Physiology Chpt 18 and 19
The coronary arteries arise from the __________. superior vena cava aorta right atrium inferior vena cava pulmonary trunk
aorta
Blood services the myocardium of the heart by coronary vessels that originate from the __________. pulmonary artery aorta inside of the ventricles superior vena cava pulmonary veins
aorta (The coronary artery branches from the base of the aorta)
The superior chambers of the heart are called the __________. coronary chambers cavae ventricles atria
atria (The heart has four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The atria are the superior chambers; the ventricles are inferior to the atria.)
The vessels that carry oxygen to the myocardium are called __________. pulmonary veins pulmonary arteries coronary veins coronary arteries aortic arteries
coronary arteries
The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower regions of the body and empties into the __________. right atrium left ventricle right ventricle aorta left atrium
right atrium
circumflex artery
Supplies blood to the left atrium and posterior walls of the left ventricle
Changes in peripheral resistance are primarily driven by __________. blood vessel length tunica intima thickness blood vessel diameter blood viscosity
blood vessel diameter
Which of the following types of blood vessels have the proportionally thickest tunica media of all vessels? elastic arteries arterioles vasa vasorum muscular arteries
muscular arteries
Blood flow would be increased by __________. decreasing blood pressure increasing blood vessel length increasing cardiac output decreasing vessel diameter
increasing cardiac output
Guided by powerful signaling molecules, the human heart develops from __________. mesoderm endoderm cardioderm ectoderm
mesoderm
The interventricular septum forms a dividing wall between the __________. left and right atria left and right ventricles left atrium and left ventricle right atrium and right ventricle right ventricle and left atrium
left and right ventricles
The endothelium is composed of __________. stratified squamous epithelium tunica media smooth muscle cells simple cuboidal epithelium simple squamous epithelium simple columnar epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
Which of the following is NOT a role of the fibrous pericardium? It facilitates heart contraction. It prevents the heart from overfilling with blood. It protects the heart. It anchors the heart to surrounding structures.
It facilitates heart contraction. (The fibrous pericardium is the superficial part of the pericardium that encloses the heart. It protects the heart, prevents the heart from overfilling with blood, and anchors the heart to surrounding structures.)
t the arteriolar end of a capillary, __________ pushes fluid into the capillary. hydrostatic pressure in the capillary osmotic pressure in the capillary hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid
hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid
During systemic circulation, blood leaves the __________. right atrium and flows directly to the lungs right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs left ventricle and flows directly to the aorta right ventricle and goes directly to the aorta lungs and flows directly to the left atrium
left ventricle and flows directly to the aorta
When the mitral valve closes, it prevents the backflow of blood from the __________. left atrium into the left ventricle left ventricle into the left atrium left ventricle into the aorta right atrium into the right ventricle right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk
left ventricle into the left atrium
diastolic pressure
lowest level of aortic pressure
An elastic lamina on both sides of the tunica media is a characteristic of __________. elastic arteries conducting arteries muscular arteries all arteries
muscular arteries
The noncontractile cardiac muscle cells that initiate their own depolarization and cause depolarization of the rest of the heart are called __________. intercalated discs pacemaker cells desmosomes cardioinhibitory centers gap junctions
pacemaker cells
The tricuspid valve is located between the __________. right ventricle and the aorta left atrium and left ventricle right atrium and right ventricle right and left ventricles right and left atria
right atrium and right ventricle
From the perspective of blood returning from the systemic circuit, identify the correct sequence of blood flow through the chambers of the heart. left atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle, right atrium, lungs right ventricle, left ventricle, left atrium, lungs, right atrium right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle lungs, right ventricle, left ventricle, right atrium, left atrium left ventricle, left atrium, lungs, right ventricle, right atrium
right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle
During pulmonary circulation, blood leaves the __________. left ventricle and flows directly to the lungs right ventricle and flows directly to the aorta right atrium and flows directly to the lungs right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs right atrium and flows directly to the left ventricle
right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs
During pulmonary circulation, blood leaves the __________. right atrium and flows directly to the lungs right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs right ventricle and flows directly to the aorta right atrium and flows directly to the left ventricle left ventricle and flows directly to the lungs
right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs
posterior interventricular artery
runs to the apex of the heart
The role of the atrioventricular node (AV node) is to __________. slow down impulses so that the atria can contract to fill the adjacent ventricles with blood initiate ventricular depolarization initiate a sinus rhythm conduct impulses to the sinoatrial node (SA node)
slow down impulses so that the atria can contract to fill the adjacent ventricles with blood
Which of the following is the correct sequence of layers in the vessel wall from superficial to deep? tunica intima, tunica externa, tunica media tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima tunica media, tunica intima, tunica externa tunica intima, tunica externa, tunica media It varies from vessel to vessel.
tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima
The __________ nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the sinoatrial (SA) node. hypoglossal facial vagus accessory
vagus
mitral (bicuspid) valve
valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
tricuspid valve
valve between the right atrium and right ventricle
Loss of vasomotor tone that results in a huge drop in peripheral resistance is known as __________. atherosclerosis vascular shock vasoconstriction hypertension varicose veins
vascular shock (right answer feedback:In vascular shock, blood volume is normal and constant but there is an abnormal expansion of the vascular beds, resulting in a huge drop in peripheral resistance, causing blood pressure to fall rapidly.)
stroke volume
the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle with each heartbeat
The vessel layer that has a direct role in vasoconstriction is the __________. endothelium tunica externa tunica media tunica intima
tunica media
Which of the layers of an artery wall is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system and many hormones? tunica media subendothelial layer tunica intima tunica externa
tunica media
systole
contraction
The contractile cardiac muscle fibers of the myocardium behave as a single, coordinated unit called a __________. sarcomere contractile unit functional syncytium pacemaker cardiac cycle
functional syncytium
Which of the following veins is the longest in the body? inferior vena cava hepatic portal vein superior vena cava femoral vein great saphenous vein
great saphenous vein (The great saphenous vein is the longest in the body, running from the sole of the foot up to the inguinal region (without changing names).)
Which of the following is true when comparing arteries and veins? Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood to the heart. At any given time, there is more blood present in arteries than in veins. Arteries are less muscular than veins. Arteries have valves; veins do not.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood to the heart.
Reduction in the lumen diameter of a blood vessel as the smooth muscle contracts is known as __________. varicose veins arteriosclerosis vasoconstriction vasodilation atherosclerosis
vasoconstriction
Up to 65% of the body's blood supply is found in __________. capillaries arteries veins arterioles
veins
The trabeculae carneae are located in the __________. atria epicardium ventricles endocardium
ventricles (The trabeculae carneae are located in the ventricles.)
pulse pressure
the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
Hypertension is defined physiologically as a condition of sustained arterial pressure of __________ or higher. 140/90 130/80 120/80 130/90
140/90
If the net filtration pressure (NFP) is positive, then fluid is reabsorbed into the blood. True False
False (A positive net filtration pressure (NFP) would force fluid out of the blood. A negative NFP would result in reabsorption.)
Baroreceptors are effective in long-term regulation of blood pressure. True False
False (Short-term blood pressure regulation involves both neural and hormonal controls. Neural control is regulated by higher order brain centers, chemoreceptors, and baroreceptors. Long-term control of blood pressure is achieved through direct and indirect renal (kidney) control mechanisms)
__________ inhibits fibrinolysis by competing with plasminogen and may contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Cytomegalovirus Lipoprotein (a) Cholesterol Foamy macrophages
Lipoprotein (a) (Lipoprotein (a) competes with plasminogen but cannot dissolve clots, and it participates in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.)
The normal pacemaker of the heart is the __________. AV node bundle branches AV bundle SA node subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers)
SA node
Choose the correct sequence of electrical current flow through the heart wall. AV node, SA node, subendocardial conducting network, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches subendocardial conducting network, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, SA node SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, subendocardial conducting network AV node, subendocardial conducting network, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches SA node, subendocardial conducting network, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, subendocardial conducting network
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the shape, position, and location of the heart? The heart is located between the two lungs within the mediastinum. Approximately two-thirds of the heart is found to the left of the midline. The heart is enclosed in a double-layered sac called the pleural membrane. The heart is shaped like a cone with the base facing the right shoulder.
The heart is enclosed in a double-layered sac called the pleural membrane.
In the fetus, blood from the left and right sides of the heart normally mix. True False
True (In utero, blood from the right atrium is shunted to the left atrium via the foramen ovale. Additionally, the ductus arteriosus shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, bypassing the pulmonary circuit.)
Which of the following is a difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle? Unlike skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells can be autorhythmic. Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is not striated. Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle does not use a sliding filament mechanism for contraction. Unlike skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells do not rely on calcium ions for contraction.
Unlike skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells can be autorhythmic.
An enlarged R wave on an ECG would indicate __________. repolarization abnormalities cardiac ischemia an enlarged ventricle a myocardial infarction
an enlarged ventricle
Which of the following acts on the kidneys and blood vessels to raise blood pressure? atrial natriuretic peptide antidiuretic hormone epinephrine angiotensin II
antidiuretic hormone (Antidiuretic hormone acts on arterioles and kidney tubule cells to increase blood pressure. Angiotensin II acts on arterioles to increase blood pressure. Epinephrine acts on arterioles and the heart to increase blood pressure. Atrial natriuretic peptide acts on arterioles to lower blood pressure.)
Blood flows directly from __________ into capillary beds. venules elastic arteries muscular arteries arterioles
arterioles
The P wave of an electrocardiogram represents __________. ventricular depolarization atrial depolarization ventricular repolarization atrial repolarization
atrial depolarization
The only vessels that provide direct access to nearly every cell in the body are the __________. arteries veins venules capillaries arterioles
capillaries (If blood vessels are compared to a system of expressways and roads, the capillaries are the back alleys and the driveways that provide direct access to nearly every cell in the body.)
Exchange of gases and nutrients occurs by diffusion between the __________. arterioles and tissue cells capillaries and tissue cells artery walls and tissue cells arterioles and venules arteries and veins
capillaries and tissue cells (Oxygen, carbon dioxide, most nutrients, and metabolic wastes pass between the blood and interstitial fluid by diffusion through the capillaries.)
Which of the following abdominal arteries branches to form the common hepatic artery, left gastric artery, and splenic artery? superior mesenteric artery gonadal arteries celiac trunk inferior mesenteric artery descending aorta
celiac trunk The celiac trunk is a large, unpaired artery that branches into the hepatic, left gastric, and splenic arteries to supply much of the upper abdomen.
Most neural controls of blood pressure involve input from baroreceptors, which are sensitive to __________. the level of oxygen in the blood the constriction of capillary beds the level of carbon dioxide in the blood changes in blood pressure
changes in blood pressure
The __________ are attached to the AV valve flaps. chordae tendineae pectinate muscles trabeculae carneae papillary muscles
chordae tendineae (The chordae tendineae, also known as the heartstrings, are attached to the flaps of the AV valves and prevent the valves from blowing into the atria when the ventricles contract.)
The minute-to-minute blood flow through the capillary beds is determined by the __________. elastic lamina on both sides of the tunica media in muscular arteries constriction of elastic arteries diameter of arterioles number of elastic fibers in conducting arteries
diameter of arterioles
Which of the following are correctly paired? ectopic focus: an abnormal pacemaker fibrillation: premature contraction heart block: uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contraction arrhythmia: atrioventricular (AV) node failure
ectopic focus: an abnormal pacemaker
A doctor puts his stethoscope on a patient's chest over the location of the heart and hears an abnormal swishing sound. Which of the following conditions is the best diagnosis for the patient's condition? myocardial infarction angina pectoris incompetent cardiac valve cardiac tamponade
incompetent cardiac valve
A metarteriole is a vessel that __________. returns interstitial fluid to the circulation drains the capillary bed is intermediate between the arteriole and the capillary bed is intermediate between a capillary and a venule
is intermediate between the arteriole and the capillary bed
The major long-term mechanism of blood pressure control is provided by the __________. paravertebral ganglia digestive tract kidneys heart lungs
kidneys (The kidneys act both directly and indirectly to regulate arterial pressure and provide the major long-term mechanism of blood pressure control by altering blood volume.)
Into which chamber of the heart do the pulmonary veins deliver blood? right ventricle left atrium right atrium left ventricle
left atrium
Freshly oxygenated blood is delivered to the __________, and then it passes into the __________ to be pumped to the body tissues (systemic circuit). left atrium; left ventricle right ventricle; right atrium right atrium; right ventricle left ventricle; left atrium
left atrium; left ventricle
The structure just deep to the fibrous pericardium is the __________. myocardium epicardium diaphragm visceral layer of the serous pericardium endocardium parietal layer of the serous pericardium
parietal layer of the serous pericardium
systolic pressure
peak of aortic pressure
The presence of __________ stabilizes the wall of capillaries. valves elastic fibers pericytes gap junctions
pericytes
Which of the following regulates blood flow at the entrance to each true capillary? tunica externa valves precapillary sphincter lymph nodes tunica intima
precapillary sphincter (The cuff of smooth muscle fibers surrounding the root of each true capillary at the metarteriole that acts as a valve to regulate blood flow into the capillary is a precapillary sphincter.)
mean arterial pressure
pressure that propels blood through the tissues
aortic semilunar valve
prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle
diastole
relaxation
The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower regions of the body and empties into the __________. aorta right atrium left ventricle right ventricle left atrium
right atrium
The endocardium is composed of __________. elastic cartilage columnar epithelium cuboidal epithelium squamous epithelium cardiac muscle cells
squamous epithelium
anterior interventricular artery
supplies blood to the interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles
right marginal artery
supplies blood to the lateral right side of the myocardium
The flow of blood from the left ventricle to the right atrium is called the __________. hepatoportal circulation pulmonary circulation systemic circulation microcirculation
systemic circulation
cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute
Cardiac output is __________. the number of times the heart beats in one minute the amount of blood filling each ventricle at the end of diastole the amount of blood pumped out of the heart during every ventricular contraction the number of impulses fired by the SA node in one minute the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute
the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute
Which of the following blood vessels is the most susceptible to atherosclerosis? the femoral artery the cerebral arteries the pulmonary arteries the aorta
the aorta
Which of the following structures is superficial to the heart wall and serves to protect the heart, anchor the heart, and prevent the heart from overfilling? the pericardial sac the fibrous pericardium the epicardium the parietal layer of serous pericardium
the epicardium (The epicardium lies on the outside surface of the heart and is an integral part of the cardiac wall.)
cardiac cycle
the events associated with blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat
What part of the heart is considered the systemic circuit pump? the right atrium the left ventricle the pericardium the right ventricle
the left ventricle (The left ventricle pumps blood to most body tissues and is considered the systemic circuit pump.)
Which of the following valves is most often faulty in the heart? the pulmonary semilunar valve the aortic semilunar valve the tricuspid valve the mitral, or bicuspid, valve
the mitral, or bicuspid, valve
The absolute refractory period refers to the time during which __________. the muscle cell is ready to respond to any stimulus the muscle cell is ready to respond to a threshold stimulus the muscle cell will not respond to a stimulus of any strength the muscle cell will respond only to a sub-threshold stimulus the muscle cell will respond only to an exceptionally strong stimulus
the muscle cell will not respond to a stimulus of any strength
The cardiac cycle includes all of the following events EXCEPT __________. the changes in pressure gradients in all chambers of the heart the movement of impulse from the SA node to all regions of the heart wall the number of times the heart beats in one minute the changes in blood volume in all chambers of the heart the closing and opening of the heart valves during each heartbeat
the number of times the heart beats in one minute
Which of the following is the major force generating blood flow? blood viscosity total blood vessel length blood vessel diameter the pumping action of the heart peripheral resistance
the pumping action of the heart
Which of the following factors gives the myocardium its high resistance to fatigue? the presence of intercalated discs the coronary circulation gap junctions a very large number of mitochondria in the cytoplasm
a very large number of mitochondria in the cytoplasm (Twenty-five to thirty-five percent of the volume of a myocardial cell is composed of large mitochondria, which provide these cells with a great resistance to fatigue.)
Any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood CANNOT circulate normally is called __________. arteriosclerosis hypertension atherosclerosis circulatory shock varicose veins
circulatory shock (Circulatory shock results in inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs when blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally.)
The second heart sound (the "dup" of "lub-dup") is caused by the __________. opening of the atrioventricular valves closure of the semilunar valves closure of the atrioventricular valves opening of the semilunar valves
closure of the semilunar valves (The first heart sound (the the "lup" of "lub-dup") is generated by the closure of the atrioventricular valves. The second heart sound (the "dup" sound) is caused by closure of the semilunar valves.)
he vessels that exhibit the lowest level of permeability are the __________. capillaries found in the glomerulus of the kidney continuous capillaries fenestrated capillaries sinusoid capillaries
continuous capillaries (Continuous capillaries are the most abundant type of capillary. The lining of these capillaries is continuous; there are tight junctions between the endothelial cells that make up continuous capillaries.)
The lining of the heart chambers is called the __________. endocardium pericardium epicardium myocardium
endocardium (The layers of the heart wall from superficial to deep are the epicardium, the myocardium, and the endocardium. The endocardium lines the heart chambers.)
Which is the correct sequence of layers in the heart wall, starting with the outer layer? epicardium, myocardium, endocardium endocardium, smooth muscle, epicardium endocardium, epicardium, myocardium myocardium, pericardium, endocardium parietal pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
The most muscular chamber of the heart is the __________. right atrium left ventricle left atrium right ventricle
left ventricle (The left side of the heart is the systemic circuit pump. Since the left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body, it makes sense that it is a more powerful pump than the right ventricle, which only needs to pump blood to the nearby lungs. The powerful pumping ability of the left ventricle is due in part to its thick musculature; the walls of the left ventricle are about three times thicker than the walls of the right ventricle. Since the demands on the left ventricle are so great, it receives the highest percentage of the coronary blood supply.)
During systemic circulation, blood leaves the __________. right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs lungs and flows directly to the left atrium right ventricle and flows directly to the aorta right atrium and flows directly to the lungs left ventricle and flows directly to the aorta
left ventricle and flows directly to the aorta
Which of the following would lead to a decrease in heart rate? sharply decreased blood volume parasympathetic stimulation norepinephrine exercise
parasympathetic stimulation
Which of the following conditions would NOT increase the chances of developing varicose veins? standing to attention for long periods of time running in place a potbelly in an obese person pregnancy
running in place
When would the capillary beds surrounding the gastrointestinal organs be open? between meals during exercise while sleeping when digesting a meal
when digesting a meal
