Physiology-Exam 1

T/F Interstitial fluid is a significant contributor to the exchange of nutrients and waste materials between blood vessels and cells

False. Interstitial fluid is NOT a significant contributor to the exchange of nutrients and waste materials between blood vessels and cells

Energy-storing tendons:

Contain a slightly higher proportion of elastic fibers

What is a synovial sheath and what is it made of?

Covering for tendons at joints and in the carpal tunnel Made of two layers of epitendium covering (each of which are composed of Dense Irregular CT). They allow easy movement and reduce friction

T/F Deep fascia are both richly innervated and well vascularized

False. Deep fascia are richly innervated but not well vascularized.

T/F Extracellular matrix is exclusively associated with connective tissue

False. ECM is predominately associated with connective tissue but not exclusive to it

T/F GAGS are long linear polysaccharides, hydrophilic, highly viscous, and polyanionic (capable of binding anions like sodium)

False. GAGS are long linear polysaccharides, hydrophilic, highly viscous, and polyanionic (capable of binding CATIONS like sodium)

What are the two functions of visceral fascia?

Makes it possible for overlying musculature to move easy over the serous membrane and provides support for organs and structures associated with the serous membrane

What are the four types of tissues?

Muscular, Nervous, Epithelial, Connective

Formed of Type 4 collagen:

Network - forming collagens

What fibers make up the Lamina Densa?

Network forming fibers (Type 4 collagen)

Does epithelial tissue have direct blood supply?

No cells are so tightly packed together there is no space

GAGs are hydrophilic allowing for absorption of a significant amount of water. Describe why this functionally significant for the ECM.

The absorption of water allows the tissues to resist both compression and tension. Also provides protection and cushioning for the cells and other structures embedded within the ECM.

What has more type 1 collagen fibers Tendons or ligaments?

Tendons (95%) then ligaments (70-80%)

T/F Tendons have a lot of ground substance formed primarily of proteoglycan molecules

Tendons have MINIMAL ground substance formed primarily of proteoglycan molecules

All of the following are examples of connective tissue:

Tendons, Ligaments, Blood, and Bone The ECM is the support medium and can vary in consistency from fluid (blood), to semi-rigid (cartilage), to rock hard (bone). This feature of variable consistency is due to differences in the ground substance of the ECM.

Compare and contrast tendons with ligaments.

Tendons: connect muscle to bone to promote movement, have longitudinal fiber arrangement, have coverings around their components and entire tendon as a whole Ligaments: connect bone to bone to limit movement and have an interwoven fiber arrangement and no coverings Both are made of Dense CT, have Sharpey fiber insertions, and heal slowly due to lack of direct blood supply

Tendons are designed with parallel fibers in order to resist what type of forces?

Tensile forces

Describe the mechanism by which the ECM can prevent the movement of bacteria.

The ECM is viscous and gel-like, therefore physically impedes the movement of invasive agents.

Which of the following would be found as a part of the protein core of a proteoglycan?

1) Aggrecan- protein found in the ECM of cartilage 2) Syndecan- protein found on the cell surface Keratan sulfate is a sulfated GAG that could be found surrounding the protein core of a proteoglycan. Fibronectin is a glycoprotein that helps to anchor the cell in the ECM.)

Name a function of superficial fascia.

1) Allows skin to move easily over underlying structures 2) Provides insulation, padding and protection

Which of the following are NOT covered by a perichondrium?

1) Articular cartilage 2) Epiphyseal plate 3) Fibrocartilage (Hyaline and Elastic cartilages ARE covered by perichondrium)

Put the following terms in order from smallest to largest (tendon, collagen fibers, group of fascicles, fascicle, dense irregular CT, loose CT)

1) Collagen fibers 2) Fascicle 3) Loose CT 4) Groups of fascicles 5) Tendon 6) Dense Irregular CT

What are the three types of fibers discussed in class?

1) Collagen fibers 2) Reticular fibers 3) Elastic fibers

What are the three notable characteristics of connective tissue?

1) Composed of cells and supporting ECM 2) Cells are spaced far apart 3) Usually well vascularized

Give all of the four sulfates GAGs discussed in class.

1) Dermatan sulfate 2) Chondroiton sulfate 3) Keratan sulfate 4) Heparin sulfate

LOCATION: Hyaline cartilage

1) Epiphyseal plate of growing bones 2) Nose cartilage, 3) Articular cartilage 4) Costal cartilage 5) Tracheal cartilage 6) Bronchial rings 7) Most of the cartilages of the larynx

What are the two general components of ECM?

1) Fibers 2) Ground Substance

Which two cells participate in the repair process when a tendon is damaged?

1) Fibroblasts 2) Tenocytes

Put the three types of cartilages in order from least rigid to most rigid.

1) Fibrocartilage (least rigid) 2) Elastic cartilage 3) Hyaline cartilage (most rigid)

Give an example of a glycoproteins mentioned in class. What do they do?

1) Fibronectin- binds ECM collagen to the integrins of cells (connective tissue) 2) Laminin- binds epithelium to fibers in the lamina lucida

What are the two layers of the perichondrium, and what is found in each layer?

1) Fibrous layer: (superficial) Dense Irregular CT rich in Type 1 collagen, Fibroblasts, small blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymphatics 2) Cellular layer: (deep) Fibroblasts and Progenitor cells

What are the three components of ground substance?

1) Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) 2) Proteoglycans 3) Glycoproteins

Which of the following statements are correct regarding the organization of a tendon? (Which is incorrect)

1) Groups of fascicles are bundled to form the tendon 2) The epitendineum facilitates easy movements of the tendon within its surrounding 3) Fascicles are surrounded by a membrane formed of loose connective tissue (Incorrect: small groups of collagen fibers form the epitendineum- correct version would be that small groups of collagen fibers form FASCICLE.)

Describe the function of ligaments

1) Hold bones together 2) Stabilize bone joints 3) Limit or prevent specific movements between the bones

What are the three functions of ground substance?

1) Holds and supports fibers and cells 2) Hydrophilic nature allows for absorption of water which resists compression 3) Viscous nature physically impedes invasive agents 4) Passes nutrients from blood supply to cells and passes waste material from cells to blood supply 5) Communication

What are the three types of cartilage and where are each found.

1) Hyaline: Nose, joints, ribs, epiphysial (growth) plates 2) Elastic: Auricles (ears), auditory tube 3) Fibrocartilage: Intervertebral discs (in the annulus fibrosus), pubic symphysis & other articular discs

What are the most common fiber types in each type of cartilage?

1) Hyaline: Type 2 collagen 2) Elastic: Elastin 3) Fibrocartilage: Type 1 collagen

What 2 GAGs are dominants in cartilage?

1) Hyaluronic acid 2) Chondroitin sulfate

All of the following are true regarding deep fascia:

1) Is all interconnected, functions as a network 2) Forces are transmitted from one part of the body to another via deep fascia 3) Channels the flow of interstitial fluids, therefore limiting the spread of infection (Not true- makes it possible for overlying musculature to contract and move easily. This statement is true of VISCERAL/SUBSEROUS FASCIA. Remember, SUPERFICIAL FASCIA allows SKIN to move easily over UNDERLYING structures.

Name one of the two examples given in class where elastic fibers can be found.

1) Ligaments 2) Tendons

What are the functions of connective tissue?

1) Provides support, structure and protection 2) Binds structures together

Describe the three types of fascia, where they are found, how they are arranged, and what their functions are

1) Superficial (Loose CT & Adipose) -Found: below dermis of skin -Function: Attaches skin to body, insulates & protects 2) Deep (Dense CT) -Found: intermuscular septa, organ capsules, and nearly everywhere throughout the body -Function: Provides tough support, connection & protection and transmit forces within body, also has SNS contractile ability and high pain innervation but low vascularity 3) Visceral (Loose CT) -Found: Internal cavities (peritoneum) -Function: Provides a protective support for organs that allows easy movement within internal cavities.

Tendons and ligaments are subject to WHAT forces? Typically, cartilage is subject to WHAT forces, but Fibrocartilage also deals with WHAT forces?

1) Tendons & Ligaments: Tensile forces 2) Cartilage: Compressive forces 3) Fibrocartilage: Tensile forces

Give examples of each of the three functions of epithelial tissue.

1)Covering/lining/protecting internal cavities and protection from external environment 2)Absorption in small intestine and nephron tubules 3)Secretion of glands onto surface of skin or into the lumen of an organ

Name the two types of epithelial tissue.

1)Membranous epithelium 2)Glandular epithelium

Connective tissue functions to provide support and structure in the body. Name one additional function mentioned in class and provide an example of this function.

1)Protection- Examples: rib cage to protect heart/lungs or cranium to protect brain) 2)Bind structures together- Examples: tendons functions as connecting straps from muscle to bone

What is the function of superficial fascia?

Connects skin to underlying structures; allowing it to move easy over the underlying structures

What is chondronection?

A glycoprotein involved in binding chondrocytes to the surrounding matrix

What is epitendineum?

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue containing fibroblasts, small blood vessels, and nerve fibers

What is a synovial sheath?

A modified epitendineum made of two layers with viscous synovial fluid beneath.

Tendons can be shaped in a strap/cord-like form or a broad, sheet-like structure. What is the name given to the "broad, sheet-like" structure.

Aponeurosis

What is an example of a tendon?

Aponeurosis

Repair of damaged cartilage resembles __________________ growth.

Appositional

What process resembles the repairing of damaged cartilage?

Appositional growth

In _______________ growth, _______________ found on the inner surface of the perichondrium manufacture new cartilage matrix, adding layers of matrix to the outside of the cartilage structure.

Appositional; chondroblasts

Where do tendons have small amounts of fibrocartilage?

At point of connection to bone and points of compression

Epithelial tissue is anchored to an underlying layer of connective tissue via a basement membrane. The basement membrane is made up of what two layers?

Basal Lamina and Reticular Lamina

Where is visceral fascia located?

Between deep fascia and serous membranes

What nourished the Epiphyseal plate:

Blood vessels in the nearby bone

What nourishes Hyaline cartilage (in general):

Blood vessels within the perichondrium

What two structures do ligaments connect?

Bone to bone (this could be two different bones, or two points on the same bone)

COMPOSITION: Elastic cartilage

Both elastic fiber and Type 2 collagen

Define tendon by its composition and function.

Bundles of DENSE REGULAR CT connective/anchoring a MUSCLE to BONE.

The matrix of cartilage consists of varying amounts of hyaluronic acid, ____________, and different types of collagen fibers.

Chondroitin Sulfate

Cartilage ground substance is firm, hydrated gel composed of glycoproteins and proteoglycans. These proteoglycans predominantly contain ______________, bonded to core proteins, which are then bonded to long molecules of ____________________.

Chondroitin Sulfate; Hyaluronic Acid

Which of the following are made up of the protein collagen? (Collagen fibers, Reticular fibers, or Elastic fibers?)

Collagen & Reticular Both collagen and reticular fibers are formed from collagen protein fibers. Reticular fibers are formed from ultra fine type 3 collagen fibers. Elastic fibers are made from the protein elastin.

What is the reticular lamina produced by?

Connective tissue cells

Which type of fascia forms tough sheets? Give an example of where these tough sheets could be found in the body.

DEEP FASCIA form tough sheets, wrapping around organs, providing support. These tough sheets form intermuscular septa which bundle muscles together into compartments. It also forms fibrous capsules/sacs surrounding organs such as the heart (pericardium) and kidneys (renal capsule), bones, muscles, blood vessels and nerves, ligaments and tendons.

Which type of fascia is slightly stretchable and what is responsible for this property?

Deep fascia is slightly stretchable due to a small concentration of elastic fibers

What does it mean to be viscoelastic?

Deforms with compressive forces and retains shape after

What is deep fascia composed of?

Dense connective tissue

What are tendons made of?

Dense regular connective tissue

T/F Superficial fascia is uniform thickness throughout the body.

False- Thickness of superficial fascia varies from region to region within the body

When does interstitial cartilage growth occur the most?

Early stages of development and ends soon after birth

What is the clinical term for a build up of interstitial fluid?

Edema

Why is Elastic cartilage intermediate in rigidity to hyaline cartilage?

Elastic cartilage has high concentration elastic fibers and some type II collagen fibers where as hyaline cartilage is predominantly type II collagen fibers

What are the two types of connective tissue for which elastic fibers are the main fiber type?

Elastic connective tissue AND Elastic cartilage (also found in loose connective tissue)

Groups of fascicles are bundled together to make up the tendon which is covered by what?

Epitendineum

What is the Basal lamina produced by?

Epithelial cells

Location of Elastic cartilage

External Ear (Auricle), Epiglottis, corniculate and cuneiform cartilage of larynx, and pharyngotympanic tube

Extracellular fluid is predominantly derived from blood plasma. Name one similarity and one difference between the two.

Extracellular fluid is similar to blood plasma in it's chemical make-up in that they contain similar ions. However, extracellular fluid differs from blood plasma as it contains a much lower concentration of blood proteins as they are too large to cross the blood vessel wall.

What two things cause tendon failure?

Extreme force or extreme deformation

T/F Cartilage is a type of connective tissue with a semi-rigid matrix, containing a low concentration of fibers.

False- Cartilage is a type of connective tissue with a semi-rigid matrix, containing a HIGH concentration of fibers.

T/F Cells in all layers of epithelial tissue are mitotic.

False- Cells in lower layers are usually mitotic

T/F Connective tissue cells are aligned parallel to one another in a regular fashion.

False- Connective tissue cells (when you see "cells" think tenocytes, fibroblasts, fibrocytes, chondrocytes, chondroblasts) are loosely arranged and spaced far apart. Cells are not in direct contact with each other. Differentiated "cells" from "fibers".

T/F Both epithelial tissue and connective tissue are well vascularized.

False- Connective tissue is well vascularized but Epithelial tissue has no direct blood supply. Nutrients diffuse through the closest connective tissue

T/F Superficial fascia is both slightly stretchable as well as capable of contraction/stiffening.

False- DEEP FASCIA fibers run parallel to the lines of force allowing for contraction/stiffening. These fibers are also slightly stretchable due to a small amount of elastic fibers.

T/F Deep fascia is richly innervated and well vascularized.

False- Deep fascia IS richly innervated, but NOT well vascularized. The dense regular CT has fibers that are arranged in a parallel orientation. When stretched, blood vessels would be compressed.

T/F Elastic fibers are formed primarily of collagen fibers but with high concentrations of the protein elastin.

False- Elastin fibers are thin fibers formed primarily of the protein elastin.

T/F Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans bind to fibers, anchoring them and connecting them to the cells and to each other.

False- Glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins (fibronectin, laminin) bind to fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic), anchoring then and connecting them to the cells (fibroblasts/cytes, chondroblasts/cytes), and to each other. Proteoglycans make up a large portion of the ground substance, and are primarily responsible for binding water.

T/F Ground substance acts as a transport medium as it passes nutrients from the cells to the blood supply and passes waste material from the blood supply to the cells.

False- Ground substance is a transport medium, but nutrients flow from blood supply to cells, and waste flows from cells to the blood supply.

T/F Interstitial fluid is fluid within connective tissue that is bound up by the large molecules of the ground substance.

False- Interstitial fluid is fluid within connective tissue that is NOT bound up by the large molecules of the ground substance.

T/F Tendons have proportionately less collagen and more elastic and reticular fibers, as compared to ligaments.

False- Ligaments have proportionately LESS COLLAGEN and MORE ELASTIC & RETICULAR fibers. This makes them slightly more stretchable than tendons.

T/F Reticular fibers are only found in reticular connective tissue.

False- Reticular fibers are the predominant fiber type in Reticular connective tissue. They are also found scattered through loose connective tissue.

T/F Tendons are stiff and therefore are unable to deflect around bony prominences.

False- Tendons are FLEXIBLE and CAN BE REDIRECTED around/over bony prominences.

T/F The composition of tendons is half collagen Type 1 fibers, and half elastic and reticular fibers.

False- Tendons are composed of about 95% TYPE 1 collagen fibers, with some elastic and reticular fibers

T/F Tendons generally function under compressive conditions.

False- Tendons generally function under TENSILE conditions, but can stretch slightly

T/F Linkages between cell-surface protein molecules (integrins) and the GAGs and/or glycoproteins only serve to anchor the cell in place.

False- These linkages do anchor the cell in place. However, like cars on a highway, cells can migrate/move through the ground substance using these same linkages.

T/F Epithelium has loosely arranged cells

False-Epithelial tissue is composed of layer(s) of closely packed cells

T/F Both ligaments and tendons have layers of loose connective tissue around their fascicles and outer coverings of dense connective tissue around groups of fascicles together

False. Only tendons have this structure. Ligaments have no elaborate bundling

T/F Superficial fascia is the the same thickness throughout the body

False. Superficial fascia varies in thickness from region to region

T/F tendons always become stronger and stiffer when subject to increased stress

False. They become stronger and stiffer up to a certain point, but they can be overused

T/F Collagen fibers are terrible at resisting tensile forces

False. They can stretch 105-110% and are good at resisting tensile forces

What is dense connective tissue mainly made of and what is special about it?

Fibrillar Collagen and it is capable of contraction/stiffening

Long thick strands of collagen, visible with a light microscope:

Fibrillar collagen

Formed of short strands which attach collagen fibers to each other and to the ECM:

Fibrillar collagen (Type I,II,III)

Formed of Type 1, 2, 3 collagen:

Fibrillar collagens

What is the concentration of proteoglycans like in Fibrocartilage compared to hyaline or elastic cartilage?

Fibrocartilage has a lower concentration of proteoglycans

Fibrocartilage is:

Found at the junction with a bone, at points of compression, where the tendon curves around a bony feature

Tenocytes are:

Found scattered between collagen fibers

What is the most superficial layer of epithelium?

Free Surface or Top Layer

What is a proteoglycan?

GAGs bound to a protein core

What are large globular proteins covalently bonded to branched monosaccharide chains.

Glycoproteins

Healing in tendons is _____________ due to __________________________.

Healing in tendons is SLOW due to LIMITED BLOOD SUPPLY

COMPOSITION: Fibrocartilage

High concentration of Type 1 collagen

COMPOSITION: Hyaline cartilage

High concentration of Type 2 collagen

What are the two function of ligaments?

Hold bones together and stabilize bone joints

What is the most common type of cartilage found in the body?

Hyaline

What is the LARGEST and MOST PREVALENT, GAG that is found as a major component of lubricants in the body?

Hyaluronic acid

What cell-surface protein molecule anchors the cell in place?

Integrins

Where do chondrocytes reside?

Interior Lacunae

What are two structures that deep fascia can form?

Intermuscular Septa and Fibrous Capsules around organs (epimysium, pericardium)

Compare and contrast interstitial growth with appositional growth.

Interstitial Growth: begins in utero and chondrocytes in the lacunae divide to produce matrix from within creating longitudinal growth at epiphysial plates of long bones Appositional Growth: begins after birth and involves chondroblasts adding matrix layers to outside for overall growth for girth/thickness etc.

In ________________ growth, ______________ within lacunae undergo cell division, and the resulting cells manufacture new cartilage matrix.

Interstitial; chondrocytes

What are the two components of basal lamina from superficial to deep?

Lamina lucida and lamina dense

What is the name of the protein that binds the underside of epithelial cells to the fibers making up the basal lamina?

Laminins

What has more elastic and reticular fibers?

Ligaments

What is true of ligaments?

Ligaments are mostly a vascular ( Ligaments have NO internal layers of loose CT, and NO outer covering of Dense CT; Ligaments contain NO specialized fibroblasts scattered throughout the ligament)

Compare/contrast the orientation of fibers within ligaments to the fibers within tendons.

Ligaments: tend to be interwoven or braided Tendons: tend to be longitudinally directed and are parallel to one another (This makes sense when stretchability is considered. Ligaments have more stretch than tendons,k and the braided mesh allows for more elasticity than fibers laid out parallel, as in tendons)

Formed of Type 7 collagen:

Linking/Anchoring collagen

Thin fibrils that bind fibers of the basal lamina to the reticular lamina:

Linking/anchoring (type VII)

Reticular fibers form a meshwork/scaffolding/sieve within several organs/tissues. Give an example of an organ/tissue mentioned in class.

Liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow

What is visceral fasia made of?

Loose connective tissue

What is superficial fascia composed of?

Loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

In tendons what surrounds a small group of collagen fibers and associated ground substance and tenocytes ?

Loose connective tissue covers fascicles, it is made of fibroblasts, blood vessels and nerves

Where can synovial sheaths be found?

Synovial joints (glenohumeral joint) and tight compartments (carpal tunnel)

Describe the bottle brush shape and the component parts.

Numerous sulfated GAGs covalently bonded to a large rod-like core protein

What nourishes articular cartilage:

Nutrients contained within the synovial fluid

The tendon fibers that interweave into the periosteum are called what?

Perforating Fibers Sharpey's Fibers

Type 1 collagen fibers:

Predominate

When does appositional cartilage growth occur?

Process continues until puberty

Which of the following is found in a bottle brush shape?

Proteoglycans

What does the ground substance of Cartilage contain?

Proteoglycans and glycoproteins

Location of Fibrocartilage

Pubic symphysis, articular discs, annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs, and small amounts in tendons

Which layer of the basement membrane is produced by the connective tissue cells and is made up of a super fine protein fiber mesh?

Reticular lamina

Straps of Dense Regular CT that hold underlying muscle tendons in place are called what?

Retinaculum

The matrix of cartilage is secreted by __________ and maintained by _______________, which reside within the lacunae.

Secreted by: Chondroblasts Maintained by: Chondrocytes

What are the three functions of epithelial tissue?

Serving as a: 1)covering/lining/barrier/protection 2)Absorption 3)Secretion

Connective tissue cells are usually arrange in what way?

Spaced far apart, not in direct contact with each other

What are tenocytes?

Special elongated fibroblasts

What is a retinaculum?

Specialized ligament where a strap of dense regular connective tissue holds underlying muscle tendons in place

Which type of fascia is only located within the subcutaneous (aka, hypodermis) layer of the skin?

Superficial fascia

A _________ exists where the epitendineum is made up of two layers, with a thin, viscous fluid in-between.

Synovial Sheath

Cartilage is able to deform under compressive forces, and then retire to its original shape when the forces are removed. This is primarily due to:

The semi-rigid nature of the ground substance. (Cartilage is avascular, but this does not add to its ability to deform under compressive forces. Both hyaline and elastic cartilages are covered by perichondrium; Fibrocartilage is not. The perichondrium does not directly contribute to the ability of cartilage to resist compressive forces.)

What does superficial fascia make up?

The subcutaneous layer (aka hypodermis) of the skin

T/F Fascia is made up of layers of connective tissue which supports and surrounds organs, muscles, bones, and nerves.

True

T/F Fibrocartilage is the only one of the three cartilages to never have perichondrium?

True

T/F Superficial and deep fascia hook together

True

T/F all elastic cartilages are covered by a perichondrium

True

T/F both Collagen and Elastin fibers decrease in elasticity with age

True

T/F Ligaments, like tendons, are straps of Dense Regular CT.

True- Both ligaments and tendons are formed of Dense Regular CT

T/F The cells of connective tissue are scattered and spaced far apart and are held together by a supporting matrix.

True- CT is composed of loosely arranged cells and a supporting ECM

T/F Perichondrium contains nerves and blood vessels, as well as blood vessels.

True- Cartilage has no direct blood supply, therefore cells are supplied by blood vessels external to the cartilage structure, within the perichondrium (if there is one). Perichondrium also contains nerves and lymphatic vessels.

T/F Proteoglycans within the ECM can bind and sequester signaling proteins through chemical signaling.

True- Example of chemical signal that can be regulated: "fibroblast growth factor"

T/F Tendons are formed from the connective tissue of muscle.

True- Tendons and aponeuronses are formed from (and are continuations of) the connective tissue coverings of the muscle (ex. epi-, peri-, endo- mysium).

T/F Tendons are formed primarily of fibers with minimal ground substance

True- Tendons are composed of minimal ground substance, primarily proteoglycan molecules

T/F Deep fascia is primarily made up of large diameter Type 1 collagen fibers with parallel fiber orientation.

True- The fibers of deep fascia are DENSE REGULAR CT, made up of a high concentration of large diameter Type 1 collagen fibers.

T/F The ground substance is primarily responsible for the varying consistency of connective tissue.

True- The ground substance of the ECM is what makes blood a fluid, cartilage semi-rigid, and bone a very hard substance

T/F Like tendons, ligaments have collagen fibers that interweave into the periosteum of the bone and penetrate into the outer layers of bone tissue.

True- These are referred to as "perforating fibers" or "Sharpey's fibers"

T/F Deep fascia are interconnected

True. This allows the to transmit forces all throughout the body

T/F Tendons are continuous with the connective tissue coverings of muscles

True. This is what allows them to connect muscle to bone

What is the most common collagen type found in the human body?

Type 1

What fiber type predominantly makes up dense regular connective tissue?

Type I Collagen fibers (with some elastic and reticular fibers)

What fiber type mainly makes up Fibrocartilage?

Type I collagen fibers (only a few type II collagen fibers)

What three types of collagen form fibrillar collagens?

Type I, II, and III

Which collagen type makes up the reticular fibers of the reticular lamina (of the basement membrane)?

Type III collagen

What is perichondrium, what is its function, and where is it NOT found?

Vascularized covering for cartilage that provides nutrients for cartilage It's NOT found on Fibrocartilage anywhere or hyaline in joints and epiphysial growth plates.

What is the purpose for allowing overlying musculature to contract and move easily over the serous membrane?

Visceral/subserous fascia allows overlying musculature to contract and move easily over the serous membrane without impinging upon the contents of the body cavities

Name a function of subserous fascia.

Visceral/subserous fascia makes it possible for overlying musculature to contract and move easily over the serous membrane Helps provide support for organs/structures it surrounds

What property of hyaluronic acid makes it an excellent lubricant in joints?

Viscous and slippery nature

What is needed for proper collagen formation? A deficit of this leads to a condition know as what?

Vitamin C is need for collagen formation and lack there of will lead to Scurvy

Does deep fascia have the ability to channel flow of interstitial fluids thus limit the spreading of infections?

Yes

The main structural component of the basal lamina:

network forming collagen (type IV)