Physiology test 2

The division of the peripheral nervous system that brings information toward the central nervous system is the a. motor division b. efferent division c. afferent division d. somatic motor division

c. afferent division

true or false? A graded potential may be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing.

True

All hormones from the ______________ are considered steroids. a. thyroid gland b. adrenal medulla c. adrenal cortex d. hypothalamus

c. adrenal cortex

true or false? A strong stimulus produces a strong action potential.

False

true or false? All hormones released from the pituitary gland are regulated by tropic hormones from the hypothalamus.

False

Absolute and relative refractory periods are important aspects of which of the following? a. Action potentials b. Resting potentials c. Hyperpolarizing graded potentials d. Graded potentials

a. Action potentials

What is the effect of parasympathetic preganglionic acetylcholine? a. excitation b. inhibition c. not enough information to determine

a. excitation

Which of the following hormones would be expected to increase if you were studying all day for a test and skipped breakfast and lunch? a. glucagon b. growth hormone c. insulin d. calcitonin

a. glucagon

Which of the following activities is consistent with the major function of insulin? a. glycogenesis b. gluconeogenesis c. glycogenolysis d. lipolysis

a. glycogenesis

Which of the following is a parasympathetic nervous system function? a. increase smooth muscle contraction in the digestive tract b. cause vasodilation in vessels leading to skeletal muscles c. cause the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla d. cause dilation of the bronchioles

a. increase smooth muscle contraction in the digestive tract

Which term describes the cell membrane potential of a neuron at rest? a. polarized b. hyperpolarized c. depolorized d. repolarized

a. polarized

The portion of the autonomic nervous system that would increase cardiac muscle contraction during a stress response is the a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic

a. sympathetic

Saltatory conduction refers to which of the following? a. The conduction of a graded potential along a myelinated axon. b. The conduction of an action potential along a myelinated axon. c. The conduction of an action potential along an unmyelinated axon. d. The conduction of a graded potential along an unmyelinated axon.

b. The conduction of an action potential along a myelinated axon.

In the process of generating an action potential, which occurs first? a. voltage-gated K+ channels open b. chemical-gated Na+ channels open c. voltage-gated Na+ channels open d. voltage-gated Na+ channels close

b. chemical-gated Na+ channels open

Choose the hormone that targets the breast. a. FSH b. prolactin c. CRH d. vasopressin e. PRH

b. prolactin

A person is diagnosed with Hashimoto's disease and her T3, T4, and TSH levels all measure lower than normal. Which is the most likely diagnosis? a. primary hypothyroidism b. secondary hypothyroidism c. tertiary hypothyroidism

b. secondary hypothyroidism

What is the primary difference between graded potentials versus actions potentials? a. Action potentials occur in all cells, while graded potentials occur only occur in neurons and muscle cells b. In neurons, graded potentials occur in axons, while action potentials occur in the dendrites and cell bodies c. In neurons, action potentials occur in axons, while graded potentials occur in the dendrites and cell bodies d. Graded potentials do not involve movement of ions across the membrane, while action potentials do involve the flow of ions across the neuron membrane

c. In neurons, action potentials occur in axons, while graded potentials occur in the dendrites and cell bodies

Which of the following is primarily responsible for ESTABLISHING the RESTING membrane potential of a cell? a. gated Na+ and K+ channels b. faster leaking (greater permeability) to Na+ c. faster leaking (greater permeability) to K+ d. all of the above

c. faster leaking (greater permeability) to K+

As the axon hillock depolarizes, voltage-gated Na+ channels open and Na+ moves (into or out of) ______________ the cell causing further (depolarization or repolarization) ______________. a. out of; depolarization b. into; repolarization c. into; depolarization d. out of; repolarization

c. into; depolarization

Which of the following hormones is regulated by feedback of nutrients or ions (humoral feedback)? a. oxytocin b. cortisol c. parathyroid hormone d. glycogen e. testosterone

c. parathyroid hormone

Which disorder is a hyporesponsiveness disorder? a. Addison's disease b. pituitary dwarfism c. type 2 diabetes mellitus d. all of the above (Addison's disease, pituitary dwarfism, type 2 diabetes mellitus) e. A and B only (Addison's disease & pituitary dwarfism)

c. type 2 diabetes mellitus

After consuming a banana split, which hormones would be expected to increase? a. insulin b. calcitonin c. PTH d. prolactin e. A and B (insulin & calcitonin)

e. A and B (insulin & calcitonin)

Which disorder is a hyposecretion disorder? a. Addison's disease b. diabetes insipidus c. type 2 diabetes mellitus d. all of the above (Addison's disease, diabetes insipidus, type 2 diabetes mellitus) e. A and B only (Addison's disease & diabetes insipidus)

e. A and B only (Addison's disease & diabetes insipidus)

Select the target(s) for antidiuretic hormone. a. kidneys b. bone c. liver d. blood vessels e. A and D (kidneys & blood vessles)

e. A and D (kidneys & blood vessels)

Which of the following hormones target bone, specifically? a. aldosterone b. oxytocin c. PTH d. calcitonin e. C and D are both correct (PTH & calcitonin)

e. C and D are both correct (PTH & calcitonin)

Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates the release of which of the following from the anterior pituitary? a. androgens b. estrogens c. follicle stimulating hormone d. luteinizing hormone e. C and D are correct (LH and FSH)

e. C and D are correct (LH and FSH)

During the relative refractory period, a second action potential a. cannot be elicited b. can be elicited by a threshold stimulus c. can be elicited by a subthreshold stimulus d. can be elicited by a suprathreshold stimulus e. Either B or D (can be elicited by a threshold stimulus or can be elicited by a suprathreshold stimulus)

e. Either B or D (can be elicited by a threshold stimulus or can be elicited by a suprathreshold stimulus)

Which of the following is a lipid-soluble hormone? a. T3 b. thyroxine c. corticosterone d. DHEA e. all of the above (T3, thyroxine, corticosterone, DHEA)

e. all of the above (T3, thyroxine, corticosterone, DHEA)

Choose the steroid hormone. a. cortisol b. aldosterone c. testosterone d. estrogen e. all of the above (cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen)

e. all of the above (cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen)

Choose some effects of chronic cortisol secretion. a. gluconeogenesis b. decreased muscle mass c. hyperglycemia d. vasoconstriction e. all of the above (gluconeogenesis, decreased muscle mass, hyperglycemia, vasoconstriction)

e. all of the above (gluconeogenesis, decreased muscle mass, hyperglycemia, vasoconstriction)

Which hormone is RELEASED due to varying concentrations of nutrients or ions in the bloodstream (humoral feedback)? a. insulin b. aldosterone c. PTH d. calcitonin e. all of the above (insulin, aldosterone, pth, calcitonin)

e. all of the above (insulin, aldosterone, pth, calcitonin)

Hypokalemia (low extracellular K+ concentration), if sustained, will cause a. depolarization b. hyperpolarization c. maintenance of resting membrane potential d. difficulty achieving action potentials e. both B and D are true (hyperpolarization & difficulty achieving action potentials)

e. both B and D are true (hyperpolarization & difficulty achieving action potentials)

Choose the hormone that increases circulating nutrient levels in the bloodstream. a. insulin b. glucagon c. cortisol d. epinephrine e. all of the above (insulin, glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine) f. B, C, & D (glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine)

f. B, C, & D (glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine)

Which is a metabolic effect of epinephrine hormone? a. glycogenesis b. increased skeletal muscle metabolism c. glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle d. lipolysis e. all of the above (glycogenesis, increased skeletal muscle metabolism, glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle, lipolysis) f. B, C, and D (increased skeletal muscle metabolism, glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle, lipolysis)

f. B, C, and D (increased skeletal muscle metabolism, glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle, lipolysis)

Choose the hormone that MUST bind to a cell membrane receptor. a. corticosterone b. estrogen c. calcitonin d. PTH e. all of the above f. C and D (calcitonin & PTH)

f. C and D (calcitonin & PTH)

Which hormones are involved in the RESISTANCE phase of the general adaptation syndrome? a. epinephrine b. dopamine c. cortisol d. aldosterone e. all of the above (epinephrine, dopamine, cortisol, aldosterone) f. C and D (cortisol & aldosterone)

f. C and D (cortisol & aldosterone)