Physiology Chapter 21 - The Respiratory System

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? -Synthesizing ACE -Maintaining acid-base balance -Helping with venous blood return to the heart -Sense of smell -Activation of vitamin D

Activation of vitamin D Note: The respiratory system will convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II. It does not activate vitamin D.

Which of the following changes accompanies emphysema? -Alveoli collapse and surface area is lost. -Pulmonary compliance decreases. -Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood decreases. -Vital capacity increases.

Alveoli collapse and surface area is lost.

Which of the following represents the method by which the largest % of carbon dioxide is transported into the blood stream? -Attached to the globin of the globin chain -Dissolved directly in the plasma -Attached to the heme group -As a bicarbonate ion in the plasma

As a bicarbonate ion in the plasma: Roughly 70% of all carbon dioxide molecules are transported in the blood stream as bicarbonate

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported __________. -as the bicarbonate ion -as carbaminohemoglobin -dissolved in plasma -as carbonic acid

As the bicarbonate ion

A patient presents with bronchoconstriction, inflamed airways, and excessive mucus production triggered by aspirin. This patient most likely suffers from __________. -Asthma -Emphysema -Chronic bronchitis -Lung cancer

Asthma

Which of the following methods does not transport carbon dioxide in the blood? -Bound to Hb within platelets -Bound to Hb within erythrocytes -As bicarbonate ions in blood -Dissolved in the plasma

Bound to Hb within platelets

How is most oxygen transported in the blood? -Bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin -As the bicarbonate ion in the plasma -Combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin -As carbonic acid in the plasma

Bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin

How is the vast majority of oxygen transported in the blood? -As a bicarbonate ion in the plasma -As carbonic acid in the plasma -Bound to the globin chain of hemoglobin -Bound to the heme of hemoglobin

Bound to the heme of hemoglobin

Which gas law best explains the process of ventilation? -Boyle's law -Dalton's law -Henry's Law

Boyle's law Note: Boyle's law states that pressure is inversely related to volume. As you inhale, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases creating low pressure, air moves in. As you exhale, the volume of the the thoracic cavity decreases creating high pressure, air moves out.

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form _____________. -carbonic acid -bicarbonate -hydrochloric acid -carbaminohemoglobin

Carbonic acid

Which of the following actions will occur in the lungs if intrapleural pressure equals or increases above atmospheric pressure? -Collapse -Overinflation -Burst -Inhalation

Collapse

Which law states that each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure? -Dalton's law -Both Boyle's law and Henry's law -Boyle's law -Henry's law

Dalton's law

The affinity of hemoglobin (Hb) for oxygen increases with __________. -decreased metabolic rate -increased body temperature -decreased pH in the blood -increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Decreased metabolic rate

Restrictive lung diseases typically include: -decreased pulmonary compliance. -decreased efficiency of expiration. -increased vital capacity. -decreased alveolar surface tension.

Decreased pulmonary compliance.

What is the primary factor that determines airway resistance in the respiratory passageways? -Elasticity of the lung tissues -Presence of surfactant -Blood pressure in the pulmonary capillaries -Diameter of the bronchi and bronchioles

Diameter of the bronchi and bronchioles Note: Just as diameter of the blood vessel is the most important factor impacting vascular resistance, diameter of the bronchi and bronchioles is the most important factor impacting resistance in the respiratory passageways.

What primarily determines airway resistance in the respiratory passageways? -Diameter of the conducting zone passageways -Elasticity of the lung tissues -Presence of surfactant -Degree of alveolar surface tension

Diameter of the conducting zone passageways

What is (are) the main muscle(s) of pulmonary ventilation? -Diaphragm -External intercostal muscles -Serratus anterior muscles -External obliques

Diaphragm

Which of the following is a false statement about emphysema? -Emphysema decreases surface area in the lungs. -Emphysema decreases vital capacity. -Emphysema is a genetic disorder. -Emphysema causes the loss of elastic tissue which will cause retention of carbon dioxide rich air in the alveoli.

Emphysema is a genetic disorder: Emphysema is not considered a genetic disorder. It is linked to smoking.

Restrictive lung diseases will have the biggest impact on the amount of air which can be exhaled. -True -False

False: Restrictive lung disease "restrict" inhalation, not exhalation. The collagen fibers do not stretch.

A fully saturated hemoglobin molecule transports __________. -four molecules of oxygen -one molecule of oxygen -two molecules of oxygen -eight molecules of oxygen

Four molecules of oxygen

Air moves out of the lungs when the intrapulmonary pressure, or pressure inside the lungs, is __________. -greater than atmospheric pressure -less than atmospheric pressure -equal to atmospheric pressure -less than intrapleural pressure

Greater than atmospheric pressure

Carbon dioxide has a relatively high solubility in blood plasma, although it has a very low partial pressure. What law describes this phenomenon? -Henry's law -Dalton's law -Boyle's law -Charles' law

Henry's law

Which of the following factors can trigger hyperventilation? -High partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood -High partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood -Low partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood -Low concentration of hydrogen ions in arterial blood

High partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

Which one of the following pressures is not a gradient that influences pulmonary ventilation? -Hydrostatic pressure -Atmospheric pressure -Intrapulmonary pressure -Intrapleural pressure

Hydrostatic pressure

Respiratory acidosis results from __________. -hypoventilation -hyperventilation -hypocapnia -hypoxemia

Hypoventilation

Which of the following diseases is not a subtype of COPD? -Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis -Small airway disease -Emphysema -Chronic bronchitis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Predict what happens to air movement when atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, intrapulmonary pressure is 758 mm Hg, and intrapleural pressure is 754 mm Hg. -Inspiration -No air movement -Exhalation -Atelectasis

Inspiration

Why is carbon monoxide so toxic? -It causes a change in Hb's shape that increases its affinity for oxygen. -It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. -It causes a change in Hb's shape that decreases its affinity for oxygen. -It readily dissolves in the plasma.

It causes a change in Hb's shape that increases its affinity for oxygen.

Why does carbon dioxide dissolve better in plasma than oxygen? -It has a higher solubility in water. -It has a higher partial pressure. -It has a lower solubility in water. -It has a bigger air volume.

It has a higher solubility in water.

Which of the following events occurs as hemoglobin saturation decreases? -More oxygen is released from hemoglobin. -The partial pressure of oxygen increases. -More oxygen binds to hemoglobin. -The same amount of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin.

More oxygen is released from hemoglobin.

What determines the direction of gas movements in internal respiration? -Partial pressure gradient -Molecular weight of the gas molecule -Temperature -Gas solubility in water

Partial pressure gradient

When considering the central chemoreceptors, the most important stimulus that induces changes in ventilation is __________. -partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood -partial pressure of oxygen in systemic capillaries -partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood -partial pressure of oxygen in pulmonary capillaries

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

What is the primary source of carbonic acid in the blood? -Pco2 of the blood -Po2 of the blood -Amount of BPG -Amount of hemoglobin

Pco2 of the blood

What does Boyle's law state about pressure and volume at a constant temperature and a constant pressure? -Pressure increases when volume decreases. -Pressure decreases when volume decreases. -Pressure increases when volume increases. Pressure and volume changes are unrelated.

Pressure increases when volume decreases.

What is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forced expiration? -Residual volume -Inspiratory reserve volume -Tidal volume -Anatomical dead space volume

Residual volume

Which of the following conditions is associated with a blood pH below 7.35? -Respiratory acidosis -Hyperventilation -Respiratory alkalosis -Hypoxemia

Respiratory acidosis

Increased blood pH caused by low levels of carbon dioxide results in ___________. -respiratory alkalosis -hypercapnia -respiratory acidosis -hypoventilation

Respiratory alkalosis

What is the most prevalent risk factor for lung cancer? -Smoking cigarettes -Drinking alcohol -Bacterial infections -Exposure to radiation

Smoking cigarettes

A ______________ is an instrument used to measure respiratory volumes. -spirometer -sphygmomanometer -stethoscope -thermometer

Spirometer

What reduces alveolar surface tension? -Surfactant -Mucus -Water -Partial pressure

Surfactant

Which phenomenon counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from RBCs? -The chloride shift -Ventilation-perfusion matching -The Bohr effect -Dalton's law

The chloride shift

Which of the following factors does not affect the efficiency of tissue gas exchange? -The diameter of an alveolus -The surface area available for gas exchange -The perfusion of the tissue -The distance over which diffusion must occur

The diameter of an alveolus

Which of the following factors will not increase airway resistance? -The sympathetic nervous system -Inflammation -The parasympathetic nervous system -Increased mucus

The sympathetic nervous system

Which statement best describes tidal volume? -Tidal volume is the air exchanged during normal breathing. -Tidal volume is the air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration. -Tidal volume is the air exhaled after normal inspiration. -Tidal volume is the air forcibly expelled after normal expiration.

Tidal volume is the air exchanged during normal breathing.

The coupling of blood flow with the amount of air reaching the alveoli is known as __________. -Ventilation-perfusion matching -Partial pressure -Boyle's law -Henry's law

Ventilation-perfusion matching

What is the coupling of blood flow with the amount of air reaching the alveoli known as? -Ventilation-perfusion matching -Henry's law -Dalton's law -Pulmonary compliance

Ventilation-perfusion matching

What pulmonary capacity can be measured when a person inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible? -Vital capacity -Functional residual capacity -Inspiratory capacity -Total lung capacity

Vital capacity

Extremely low concentrations of oxygen in the blood is known as __________. -hypoxemia -emphysema -hypercapnia -asthma

hypoxemia

A decrease in which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen unloaded by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues? -pH -Temperature -BPG -Pco2

pH

Vital capacity = __________. -tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume -expiratory reserve volume + residual volume -inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume -inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + residual volume

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

Which of the following are the two most important muscles of inspiration? -internal obliques -internal intercostals -external intercostals -scalenes -diaphragm

-External intercostals -Diaphragm

Expiration occurs when the pressure inside the lungs is: -greater than atmospheric pressure. -lesser than intrapleural pressure. -equal to atmospheric pressure. -lesser than atmospheric pressure

-Greater than atmospheric pressure.

If your patient is hypoventilating, the result could be _______________. Select ALL correct answers. -hypercapnia -hypocapnia -respiratory alkalosis -respiratory acidosis

-Hypercapnia -Respiratory acidosis Note: Hypoventilation will increase the amount of carbon dioxide retained in the body, a condition known as hypercapnia. As the carbon dioxide levels increase, the body will slide into respiratory acidosis. CO2+H2O<-->H+ + HCO3-