Physiology Lab Exam Study

water found in three compartments in the body

- intracellular - plasma - interstitial

Hearing

- sound waves created in the environment will pass through the external ear to the middle ear. - sound waves will cause the three bones of the middle ear to vibrate; the thir bode (the stapes) will push on the oval window during vibration. - the inner ear mechanoreceptors called har cells. bending of hair cells produce action potentials along the cochlear nerve to the auditory cortext.

touch - the specifc sensation perceived by the CNS will depend on

-stimulus modality and specific type of sensory receptor activated -location of the receptive field -number of receptive fields activated -area of the brain receiving the stimulus information

water content influenced by:

- age - gender - physical activity - lean mass vs. fat mass? why is it important?

line graph

A graph that uses line segments to show changes that occur over time

Amphiphatic

A molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.

acid

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

A good scientific experiment is reproducible. What does this mean?

Anyone can conduct the same experiment in another lab and expect the same results.

What happened when you placed the drop of soap in the water? Why?

As soon as the soap hit, it broke the surface tension because of the polarity between the bonds.

bases

Compounds that reduce the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

Compare your findings of diffusion in water at room temp and how water. Were they similar or different? Why?

Different, the warmer water made the diffusion faster. While cold was slower.

How to determine stimulus intensity?

Frequency of action potentials

From the soapy water and oil mixture, did the solution "mix"? Why?

It did in a way. The oil stayed for the most part on top, soapy water below, with a mix of the two in between. This happened because of the difference in polarity.

How long did it take for the water in the entire container to completely change fro clear to colored?

It took no time for the drops to spread, but it took awhile for it to completely change rom clear to colored, like 6 minutes.

Wrtie a hypothesis about how the temperature of the water (hot) will affect the rate of diffusion.

It will speed it up.

What is Science?

Metholodical procedure for exploring and understanding nature.

What effect does corn syrup concentration have on the movement of water in this simulation?

More water is drawn up into the thistle tube with higher concentrations of corn syrup.

How do we maintaint a rane of a variable within a set point? Hint, types of feedback, explain. Do not just list the types of feedback.

Negative Feedback: sensor afferent effector integrating center efferent effector

Scientific Method Steps

Observation Background Research Hypothesis (testable) Experiment Analyze results Accept or Reject Hypothesis

What is the purpose of a control group in scientific experiments?

The control group undergoes standard or no treatment and serves as a baseline for a group receiving an experimental treatment.

What does pH measure?

The number of hydrogens relative to the subject.

internal sensations

The physical feelings that are caused by one or more of the sense organs being stimulated. The feelings sensed by one's own body such as hunger or fear.

if we were to add salt to the water solution only, which would be the solvent? Which would be the solute?

The salt would be the solute because it's what's trying to dissolve while water would be the solvent because it's what the salt is being put into to see if it'll dissolve.

How long did it take for the hot water in the entire container to change from clear to colored?

around 2-3 minutes.

disadvantage of observational research

bias

stimulus detection

by sensory receptors

scientist use an experiment to search for _______ and ______ relationships, designing an experiment so that changes to one item cause something else to vary in a predictable way.

cause; effect

sensory receptors

chemoreceptors nociceptors photoreceptors mechanoreceptors thermoreceptors osmoreceptors

Types of Bonds between atoms

covalent: polar and nonpolar ionic: hydrogen:

Homeostasis

refers to the maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions. For example, your body maintains a relatively constant body temperature even when the external environment gets colder or hotter.

Homeostasis

regulation and maintenance of internal environment of body - variables are regulated around a setpoint - what type of variables are regulated by homeostasis? feedback loops regulate variables within a range - what happens if loss of homeostasis?

negative feedback components

sensor/receptor afferent integrating center efferent effector

types of muscle

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Which type of motor units are activated for the longest time during low to moderate level exercise?

slow-oxidative

disadvantage of experimental research

some important variables cannot be studied with experiments

there are four steps associated with perception

stimulus detection sensory transduction conduction perception

characteristics of skeletal muscle

striated and voluntary

double blind studies

studies in which neither the participants nor the researchers administering the treatment know who has been assigned to the experimental or control group

In order to be of scientific value, it is important that a hypothesis should be

testable

sensory transduction

the conversion of sensory stimuli into electrical impulses/action potentials for communication across the Nervous System

What is osmosis?

the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

Tonicity in cells refers to the concentration of solute in a solution outside of a cell, relative to

the solute concentration of the cytoplasm inside the cell.

Each motor-unit action potential (MUAP) recorded in an EMG signal corresponds to

the sum of the electrical potentials from all the muscle fibers of a motor unit.

Touch

there are several types of sensory receptors located in the skin to detect tactile information

Organization of Sarcomeres

thin filaments thick filaments troponin tropomyosin myosin head (crossbridge)

Weber Test

tuning fork pressed on forehead, equal distant from both ears - normal - should hear equally on both sides - sound louder on one side - conductive hearing loss on that side OR - sensorineural loss on the other side

How do we avoid bias?

use of control group - placebo effect avoiding bias: single blind studies, double blind studies (gold standard), crossover studies

independent variable

variable that is varied or manipulated by the researcher

Background of Water

water is an incredibly important molecule - life depends on water - you are made up of 60-70% properties of water - surface tension - solvent

hydrophilic

water loving

Based on your evidence, compare the surface tension of these substances.

water: I expected a high amount of droplets, and that's what happened. oil: i thought it would allow a lower amount of drops (like 10) and the surface tension ended up being higher soapy water: i thought the soap would slide off right away, ended up having more surface tension than expected.

Types of hearing tests

weber = comparing hearing between right and left ears rinne = hearing between bone vs air

The ________ of the reflex hammer is used to touch and move over areas of the skin.

metallic tip

All the fibers in one muscle that a simple motor neuron innervates makes up a(n)

motor unit.

structural organization

muscle fasicles, muscle fiber, myofibrils, sarcomeres

dependent

outcome that is measured in response to the change in independent variable.

External Sensation

part of the sensitive powers (sight, hearing, smelling, touch, taste)

single blind studies

participants do not know whether they are in the experimental group or the control group

Which of the following areas can you use the broad flat side of the reflex hammer to test reflexes?

patellar calcaneal triceps brachii

advantage of experimental research

permits conclusions about cause and effect relationships

Hearing test: pitch discrimination

pitch or tone is determined by frequency of sound waves, measured in Hz - range in humans 20-20,000 Hz

When testing diffusion over a selectively permeable membrane, you placed different liquids into special containers. The proper setup was to

place different concentrations of corn syrup into the thistle tubes and distilled water into the beakers.

The ________ of the reflex hammer is used to touch a finger over a structure in the body.

pointed side

Function of muscle

produce movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, generate heat

conduction

propagation of action potentials from the Peripheral Nervous System to specific areas of the Central Nervous System

sensory discrimination

refers to the ability to differentiate two or more stimuli.

sensation

refers to the identification of a stimulus in the environment - internal or external

perception

refers to the integration of numerous sensory inputs in order to understand changes in the environment.

Which of the following is/are needed for skeletal muscle contraction? (check all that apply)

ATP, calcium

tables

An arrangement of data made up of horizontal rows and vertical columns.

why were you able to float the paper clip on the water?

Because the surface tension of the paper clip to the water

What property of water allows the water droplets to pile up on the penny?

Because water is polar, it allows the hydrogen to "hug" the oxygen and allow more droplets on penny.

Describe one way your body responds to a cold environment, and explain how this response helps to keep your body temperature from falling too low.

Body shivers from being too cold, tries to keep me warm by creating heat to get it back to normal.

Describe one way your body responds to a hot environment, and explain how this response helps to keep your body temperature from rising too high.

Body sweats to try and cool down my body from over-heating. Sweat releases heat stored in cool temperatures.

In the Demonstrate Monosynaptic Reflexes Lab, why do the reflexes occur? Select all that apply.

By triggering the efferent motor neuron you are initiating the reflex arc.,By triggering a skin receptor near the muscle you are initiating the reflex arc.,By triggering stretch receptors in the muscle you are initiating the reflex arc.,By triggering the tendon of a muscle you are initiating the reflex arc.

the inner ear ______ called hair cells. bending of hair cells produces action potentials along the cochlear nerve to the auditory cortex

mechanoreceptors

Snellen Eye Chart Procedure

Read at 20 ft - if it is 20/20, your vision for that eye is normal. - if the second your number is more than 20, you have less than the normal visual acuity. - if it is 20/40, you can see at 20 feet what a person with normal vision can see at 40 feet. - if it is 20/60, you can see at 20 feet what a person with normal vision can see at 60 feet, and so on. - if the visual acuity is 20/15, your vision is better than normal. You can see at 20 feet what a person with normal vision can see at 15 feet.

How can the brain interpret action potentials as environment events?

Sensory coding Sensory Receptors once a sensory neuron has been activated by a stimulus within its receptive field, the resulting action potentials are relayed to specific areas of the brain.

Cross-over studies

Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given.

Tums is a product that people can take when they have an upset stomach, how do these products help in attenuating the symptoms in which they target?

They mix with the acidic environment to help people out.

How to test the hypothesis?

Types of Experiments: Experimental: treatment vs non-treatment you have an experimental group and control group Observational: observing to determine if relationship to determine if relationship to outcome

hydrophobic

Water fearing

Can water in the body move from one compartment to another? Describe a scenario that lead to a change between body fluid compartments.

Yes. If you are thirsty, it would be able to move.

bar graph

a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items

acuity

ability to discriminate sensory information - visual acuity - two point discrimination

Ethical Considerations

all scientists are required to adhere to specific standards when using animal, human, and other models for research. - with regard to human research, researchers must gain approval from local Human Use Committees - Experimental protocols should not harm the volunteer and are conducted in a way that allows for individual dignity and confidentiality of results.

Imagine that you wish to compare two different diets that will be fed to tadpoles raised in a lab. One diet is a meat-based fish food, and the other is the traditional diet of boiled lettuce. You want to see if the meat-based diet will be associated with an increase in the average weight of the tadpoles. In your experiment you keep all other factors, such as tadpole density per pan, temperature, pH, and the amount of food the same. The only difference between your control and experimental groups is the type of food the tadpoles receive. What is the independent variable for the tadpole diet experiment?

diet

non polar covalent bond

equal sharing of electrons

skeletal muscle mechanisms of contraction-sliding filament theory

excitation-contraction coupling need calcium present calcium comes from extracellular space Role of ATP: binds to myosin head, allowing it to release from actin

Snellen Eye Chart

eye chart used by eye care professionals and others to measure visual acuity.

After a period of time, most of the pillbugs appeared to spend most of their time on the side of the dish with sand, not cornstarch.

false

The figure below reflects how animal and plant cells would respond in a(n) _______ environment.

hypertonic

What type of solution causes cells to swell?

hypotonic

Perception

integration and interpretation of the sensory stimuli by different structures of the brain --> an awareness of what is happening in the environment

Visual acuity

is the ability to see crisp, clear images. - assess with Snellen Eye Chart

Tonicity

is the comparison of relative concentrations of two solutions, separated by a selectively permeable membrane.

A(n) _______ solution has the same concentration of water as the cell placed in the solution.

isotonic

Vision

light waves enter the eye and pass through the cornea, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, and ultimately activate photoreceptors in the retina. photoreceptors create electrical impulses that will be relayed to the visual cortext of the occipital lobe by the way of the optic nerves.

Water is a polar molecule

meaning that there is an uneven distribution of electron density. Water has a partial negative charge ( ) near the oxygen atom due the unshared pairs of electrons, and partial positive charges ( ) near the hydrogen atoms.

pH scale

measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14