming its emissivity e = 1? (s = 5.67 ´ 10-8 W/m2×K4) .

91 degrees C

One way to heat a gas is to compress it. A gas at 1.00 atm at 25.0°C is compressed to one tenth of its original volume, and it reaches 40.0 atm pressure. What is its new temperature?

919 degrees C

An inventor develops a stationary cycling device by which an individual, while pedaling, can convert all of the energy expended into heat for warming water. How much mechanical energy is required to increase the temperature of 300 g of water (enough for 1 cup of coffee) from 20°C to 95°C? (1 cal = 4.186 J, the specific heat of water is 4 186 J/kg×°C)

94 000 J

A baseball pitcher, loosening up his arm before a game, tosses a 0.15-kg ball using only the rotation of his forearm, 0.32 m in length, to accelerate the ball. If the ball starts at rest and is released with a speed of 12 m/s in a time of 0.40 s, what is the average angular acceleration of the arm and ball?

94 rad/s^2

An inventor develops a stationary cycling device by which an individual, while pedaling, can convert all of the energy expended into heat for warming water. What minimum power must be generated if 300 g water (enough for 1 cup of coffee) is to be heated in 10 min from 20°C to 95°C? (1 cal = 4.186 J, the specific heat of water is 4 186 J/kg×°C)

9400 W

How much heat energy must be removed from 100 g of oxygen at 22°C to liquefy it at -183°C? (The specific heat of oxygen gas is 0.218 cal/g×°C, and its heat of vaporization is 50.9 cal/g.)

9560 cal

The filament temperature of a light bulb is 2 000 K when the bulb delivers 40 W of power. If its emissivity remains constant, what power is delivered when the filament temperature is 2 500 K?

98 W

How much power is theoretically available from a mass flow of 1 000 kg/s of water that falls a vertical distance of 100 m?

980 kW

A standing wave is set up in a 2.0-m string fixed at both ends. The string vibrates in 5 distinct segments when driven by a 120-Hz source. In how many distinct standing wave segments will the string vibrate if the tension is increased by a factor of 4?

When considering human metabolism in terms of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics, which of the following represents the metabolic rate?

???

The adiabatic index of a gas is given by which of the following?

C_P/C_V

When the standing wave pattern in a pipe is NANA, the pipe has which of the following set of properties? (N stands for node, A for antinode.)

It is open at both ends, or It is closed at both end, or It is open at one end and closed at the other end.

Arrange from smallest to largest: the BTU, the joule, and the calorie.

J, cal, BTU

Which of the following choices is an appropriate unit for measuring entropy changes?

J/K

The first experiment, which systematically demonstrated the equivalence of mechanical energy and heat, was performed by:

Joule

Who demonstrated that when heat is gained or lost by a system during some process, the gain or loss can be accounted for by an equivalent quantity of mechanical work done on the system?

Joule

The quantity "pressure" expressed in terms of the fundamental quantities (mass, length, time) is equivalent to:

ML^-1 T^-2

The quantity "stress" expressed in terms of the fundamental quantities (mass, length, time) is equivalent to:

ML^-1 T^-2

The quantity "moment of inertia" (in terms of the fundamental quantities of mass, length, and time) is equivalent to:

ML^2

The quantity "angular momentum" (in terms of the fundamental quantities of mass, length, and time) is equivalent to:

ML^2T^-1

Which of the following involves the greatest heat transfer?

One gram of steam at 100°C changing to water at 100°C.

An ideal gas at pressure, volume, and temperature, P0, V0, and T0, respectively, is heated to point A, allowed to expand to point B also at A's temperature 2T0, and then returned to the original condition. The internal energy decreases by 3P0V0/2 going from point B to point T0. How much heat left the gas from point B to point T0?

P0 V0/2

Boltzmann's constant, kB, may be derived as a function of R, the universal gas constant, and NA, Avogadro's number. Which expresses the value of kB?

R/N_A

Of the planets with atmospheres, which is the warmest?

Venus

Of the following heat engines, which has the highest efficiency?

a Carnot engine

Which is not an example of approximate simple harmonic motion?

a ball bouncing on the floor

The quantity "strain" expressed in terms of the fundamental quantities (mass, length, time) is equivalent to:

a dimensionless quantity

A figure skater with arms initially extended starts spinning on the ice at 3 rad/s. She then pulls her arms in close to her body. Which of the following results?

a greater rotational rate

In which system is heat usually transferred from the cooler part to the warmer part?

a refrigerator that is running

If one could transport a simple pendulum of constant length from the Earth's surface to the Moon's, where the acceleration due to gravity is one-sixth (1/6) that on the Earth, by what factor would the pendulum frequency be changed?

about 0.41

What temperature increase is necessary to increase the power radiated from an object by a factor of 8?

about 68 %

Which one of the following quantities is at a maximum when an object in simple harmonic motion is at its maximum displacement?

acceleration

A thermodynamic process that happens very quickly tends to be:

adiabatic

The Carnot cycle consists of a combination of ____ and ____ processes.

adiabatic, isothermic

When a wool blanket is used to keep warm, what is the primary insulating material?

air

If a net torque is applied to an object, that object will experience:

an angular acceleration

What phenomenon is created by two tuning forks, side by side, emitting frequencies, which differ by only a small amount?

beats

Two one-liter containers each contain 10 moles of a gas. The temperature is the same in both containers. Container A holds helium (molecular mass = 4 u), and Container B holds oxygen (molecular mass = 16 u). Which container has the higher pressure and by what factor?

both containers have the same pressure

The maximum theoretical thermodynamic efficiency of a heat engine operating between hot and cold reservoirs is a function of which of the following?

both hot and cold reservoir temperatures

The total kinetic energy of a baseball thrown with a spinning motion is a function of:

both linear and rotational speeds

Which of the following produces greenhouse gases?

burning fossil fuel, cows, car pollution, factories

An object of radius R and moment of inertia I rolls down an incline of height H after starting from rest. Its total kinetic energy at the bottom of the incline:

cannot be found with given information

The P-V diagram of a cyclic process shows a curve that encloses an area. The work done by the heat engine, represented by the enclosed area, is positive when the path around the area proceeds in which of the following fashions?

clockwise

When a sine wave is used to represent a sound wave, the crest corresponds to:

condensation

The use of fiberglass insulation in the outer walls of a building is intended to minimize heat transfer through the wall by what process?

conduction

Which one of the following processes of heat transfer requires the presence of a fluid?

convection

The Earth moves about the Sun in an elliptical orbit. As the Earth moves closer to the Sun, which of the following best describes the Earth-Sun system's moment of inertia?

decreases

A Carnot engine runs between a hot reservoir at Th and a cold reservoir at Tc. If one of the temperatures is either increased or decreased by 3.5 K, which of the following changes would increase the efficiency by the greatest amount?

decreasing T_c

What happens to a given volume of water when heated from 0°C to 4°C?

density increases

What happens to a volume of water when its temperature is reduced from 8°C to 4°C?

density increases

In a large tank of liquid, the hydrostatic pressure at a given depth is a function of

depth and liquid density

A large stone is resting on the bottom of the swimming pool. The normal force of the bottom of the pool on the stone is equal to the:

difference between the weight of the stone and the weight of the displaced water.

The term "timbre" refers to which of the following?

distinguishable characteristics of a tone

The coefficient of area expansion is:

double the coefficient of linear expansion

When a sound wave moves through a medium such as air, the motion of the molecules of the medium is in what direction (with respect to the motion of the sound wave)?

either parallel or anti-parallel

Consider two different rods. The greatest thermal conductivity will be in the rod with:

electrons that are freer to move from atom to atom

Area on a P-V diagram has units associated with:

energy

Which of the following choices best corresponds to what is required by the second law of thermodynamics for any process taking place in an isolated system?

entropy increases

As a train starts from rest and then accelerates down the track, coming toward me faster and faster, the speed of the sound waves coming toward me will be:

equal to the normal speed of sound in air

According to the second law of thermodynamics, which of the following applies to the heat received from a high temperature reservoir by a heat engine operating in a complete cycle?

equals the entropy increase

What happens to a given mass of water as it is cooled from 4°C to zero?

expands

The wavelength of a traveling wave can be calculated if one knows the:

frequency and speed

As I use sandpaper on some rusty metal, the sandpaper gets hot because:

frictional processes increase the internal energy of the sandpaper

Comparing the speed of sound in liquids, gases, and solids, the speed of sound is usually lowest in ____ and highest in ____.

gases, solids

In cloud formation, water vapor turns into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to:

get warmer

Suppose a power plant uses a Carnot engine to generate electricity, using the atmosphere at 300 K as the low-temperature reservoir. Suppose the power plant produces 1 ´ 106 J of electricity with the hot reservoir at 500 K during Day One and then produces 1 ´ 106 J of electricity with the hot reservoir at 600 K during Day Two. The thermal pollution was:

greatest in day 1

When I stand halfway between two speakers, with one on my left and one on my right, a musical note from the speakers gives me constructive interference. How far to my left should I move to obtain destructive interference?

half a waelength

Evaporation cools the liquid that is left behind because the molecules that leave the liquid during evaporation:

have greater than average speed

Which of the following increases the internal energy of a solid metal rod?

having the rod absorb heat

Entropy is a measure of the ____ of a system.

heat

Consider two containers with the same volume and temperature. Container One holds "dry" air—a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen. Container Two holds "moist" air. The "moist" air has the same ratio of nitrogen to oxygen molecules, but also contains water vapor. According to the ideal gas law, if the pressures are equal, the weight of the gas in Container One will be:

heavier than the gas inside the second container

The superposition principle has to do with which of the following?

how displacements of interacting waves add together

An airplane flying with a constant speed flies from a warm air mass into a cold air mass. The Mach number will:

increase

If cooking is done using an aluminum pan over an electric burner, which of the following will not promote the rate of heat flow from burner to food?

increase pan bottom thickness

A 1.0-kg chunk of ice at 0°C melts, absorbing 80 000 cal of heat in the process. Which of the following best describes what happens to this system?

increased entropy

A steel plate has a hole drilled through it. The plate is put into a furnace and heated. What happens to the size of the inside diameter of a hole as its temperature increases?

increases

The air in a tube open at both ends is sent into its fundamental resonance. One end of the tube is then closed and the air column is again set into its fundamental resonance. The resonant frequency ____ after the end is closed.

increases by factor of 1.4

The thermal expansion of a solid is caused by:

increasing the distance between equilibrium positions for the vibrating atoms

Carbon dioxide and water molecules in the atmosphere will absorb:

infrared light

Which of the following ranges corresponds to the longest wavelengths?

infrasonic

In which part of the ear is the cochlea?

inner ear

In an isovolumetric process by an ideal gas, the system's heat gain is equivalent to a change in:

internal energy

According to the first law of thermodynamics, the sum of the heat gained by a system and the work done on that same system is equivalent to which of the following?

internal energy change

Bar One has a Young's modulus that is bigger than that of Bar Two. This indicates Bar One:

is made of a material different from Bar Two

Twenty grams of a solid at 70°C is placed in 100 grams of a fluid at 20°C. Thermal equilibrium is reached at 30°C. The specific heat of the solid:

is more than that of the fluid- 168

Between 0° and 4°C, the volume coefficient of expansion for water:

is negative

On a P-V diagram, an ____ process is represented by a horizontal line.

isothermal??

A heavily loaded boat is floating in a pond. The boat sinks because of a leak. What happens to the surface level of the pond?

it goes down

What happens to its moment of inertia when a steel disk is heated?

it increases

In a greenhouse, electromagnetic energy in the form of visible light enters the glass panes and is absorbed and then reradiated. What happens to this reradiated electromagnetic radiation from within the greenhouse?

it is partially blocked by glass

Which of the following characterizes the net force on a particle falling through a fluid at its terminal speed?

it is zero

A heavily loaded boat is floating in a pond. The boat starts to sink because of a leak but quick action plugging the leak stops the boat from going under although it is now deeper in the water. What happens to the surface level of the pond?

it stays the same

Three identical springs each have the same spring constant k. If these three springs are attached end to end forming a spring three times the length of one of the original springs, what will be the spring constant of the combination?

k/3

The SI base units for spring constant are which of the following?

kg/s^2

The absolute temperature of an ideal gas is directly proportional to which of the following properties, when taken as an average, of the molecules of that gas?

kinetic energy

At room temperature, the coefficient of linear expansion for Pyrex glass is ____ that for ordinary glass.

less than

An electrical power plant manages to send 88% of the heat produced in the burning of fossil fuel into the water-to-steam conversion. Of the heat carried by the steam, 40% is converted to the mechanical energy of the spinning turbine. Which of the following choices best describes the overall efficiency of the heat-to-work conversion in the plant (as a percentage)?

less than 40%

As a gust of wind blows across a field of grain, a wave can be seen to move across the field as the tops of the plants sway back and forth. This wave is a:

longitudinal wave

The ideal gas law treats gas as consisting of:

molecules

A solid disk of radius R rolls down an incline in time T. The center of the disk is removed up to a radius of R/2. The remaining portion of the disk with its center gone is again rolled down the same incline. The time it takes is:

more than T

The observation that materials expand in size with an increase in temperature can be applied to what proportion of existing substances?

most

An adiabatic expansion refers to the fact that:

no heat is transferred

A uniform solid sphere rolls down an incline of height 3 m after starting from rest. In order to calculate its speed at the bottom of the incline, one needs to know:

no more than is given in the problem

Which best describes the relationship between two systems in thermal equilibrium?

no net energy is exchanged

100 g of liquid nitrogen at its boiling point of 77 K is stirred into a beaker containing 500 g of 15°C water. If the nitrogen leaves the solution as soon as it turns to gas, how much water freezes? The heat of vaporization of nitrogen is 48 cal/g and that of water is 80 cal/g.

none

The Earth's gravity exerts no torque on a satellite orbiting the Earth in an elliptical orbit. Compare the motion at the point nearest the Earth (perigee) to the motion at the point farthest from the Earth (apogee). At the point closest to the Earth:

none of the above

According to the first law of thermodynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which of the following choices applies?

none of the choices apply

Which of the following statements is true?

objects do not contain heat

An interval of one Celsius degree is equivalent to an interval of:

one Kelvin

For a wave on the ocean, the amplitude is:

one half the height difference between the crest and the trough

Which state of matter is associated with the very highest of temperatures?

plasma

Consider the curve x = A sin(kt), with A > 0. At which point on the graph is it possible that t = 0?

point t3

If one could observe the individual atoms making up a piece of matter and note that during a process of change their motion somehow became more orderly, then one may assume which of the following in regard to the system?

positive work done on

During an isobaric process which one of the following does not change?

pressure

The number of overtones, and their relative intensities, is associated with what property of the tone generated by a musical instrument?

quality

How does the heat energy from the sun reach us through the vacuum of space?

radiation

If one's hands are being warmed by holding them to one side of a flame, the predominant form of heat transfer is what process?

radiation

The surfaces of a Dewar flask are silvered for the purpose of minimizing heat transfer by what process?

radiation

Which type of heating causes sunburn?

radiation

John rapidly pulls a plunger out of a cylinder. As the plunger moves away, the gas molecules bouncing elastically off the plunger are:

rebounding at a lower speed than they would have if the plunger weren't removed.

Think of Bernoulli's equation as it pertains to an ideal fluid flowing through a horizontal pipe. Imagine that you take measurements along the pipe in the direction of fluid flow. What happens to the sum of the pressure and energy per unit volume?

remains constant as the pipe diameter increases

If a wave pulse is reflected from a free boundary, which of the following choices best describes what happens to the reflected pulse?

remains upright

A tire stops a car by use of friction. What modulus should we use to calculate the stress and strain on the tire?

shear modulus

The bulk modulus of a material, as a meaningful physical property, is applicable to which of the following?

solids, liquids, gases

Which of the following is an example of a longitudinal wave?

sound wave in air

On a sunny day at the beach, the reason the sand gets so hot and the water stays relatively cool is attributed to the difference in which property between water and sand?

specific heat

Sea breezes that occur near the shore are attributed to a difference between land and water with respect to what property?

specific heat

A pipe carrying water has a radius of 1.0 cm. If the flow velocity is 9.0 cm/s, which of the following characterizes the flow? Take the viscosity of water to be 1.0 x 10-3 N·s/m.

streamlined

In an elastic solid there is a direct proportionality between strain and:

stress

Which of the following best describes a substance in which the temperature remains constant while at the same time it is experiencing an inward heat flow?

substance undergoing a change of state

Of the following systems, which contains the most heat?

systems do not contain heat

Heat flow occurs between two bodies in thermal contact when they differ in what property?

temperature

The speed of sound in air is a function of which one of the following?

temperature

The Earth's gravity exerts no torque on a satellite orbiting the Earth in an elliptical orbit. Compare the motion of the satellite at the point nearest the Earth (perigee) to the motion at the point farthest from the Earth (apogee). At these two points:

the angular momenta are the same

For an ideal gas of a given mass, if the pressure remains the same and the volume increases:

the average kinetic energy of the molecules increases

If the temperature of an ideal gas contained in a box is increased:

the average speed of the molecules in the box will be increased

Which of the following properties can be used to measure temperature?

the color of a glowing object, the length of a solid, the volume of gas held at constant pressure, the pressure of a gas held at constant volume

If heat is flowing from a table to a block of ice moving across the table, which of the following must be true?

the ice is cooler than the table

Heat is applied to an ice-water mixture to melt some of the ice. In this process:

the internal energy increases

In an isothermal process for an ideal gas system (where the internal energy doesn't change), which of the following choices best corresponds to the value of the work done on the system?

the negative of its heat intake

According to Newton's second law, the angular acceleration experienced by an object is directly proportional to:

the net applied torque

An ideal gas at pressure, volume, and temperature, P0, V0, and T0, respectively, is heated to point A, allowed to expand to point B also at A's temperature 2T0, and then returned to the original condition. The internal energy decreases by 3P0V0/2 going from point B to point T0. In going around this cycle once, which quantity equals zero?

the net change in internal energy of the gas

A 40-kg boy is standing on the edge of a stationary 30-kg platform that is free to rotate. The boy tries to walk around the platform in a counterclockwise direction. As he does:

the platform rotates in a clockwise direction while the boy goes around in a counterclockwise direction relative to the ground.

As ice floats in water, about 10% of the ice floats above the surface of the water. If we float some ice in a glass of water, what will happen to the water level as the ice melts?

the water level will remain unchanged

Consider the use of the terms "rotation" and "revolution". In physics:

the words have different meaning

A 4.2-kg mass is placed at (3.0, 4.0) m. Where can an 8.4-kg mass be placed so that the moment of inertia about the z-axis is zero?

there is no position giving this result

The zeroth law of thermodynamics pertains to what relational condition that may exist between two systems?

thermal equilibrium

For a mass suspended on a spring in the vertical direction, the time for one complete oscillation will depend on:

time does not depend on any of the above

Consider a vibrating string that makes a sound wave that moves through the air. As the guitar string moves up and down, the air molecules that are a certain horizontal distance from the string will move:

toward and away from the guitar string

Which best describes a system made up of ice, water and steam existing together?

triple point

For a standing wave on a string the wavelength must equal:

twice the distance between adjacent nodes

Consider the curve f(x) = A cos(2px/l). The wavelength of the wave will be:

twice the distance x2 to x3.

For a standing wave in an air column in a pipe that is open at both ends, there must be at least:

two antinodes and one node

When car shock absorbers wear out and lose their damping ability, what is the resulting oscillating behavior?

underdamped

If an ideal gas does positive work on its surroundings, we may assume, with regard to the gas:

volume increases

If the frequency of a traveling wave train is increased by a factor of three in a medium where the speed is constant, which of the following is the result?

wavelength is one third as big

Suppose there is an object for which F = +kx. What will happen if the object is moved away from equilibrium (x = 0) and released?

will move further away with increasing acceleration

On a P-V diagram, if a process involves a closed curve, the area inside the curve represents:

work

In winter, light-colored clothes will keep you warmer than dark-colored clothes if:

you are warmer than your surroundings

A mass of 0.40 kg, attached to a spring with a spring constant of 80 N/m, is set into simple harmonic motion. What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the mass when at its maximum displacement of 0.10 m from the equilibrium position?

zero

Which best expresses the value for the coefficient of volume expansion, b, for given material as a function of its corresponding coefficient of linear expansion, a?

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