Physiology

During a marathon which of the following hormones is least likely to be released by the runner? A) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) B) epinephrine C) angiotensin II D) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer. A) tunica intima B) tunica media C) tunica externa D) tunica adventitia

A

If a person has lost a significant amount of blood but still maintains a normal blood pressure it does not necessarily mean that the person is maintaining adequate perfusion. Which of the following best explains why this is so? A) Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance. B) The heart has increased its rate to increase cardiac output. C) The heart has increased its contractile force increasing cardiac output. D) The sympathetic nervous system has increased its nervous impulses.

A

Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by A. T lymphocytes B. plasma cells C. lymph nodes D. medullary cords

B

Autonomic tone is regulated by the A. cerebellum. B. hypothalamus. C. vermis. D. medulla oblongata. E. cerebrum.

B

Blood flow to the skin ________. A) is controlled mainly by decreasing pH B) increases when environmental temperature rises C) increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze D) is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells

B

Flow of lymph through a lymph node is slowed due to ________. A) the viscous nature of lymph B) fewer efferent vessels draining it compared to many afferent vessels feeding it C) the presence of lymphocytes and macrophages D) mini-valves

B

From the right leg, lymph moves in which order? A) right lumbar trunk, right lymphatic duct, right subclavian vein B) right lumbar trunk, thoracic duct, left subclavian vein C) right lumbar trunk, right lymphatic duct, left subclavian vein D) right lumbar trunk, thoracic duct, right subclavian vein

B

Functions of the spleen include all of those below EXCEPT ________. A) removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood B) forming crypts that trap bacteria C) storage of blood platelets D) storage of iron

B

Peripheral resistance ________. A) decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel B) increases as blood vessel diameter increases C) increases as blood viscosity increases D) is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals

C

Release of acetylcholine by postganglionic cells will A. increase heart rate B. dilate bronchioles C. increase digestion D. increase heart rate and dilate bronchioles E. dilate bronchioles and increase digestion

C

Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________. A) obesity B) stress C) kidney disease D) smoking

C

Acetylcholine binds to 1. nicotinic receptors 2. muscarinic receptors 3. alpha receptors A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1 and 2 are correct E. 1, 2 and 3 are correct

D

Acetylcholine is released by _____ postganglionic neurons and is removed from the synaptic cleft at a _____ rate than norepinephrine. A.sympathetic; slower B.sympathetic; faster C.parasympathetic; slower D.parasympathetic; faster E.both parasympathetic and sympathetic; slower

D

Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? A) increasing stroke volume B) increasing heart rate C) rising blood volume D) falling blood volume E) all of these

D

Which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation? A) right ventricle B) pulmonary arteries and veins C) left atrium D) superior vena cava

D

Which of the following is considered a primary lymphoid organ? A) appendix B) tonsils C) spleen D) thymus

D

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system will 1. increase blood glucose 2. decrease blood glucose 3. distribute more blood to the kidney A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1 and 3 are correct E. 2 and 3 are correct

A

In general it is expected that ________. A) osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed B) osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end C) osmotic pressure will be higher in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end D) hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed

A

In red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many ________ type of capillaries in red bone marrow. A) sinusoid capillaries B) continuous capillaries C) fenestrated capillaries D) metarterioles

A

Lymph leaves a lymph node via A. efferent lymphatic vessels B. afferent lymphatic vessels C. the cortical sinus D. the subcapsular sinus

A

Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) A) tonsil B) thymus C) Peyer's patch D) appendix

A

Nicotinic receptors A. are found in all autonomic ganglia B. are found in sweat glands C. do not bind nicotine D. are found in all autonomic ganglia and are found in sweat glands E. are found in all autonomic ganglia and are found in sweat glands, and do not bind nicotine

A

The blood testis barrier is to newly formed sperm cells as the blood thymus barrier is to . A) T lymphocyte precursors B) mast cells C) plasma cells D) white pulp

A

The lymphatic capillaries are A. more permeable than blood capillaries B. less permeable than blood capillaries C. as permeable as blood capillaries D. completely impermeable

A

The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ________. A) lingual tonsils B) palatine tonsils C) pharyngeal tonsils D) Peyer's tonsils

A

Tonsils have blind-ended structures called ________ that trap bacteria and particulate matter. A) tonsillar crypts B) germinal centers C) lymphoid follicles D) tonsillar corpuscles

A

Which disorder is a type of neuropathy often caused by long term diabetes mellitus? A. Diabetic neuropathy B. Horner's Syndrome C. Raynaud's phenomenon D. Autonomic dysreflexia E. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy

A

Which is most likely to occur in the arteriovenous shuts present in the blood vessels of fingers & toes? A) Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. B) Warmer temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. C) Exercise will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. D) Colder temperatures will result in vasodilation in the arteriovenous shuts.

A

Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? A) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure B) hydrostatic pressure only C) blood volume and viscosity D) plasma and formed element concentration

A

Which of the following statements describes a common response of an autonomic effector during the "fight-or-flight" response? A. The pupils of the eyes dilate. B. Blood vessels serving the kidneys and digestive organs dilate. C.Blood vessels serving skeletal muscles constrict. D.Adipose tissues stores away triglycerides for later use. E.Gastric motility and secretory activity increases.

A

Which of the following types of adrenergic receptors are found on cardiac muscle fibers where their activation stimulates increased force and rate of contraction of the heart? A.β1-adrenergic B. α2-adrenergic C.β2-adrenergic D.β3-adrenergic E. α1-adrenergic

A

Which of the following would NOT be classified as a lymphoid organ? A. pancreas B. spleen C. tonsils D. Peyer's patches of the intestine

A

Which of the following would not promote reabsorption from the venous end of the capillary bed? A) increasing solute concentration in the nearby interstitial fluid B) increasing solute concentration in the plasma of the circulating blood C) decreasing hydrostatic pressure of the blood. D) reducing solute concentration in the nearby interstitial fluid

A

In the heart muscle itself, norepinephrine binds to A.muscarinic receptors B. nicotinic receptors C.alpha 1 receptors D.beta 1 receptors E.Beta 2 receptors

A (but not really sure)

If a person stands up suddenly from the prone (lying) position they may feel a sudden dizzy or lightheadedness. Which of the following is the least likely physiological response to this situation? A) increasing peripheral resistance due to vasoconstriction B) increased parasympathetic nerve impulses to the heart C) increased sympathetic output to the heart D) faster heart rate and greater heart contractility

B

In general it is expected that ________. A) hydrostatic pressure will rise as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed B) hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed C) hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed D) osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end

B

In the brain the fluid that filters out of capillaries is highly regulated. You would expect to see ________ feeding the brain. A) sinusoid capillaries, with incomplete basement membrane B) continuous capillaries, with no intercellular clefts C) fenestrated capillaries, with thin diaphragms made of extracellular glycoproteins D) metarterioles leading directly to thoroughfare cannels

B

Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ________. A) nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers B) the dural sinus reflex C) renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction D) chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide

B

Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________. A) 120/80 B) 90/55 C) 150/90 D) 130/80

B

Peyer's patches are found in the distal portion of the ________. A) esophagus B) small intestine C) large intestine D) stomach

B

Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by ________. A) increasing hydrostatic pressure and edema will occur B) decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur C) increasing hydrostatic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases D) decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases

B

Select the correct statement about lymphocytes. A) The two main types are T cells and macrophages. B) B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood. C) T cells are the precursors of B cells. D) T cells are the only form of lymphocyte found in lymphoid tissue.

B

Small secondary lymphoid organs, which cluster along lymphatic vessels are termed A. lymph follicles B. lymph nodes C. lacteals D. lymphatics

B

The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________. A) elastic arteries B) muscular arteries C) arterioles D) capillaries

B

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following? A) a decrease in carbon dioxide B) changes in arterial pressure C) a decrease in oxygen levels D) an increase in oxygen levels

B

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________. A) the only factor that influences resistance B) significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius C) significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter D) insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary

B

The pulse pressure is ________. A) systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure B) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure C) systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure D) diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure)

B

The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? A) reflex arcs involving baroreceptors B) altering blood volume C) reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers D) chemoreceptors

B

The thymus is most active during A. fetal development B. childhood C. middle age D. old age

B

These capillaries may be lined with phagocytes that can extend their process into the plasma to catch "prey." A) fenestrations B) sinusoids C) thoroughfare channels D) anastomoses

B

When the lymphatic structures of a limb are blocked due to tumors, the result is ________. A) shrinkage of tissues distal in the limb to the blockage due to inadequate delivery of lymph B) severe localized edema distal to the blockage of that limb C) increased pressure in the lymphatics proximal in the limb to the blockage D) abnormally high lymph drainage from the distal region

B

Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation? A) kidney B) lungs C) liver D) heart

B

Which cells are the main "warriors" of the immune system? A) basophils B) lymphocytes C) macrophages D) monocytes

B

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels? A) Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells. B) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter. C) They distribute blood to various parts of the body. D) They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue.

B

Which of the following best describes the benefit of the vasomotion process? A) It allows for rapid increase in blood flow to vital organs during fight or flight response. B) It provides a balance between adequate perfusion to all of the tissues while maintaining blood's pressure. C) It lowers blood's pressure by reducing the distribution of blood flow to all of the tissues in the capillary bed. D) It decreases hydrostatic pressure while also increasing osmotic pressure to enhance reabsorption.

B

Which of the following does NOT contain a mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue? A) tonsil B) thymus C) Peyer's patch D) appendix

B

Which of the following responses is NOT caused by activation of the parasympathetic division of the ANS? A.Decreased pupil diameter B.Airway dilation C.Increased secretion of digestive juices D.Decreased heart rate E.Increased gastric motility

B

Which statement best describes arteries? A) All carry oxygenated blood to the heart. B) All carry blood away from the heart. C) All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. D) Only large arteries are lined with endothelium.

B

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? A) tunica intima B) tunica media C) tunica externa D) tunica adventitia

B

A drug that restricts the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) would like result in all of the following physiologic changes but one. Which of the following is the least likely to result from a drug blocking ACE activity? A) decreased peripheral resistance due to decreases vasomotor tone B) increased urine output due to reduction in circulating antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C) increased thirst and higher blood volume D) lower levels of circulating aldosterone and lowered sodium reabsorption

C

A person suddenly gaining significant amounts of adipose tissue can expect all of the following physiological changes except one. Which of the following is least likely to occur with a sudden and significant gain in adipose tissue? A) increased angiogenesis and higher peripheral resistance B) higher peripheral resistance and higher blood pressure C) lower heart rate and reduced blood flow D) increased risk of developing atherosclerosis

C

An agonist is: A. a substance that binds with a neurotransmitter to enhance its effects B. a substance that blocks a hormone from applying its effect C. a substance that activates a receptor producing the same effect as a neurotransmitter D. a substance that prevents a receptor from receiving a hormone

C

Brain blood flow autoregulation ________. A) is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level B) causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure C) is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist D) is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons

C

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________. A) skin temperature B) ADH C) intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms D) the hypothalamic "thermostat"

C

Due to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be ________. A) muscular arteries B) elastic arteries C) arterioles D) pulmonary arteries

C

If a person were to have substantial blood loss you would expect to see all of the following physiological events to except one. Select the least likely response to substantial blood loss. A) increasing vasomotor tone B) increases peripheral resistance C) decreased heart rate D) a weak, thread pulse

C

Lymph transport involves all of the following EXCEPT A. milking action of active muscle fibers B. thorax pressure changes during breathing C. smooth muscle contraction in the lymph capillary walls D. lymph capillary minivalve action

C

Lymphatic ________ are formed from the union of the largest collecting lymphatic vessels. A) capillaries B) nodes C) trunks D) ducts

C

One of the main differences between a somatic reflex and autonomic reflex is the type of effectors that are activated. The effectors in somatic reflexes are _____, while the effectors in autonomic reflexes are _____. A.glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle B. striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands C. skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands D. skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle E. skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only

C

Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue. A) Once a lymphocyte enters the lymphoid tissue, it resides there permanently. B) Lymphoid macrophages secrete antibodies into the blood. C) Lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue. D) T lymphocytes act by ingesting foreign substances.

C

Stimulation of muscarinic receptors 1. can increase the activity of organs 2. can decrease the activity of organs 3. only affects organs supplied by the parasympathetic nervous system A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1 and 2 are correct E. 1, 2 and 3 are correct

C

The aorta receives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole. Which of the following statements best describes the adaptive anatomy of the aorta? A) The aorta's tunica media is thick with dense regular connective tissue to withstand the blood's pressure. B) Smooth muscle is relatively thin in the aorta to increase lumen size and systemic blood flow. C) Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart. D) The tunica external of the aorta is nearly absent compared to other vessels.

C

The chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla possess what type of receptor that makes them responsive to the ACh released by preganglionic sympathetic neurons? A. β2-adrenergic B. β1-adrenergic C. nicotinic receptors D. β3-adrenergic E. muscarinic receptors

C

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________. A) the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis B) any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally C) shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea D) always fatal

C

Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax? A. lumbar trunk B. thoracic duct C. right lymphatic duct D. cisterna chyli

C

Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable? A) Capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them. B) Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even low pressures force solute-containing fluid out of the bloodstream. C) Low blood pressure is associated with longer life span than high blood pressure. D) Low capillary pressure reduces the load of drainage the lymphatic drainage must handle.

C

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? A) 120/80 B) 140/90 C) 170/96 D) 110/60

C

Which of the following chemicals effects blood pressure for both the short and long term? A) aldosterone B) atrial natriuretic peptide C) angiotensin II D) nitric acid

C

Which of the following is NOT a function of lymph nodes? A) act as lymph filters and activate the immune system B) produce lymphoid cells and house granular WBCs C) produce lymph fluid and cerebrospinal fluid D) serve as antigen surveillance areas

C

Which of the following is NOT a normal component of lymph? A) water B) plasma proteins C) red blood cells D) ions

C

Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? A) hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume B) cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels C) vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone D) circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant

C

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? A) Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs. B) The skin will be cold and clammy. C) Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood. D) Blood flow to the kidneys increases.

C

Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance? A) blood viscosity B) total blood vessel length C) blood vessel diameter D) blood vessels type

C

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the spleen? A) The splenic artery and vein enter and exit the spleen at the hilum. B) Clusters of white pulp look like islands in a sea of red pulp. C) Red pulp is where immune functions take place. D) The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ.

C

Which of the following would have the least influence on blood pressure? A) cardiac output B) peripheral resistance C) white blood cell count D) blood volume

C

Which of the following would not promote filtration from the arteriole end of the capillary bed? A) increasing blood pressure B) relaxing precapillary sphincters C) increasing plasma protein concentration D) reducing hydrostatic pressure within the interstitial fluid

C

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________. A) increased work of the left ventricle B) increased incidence of coronary artery disease C) increased damage to blood vessel endothelium D) decreased size of the heart muscle

D

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________. A) left side of the head and neck B) myocardium of the heart C) left upper arm D) right side of the head and neck and right upper arm

D

Each of the following describes the action of aldosterone except one. Which of the following does not describe the activity of aldosterone hormone? A) It promotes an increase in blood pressure. B) It promotes an increase in sodium reabsorption from the kidney to the blood. C) It will reduce urine output. D) It will result in higher sodium levels in the urine.

D

Factors that aid venous return include all except ________. A) activity of skeletal muscles B) pressure changes in the thorax C) venous valves D) urinary output

D

Large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations EXCEPT the ________. A) inguinal region B) cervical region C) axillary region D) lower extremities

D

Lymphatic capillaries are present in ________. A) bones and teeth B) bone marrow C) CNS D) digestive organs

D

Lymphocytes can develop and mature in the ________. A) spleen B) lymph nodes C) tonsils D) red bone marrow

D

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues include all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) Peyer's patches B) palatine tonsils C) lingual tonsils D) islets of Langerhans

D

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________. A) arterioles B) arteries C) veins D) capillaries

D

Select the correct statement about blood flow. A) It is relatively constant through all body organs. B) It is measured in mm Hg. C) It is greatest where resistance is highest. D) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is proportional to cardiac output.

D

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure. A) An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery. B) Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas. C) Excess albumen transport protein production would decrease blood pressure. D) Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.

D

Select the correct statement about lymph transport. A) Under normal conditions, lymph vessels are very high-pressure conduits. B) Lymph transport is faster than that occurring in veins. C) Lymph transport is only necessary when illness causes tissue swelling. D) Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles.

D

The pulse rate depends on all of the following except one. Select the one answer the does not affect a pulse rate reading. A) activity B) postural changes C) emotions D) the vessel selected to palpate

D

The term ductus venosus refers to ________. A) a fetal shunt that bypasses the lungs B) damage to the valves in the veins, leading to varicose veins C) a condition of the aged in which the arteries lose elasticity D) a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver

D

The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does NOT ________. A) have lymphocytes B) produce hormones C) have a cortex and medulla D) directly fight antigens

D

The velocity and pressure of blood is slowest and lowest in the capillary beds. Which of the following is not an accurate description of the benefits of slow, low pressure blood in the capillary beds? A) Lower pressure reduces the chance of injury to delicate capillary vessels. B) Slower blood flow through capillaries allows more time for diffusion to take place in the capillary bed. C) Lower pressure on the venus end of the capillary bed allows for greater reabsorption of fluid back to the plasma. D) Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venus circulation.

D

The velocity of blood flow is ________. A) in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels B) slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter C) slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter D) slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest

D

What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth? A) ligamentum teres; fossa ovalis B) fossa ovalis; ligamentum arteriosum C) ligamentum arteriosum; ligamentum teres D) ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis

D

What is a bubo? A) a wall in a lymph node B) a lobe of the spleen C) an infected Peyer's patch D) an infected lymph node

D

Which lymphoid organ atrophies as we age? A) tonsils B) appendix C) spleen D) thymus

D

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system? A) draining excess interstitial fluid B) carrying out immune responses C) transporting dietary fats D) transporting respiratory gases

D

Which of the following is NOT a method that maintains lymph flow? A) skeletal muscle contraction B) breathing C) valves in lymph vessel walls D) capillary smooth muscle contraction

D

Which of the following is NOT a part of the lymphatic system? A. lymphatic vessels B. lymph nodes C. lymph D. erythrocytes

D

Which of the following is not true regarding fenestrated capillaries? A) Fenestrated capillaries in the small intestine receive nutrients from digested food. B) Fenestrated capillaries in endocrine organs allow hormones rapid entry into the blood. C) Fenestrated capillaries are essential for filtration of blood plasma in the kidney. D) Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier.

D

Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure? A) neural controls B) baroreceptor-initiated reflexes C) chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes D) renal regulation

D

Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign? A) cold, clammy skin B) increased heart rate C) rapid, thready pulse D) rapidly falling blood pressure

D

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Only lymph nodes filter lymph. B) T lymphocytes originate from the red bone marrow. C) Antibodies mark antigens for destruction. D) The thymus consists mainly of lymphoid tissue.

D

Which of the following statements is not true of the precapillary sphincters? A) They allow blood to bypass the true capillaries that are fed by the metarteriole. B) They regulate the flow of blood to tissues served by the true capillaries. C) They increase or decrease rates of perfusion to the tissues served by the true capillaries. D) They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel.

D

Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is FALSE? A) It carries nutrients, toxins, and microorganisms to the liver for processing. B) Its major vessels are the superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins. C) It consists of a vein connecting two capillary beds together. D) It branches off of the inferior vena cava.

D

Which of the following statements regarding the thymus is FALSE? A. It functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation B. It does not directly fight antigens C. Its stroma consists of epithelial tissue D. It has follicles similar to those in the spleen

D

Which of the following would not be expected from taking a diuretic drug? A) lower plasma volume B) increased urine output C) decreased blood pressure D) greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion

D

Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds? A) a decrease in local tissue oxygen content B) an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide C) a local increase in histamine D) a local increase in pH

D

Acetylcholine is released 1. at the neuromuscular junctions 2. within sympathetic ganglia 3. within parasympathetic ganglia A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1 and 2 are correct E. 1, 2 and 3 are correct

E

Activation of muscarinic receptors will 1. cause skeletal muscle contraction 2. increase heart rate 3. increase sweating A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1 and 2 are correct E. 1, 2 and 3 are correct

E

Which the following regions of the brain serve as the major control and integration center of the ANS? A. cerebrum B. pituitary C. thalamus D. cerebellulum E. hypothalamus

E

Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors 1. are sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine 2. have several subclasses 3. mediate response to the sympathetic nervous system A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1 and 2 are correct E. 1, 2 and 3 are correct

E (but still not really sure)