Physiology I: The Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, Excretory, and Musculoskeletal System
A young person comes into a doctor's office with severe arthritis in his joints, floppy-looking ears and a strangely shaped nose. Based only on these three observations, what type of connective tissue is functioning abnormally in this person? a. Cartilage b. Blood c. Loose connective tissue d. Fibrous connective tissue
a
A young person comes into a doctor's office with severe arthritis in his joints, floppy-looking ears and a strangely shaped nose. Based only on these three observations, what type of connective tissue is functioning abnormally in this person? a. Cartilage b. Fibrous connective tissue c. Loose connective tissue d. Blood
a
Arteries always transport: a. blood away from the heart b. blood to the heart c. oxygen-poor blood d. oxygen-rich blood e. lymph
a
Hemoglobin acts primarily as _____. a. short-term storage for oxygen b. a structural protein that gives red blood cells their distinctive shape c. a regulator of oxygen uptake and release d. an enzyme that converts carbon dioxide to carbon and oxygen e. a vehicle that speeds oxygen transport through the circulatory system
a
High tensile strength is a characteristic of: a. Fibrous connective tissue b. Blood c. Loose connective tissue d. Bone
a
How are electrons released during the process of respiration? a. Bonds of complex molecules are broken, releasing electrons. b. Sunlight strikes the cell membrane, releasing electrons. c. Enzymes break down the larger molecules, releasing electrons. d. Carbon dioxide combines with oxygen, and the bond formation releases electrons.
a
How do the characteristics of a mature red blood cell compare to an immature one? a. A mature red blood cell does not have a nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes, unlike an immature one. b. A mature red blood cell is sickle-shaped while the immature cell is biconcave-shaped. c. An immature red blood cell does not have a nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes, unlike a mature one. d. The mature red blood cell is biconcave-shaped while the immature cell is sickle-shaped.
a
How is the process of trapping particles in mucus in the lungs helpful? a. It helps keep bacteria, viruses, and pollution from damaging our lungs. b. It allows harmful particles to damage our lungs. c. It only helps by keeping us from having excess mucus. d.These are food particles and they need to be absorbed.
a
In the lungs, after oxygen leaves the air, where does it travel next? a. To the film of water that coats the alveoli b. To the wall of the alveoli c. To the bloodstream d. To the capillaries
a
Lucy has recently been diagnosed with a swelling in her lower legs that is known as edema. Which of the following would be the cause of her edema? a. Excess fluid trapped in the body's tissues that is not returned to the blood b. Excess fluid trapped in the muscles that is not expelled through the kidneys c. Disease of the lymph nodes d. Advanced coronary artery disease
a
The lymph nodes a. contain lots of immune cells. b. filter the blood. c. are the main sites of lymph collection in the lymphatic system. d. are where the lymph drains into the circulatory system. e. pump lymph through the lymphatic system.
a
What differentiates cardiac muscle from smooth muscle? a. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart, and smooth muscle is found elsewhere. b. Cardiac muscle is found in all major organs, and smooth muscle is not. c. Smooth muscle is voluntary, and cardiac muscle is involuntary. d. Smooth muscle has visible stripes, and cardiac muscle does not.
a
What evolutionary step completely separated the ventricle into two distinct chambers? a. Evolution of the four-chambered heart b. Evolution of the three-chambered heart c. None of these are correct d. This never happened e. Evolution of the two-chambered heart
a
What is a detritivore? a. An organism that consumes dead and decaying material. b. An organism that consumes other living consumers. c. An organism that consumes living producers. d. An organism that consumes both living producers and consumers.
a
What is the significance of respiration? a. All of these are significant aspects of respiration. b. It converts food that is eaten into energy that the body needs in order to function. c. It is the most basic level of metabolism that is present in all living things. d. It is a biochemical process that involves cells of an organism obtaining energy.
a
What signals a blood vessel to undergo angiogenesis? a. VEGF and other growth factors b. scientists have no idea what signals a blood vessel to undergo angiogenesis c. high blood pressure d. red blood cells that don't have enough oxygen e. lack of oxygen in the blood vessel
a
Which of the following BEST explains how a muscle cell exerts force? a. The muscle cell shortens or contracts and exerts a pulling force on whatever is attached to both ends. b. When the muscle cell contracts it exerts a pulling force on whatever is attached, and when it relaxes it exerts a pushing force against the same objects. c. The muscle cell folds itself in half and exerts a pulling force on whatever is attached to the end that was folded over. d. The muscle cell expands and exerts a pushing force against whatever is attached to it.
a
Which of the following does the large intestine most likely absorb in digestion? a. Water b. The large intestine stores food c. Additional nutrients d. Enzymes
a
Which of the following is NOT a feature of alveoli? a. They are tube shaped. b. They have thin walls. c. They are surrounded by capillaries. d. Their inner surface is coated with a thin film of water.
a
Which of the following is NOT filtered out of the glomerular capillaries? a. Large molecules b. Small molecules c. Urea d. Water
a
Which of the following is a function of the liver? a. Converting ammonia into urea. b. Converting urea into ammonia. c. Storing urea until it can be eliminated from the body. d. Filtering urea out of the blood.
a
Which of the following is true about heterotrophs? a. They may be carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores. b. They all eat both consumers and producers. c. They all rely on the same types of food sources. d. They all rely on only one type of food source.
a
Which of these molecules is the currency of energy in cells and is the final product of respiration? a. ATP b. Oxygen c. Carbon dioxide d. Glucose
a
Dialysis closely mimics the function of which organ? a. The liver b. The kidney c. The lungs d. The bladder
b
High tensile strength is a characteristic of: a. Blood b. Fibrous connective tissue c. Bone d. Loose connective tissue
b
How does lymph movement occur despite low pressure? a. Pressure changes in the bladder due to urination b. Milking activity of the skeletal muscles c. Low pressure is not an issue for lymph movement d. Two-way valves
b
If oxygen-rich blood flows through a capillary that passes through tissue that is already saturated with oxygen, what will happen? a. The blood will release carbon dioxide into the tissue. b. The blood will retain its oxygen and continue on its way. c. The capillary will force the blood to release its oxygen. d. The extra oxygen in the blood will jump-start cellular respiration in the tissue. e. Hemoglobin will change to the T state and release its oxygen before entering the veins.
b
In an open circulatory system: a. Hemolymph always flows in one direction b. The circulatory fluid surrounds the internal organs c. Blood can be transported long distances d. Hemolymph does not move around e. There are no hearts
b
Sickle Cell Anemia is called an 'anemia' because _____ a. it is a blood disorder. b. it is a disorder that results in a lower than normal red blood cell count. d. it is a disorder that is caused by defective red blood cells. e. it is an autoimmune disorder of the blood.
b
The main function of a heart valve is to: a. control the amount of blood that flows into the arteries b. prevent backflow c. redirect blood flow d. prevent mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood e. coordinate contractions of the atria and ventricles
b
The two circuits that work together in a double circulation system are: a. the two-chamber circuit and four-chamber circuit b. the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit c. the ventricle circuit and systemic circuit d. the pulmonary circuit and ventricle circuit e. the atrium circuit and pulmonary circuit
b
The two main branches of the trachea that lead to the lobes of the lung are known as _____. a. bronchioles b. bronchi c. trachea d. larynx
b
What happens to red blood cells in the bone marrow? a. The bone marrow absorbs the nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes that red blood cells lose. b. The bone marrow contains rapidly dividing cells and generates new red blood cells. c. Used red blood cells are recycled and replenished with oxygen. d. The bone marrow serves as the location for the exchange of oxygen and nutrients between red blood cells.
b
What is another name for a heterotroph? a. Autotrophs b. An 'other feeder' c. A self-feeder d. A producer
b
What is one reason that enzymes are present in the small intestine? a. to convert zymogens to glucose b. to break down protein to amino acids c. to break down lipids to water d. to convert monosaccharides to polysaccharides
b
When does maximum secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen in the stomach occur? a. At about the same times every day when a person normally eats their meals. b. After food has entered the stomach. c. Just before food enters the stomach. d. When a person is anticipating a meal.
b
Which extracellular matrix material is found in both Fibrous Connective Tissue and Loose Connective Tissue? a. Blood cells b. Collagen c. Cartilage e. Bone cells
b
Which extracellular matrix material is found in both Fibrous Connective Tissue and Loose Connective Tissue? a. Cartilage b. Collagen c. Blood cells e. Bone cells
b
Which of the following explains how the kidney concentrates urea in the renal tubules? a. By binding it to uriglobin. b. By reabsorbing water from the renal tubules. c. By selectively filtering urea out of the blood. d. By actively transporting it into the renal tubules.
b
Which of the following is a true statement about bones? a. Some bones are flexible to allow for greater freedom of movement. b. Bones are used as lever arms to facilitate body movements. c. There are 197 bones in the adult human body. d. Bones contract as you move.
b
Which of the following is part of the lower respiratory system? a. Pharynx b. Trachea c. Sinuses d. Nasal cavity e. Mouth
b
Which structures in the lymphatic system are considered 'organs of your immune system' since they filter out harmful pathogens like viruses and bacteria? a. Lymphatic capillaries b. Lymph nodes c. Lymph d. Lymphatic vessels
b
Why is blood still considered a connective tissue even though it isn't a structural connector like bone or cartilage? a. Blood serves as the extracellular connector of bone and cartilage. b. Blood is made up of cells suspended in extracellular fluid c. All of your body's critical organs are connected by blood. d. Blood is a structural connector, much like bone or cartilage.
b
An inactive precursor of an enzyme that must go through a change to be activated is known as a(n) _____. a. Pepsinogen b. Amylase c. Zymogen d. Pepsin
c
During which of the three phases of cell respiration is the most ATP produced? a. Glycolysis b. No ATP is produced during respiration c. Oxidative phosphorylation d. The citric acid cycle
c
Hemolymph is found: a. In the blood vessels of a closed circulatory system b. In red blood cells c. In the sinuses of an open circulatory system d. In the gastrovascular cavity e. In the lymphatic system
c
Jellyfish have: a. Blue blood b. A closed circulatory system c. A gastrovascular cavity d. No circulatory system whatsoever e. An open circulatory system
c
Secretions from the _____, called _____, neutralize acid from the stomach in the small intestine. a. pancreas, zymogens b. liver, gastric juice c. pancreas, bicarbonate d. liver, bicarbonate
c
The glomeruli and renal tubules play an important part in which of the following bodily functions? a. Dialysis b. Urine storage c. Filtering blood d. Urine excretion
c
The muscular valve at the bottom of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food into the small intestine is known as the: a. Epithelial valve b. Stomach valve c. Pyloric sphincter d. Lower esophageal sphincter
c
What are autotrophs? a. Organisms that consume other organisms. b. All other organisms besides plants and some algae. c. Organisms that produce their own food. d. All other organisms besides humans and some animals.
c
What are some of the benefits of the conducting zone? a. It transfers oxygen and carbon dioxide to the blood and circulates air. b. It allows us to breathe involuntarily and provides consistent breathing while we sleep. c. It removes dirt, warms, adds water vapor to the air we breathe. d. It removes carbon dioxide and cools the air we breathe. c. It circulates blood through the lungs and transfers gases into the alveoli.
c
Which of the following explains how a person straightens his arm at the elbow? a. The biceps muscle is used to push the forearm away from the upper arm while the triceps muscle is relaxed. b. Both the biceps and triceps muscles relax, and the arm straightens to its default set point. c. The triceps muscle contracts, pulling the ulna away from the upper arm while the biceps muscle is relaxed. d. The biceps and triceps muscles work together to pull the ulna away from the upper arm.
c
Which of the following explains why humans are unable to absorb enough oxygen through their skin? a. There are no alveoli in the skin. b. The bronchioles are too thin in the skin. c. There is not enough surface area. d. The skin is too thick.
c
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of multicellular organisms? a. They have multiple levels of organization. b. They can have a greater variety of structures than unicellular organisms. c. They can be composed of one type of tissue. d. They have specialized cells.
c
Which of the following is NOT a feature of hemoglobin? a. It changes in color when it changes its conformation. b. It binds to oxygen in a cooperative fashion. c. It can bind to carbon dioxide and oxygen at the same time. d. It exists in red blood cells as a tetramer. e. It can bind to either carbon dioxide or oxygen.
c
Which of the following is NOT true of a closed circulatory system? a. Oxygen can enter and leave the closed circulatory system. b. Blood flow can be changed systemically or locally in response to changes in the environment. c. It cannot serve all the cells in an organism. d. It contains blood that contains oxygen transporting cells. e. Blood flows through any given vessel in only one direction.
c
Which of the following is an example of anaerobic respiration? a. Photosynthesis b. Glycolysis c. Lactic acid fermentation d. Citric acid cycle
c
Which of these structures provide both support and flexibility to the trachea? a. The cilia b. The esophagus c. The tracheal cartilages d. The pharynx
c
_____ are the structures in the lymphatic system that are responsible for gathering the fluid that collects in between the cells in the body. They then deliver this fluid to the _____ in order for it to be returned to the bloodstream a. Lymphatic vessels; lymphatic capilllaries b. Lymph nodes; blood capillaries c. Lymphatic capillaries; lymphatic vessels d. Blood capillaries; lymph nodes
c
A/an _____ is a group of organs and tissues that work together to perform a major function of the organism. a. epithelium system b. tissue system c. multicellular system d. organ system
d
Could an individual live without a lymphatic system? a. No because without it the adrenal system would stop working b. Yes since an individual can get a massage to relieve swelling in areas of the body c. Yes since an individual can take supplements to build up their immune system to fight disease d. No because without it the cardiovascular system would stop working
d
How is digesting food moved along the small intestine? a. Bicarbonates mix with stomach acid to move it along b. Enzymes from the pancreas propel it forward c. The stomach pushes it through with great force d. By peristalsis, which is the contraction of the smooth muscle to push food forward
d
Once generated, immature red blood cells, _____ a. start losing their nucleus. b. start losing their mitochondria. c. start losing their ribosomes. d. start making hemoglobin.
d
The right ventricle pumps blood into: a. the right atrium b. the aorta c. the pulmonary veins d. the pulmonary arteries e. the left ventricle
d
Three-chambered hearts allow amphibians to: a. have a single loop circulation scheme b. regulate their body temperature c. breathe whether they are in the water or on land d. have a double circulation scheme e. prevent the mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood
d
What are osteocytes? a. Calcified red blood cells b. Bone cells that are breaking down c. Calcified white blood cells d. Mature bone cells
d
What do amylase and pepsin have in common? a. They both break proteins down into smaller peptides. b. They are both found in gastric juice. c. They both break large polysaccharides (carbohydrates) down into smaller polysaccharides. d. They are both digestive enzymes.
d
What effect does high concentrations of carbon dioxide have on hemoglobin? a. It has no effect. b. It induces the hemoglobin to adopt the R-structure. c. It marks the hemoglobin for degradation. d. It induces the hemoglobin to adopt the T-structure. e. It stimulates the red blood cell to make more hemoglobin.
d
What forms must carbohydrates and proteins take to be absorbed by the small intestine? a. monosaccharides and water b. polysaccharides and fatty acids c. lipids and water d. monosaccharides and amino acids
d
What is the function of red blood cells in the human body? a. To transport blood from the heart to different tissues. b. To give blood its red color. c. To regulate amount of blood in carrying vessels and blood pressure. d. To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and tissues.
d
What problem would be caused by a lack of cartilage in someone's body? a. Their cardiac muscles would fail and in turn cause heart problems. b. Their endoskeleton would be too flexible. c. Their muscles would fail to contract. d. Their movement would be hindered, and their bones rub together.
d
Which of the following are heterotrophs? a. Bacteria b. Fungi c. Carnivorous and parasitic plants d. All of the answers are correct.
d
Which of the following is NOT a function of an epithelial tissue? a. To secrete mucus b. To absorb nutrients c. To serve as a protective barrier against invading organisms d. To transmit the sensation of pain to the brain and spinal cord
d
Which of the following is not a function of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice? a. Liquefy the contents of the stomach. b. Kill bacteria in food. c. Activate pepsin by removing inhibitory amino acids. d. Digest the mucous layer covering the epithelium.
d
Which of the following is smallest in size? a. Esophagus b. Trachea c. Bronchus d. Bronchioles
d
Which of these is one reason to cover damaged epithelium with a dressing? a. To introduce infection into the body. b. To produce mucus-like epithelium. c. To absorb nutrients like epithelium. d. To simulate the covering and protective aspects of epithelium.
d
On a hot day in the African savannah, it would be advantageous for an elephant to lose more heat from its blood, so it should: a. Constrict the blood vessels in its ears b. Let blood flow to all of the blood vessels of the digestive system c. Close as many blood vessels of the digestive system as possible d. Increase its heart rate e. Dilate the blood vessels in its ears
e
What is hemoglobin composed of? a. Nucleic acids and protein b. Nucleic acids and copper c. Nucleic acids and iron d. Fat and iron e. Protein and iron
e
What is the difference between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone? a. The conducting zone is the part of the nervous system that works the lungs, while the respiratory zone includes the nose and mouth that bring in oxygen. b. The conducting zone moves air in and out of the lungs, while the respiratory zone includes the trachea and nose and brings oxygen into the body. c. The conducting zone transports gases through the body, while the respiratory zone moves oxygen and carbon dioxide out of the body. d. The conducting zone moves oxygen into the blood, while the respiratory zone moves air in and out of the lungs. e. The conducting zone moves air into and out of the lungs, while the respiratory zone moves oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the blood.
e
Which of the following is not true of capillaries? a. oxygen and carbon dioxide are easily transferred in and out of them b. they are the smallest blood vessels c. they have very thin walls comprised of endothelial cells d. they are found in all living tissues in the body e. they are completely watertight
e
Which of these blood vessels brings oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart? a. systemic vein b. pulmonary artery c. aorta d. capillary e. pulmonary vein
e
Which of these structures is not a part of the respiratory system? a. Lungs b. Trachea c. Bronchi d. Pharynx e. Esophagus
e
Why is blood still considered a connective tissue even though it isn't a structural connector like bone or cartilage? a. Blood serves as the extracellular connector of bone and cartilage. b. All of your body's critical organs are connected by blood. c. Blood is a structural connector, much like bone or cartilage. e. Blood is made up of cells suspended in extracellular fluid
e
