plan 1010 midterm

NIMBY

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death and life of great american cities

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dell's children hospital (austin, tx)

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general theory of walkability (jeff speck)

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high speed rail

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hull house

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leiden, netherlands

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reform era

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village homes, ca

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Dutch Hofjes

• "Hofje" is a Dutch word for a courtyard with almshouses (charitable housing) around it • Provided housing for elderly people (mostly women) • Privately funded and served as a form of social security • Still a number of hofjes in use in the Netherlands • Usually built in a U-shape with a yard or garden in the middle, and a gate as entrance

Settlement Houses

• Neighborhood-based organization that provides services and activities designated to identify and reinforce the strengths of individuals, families, communities • Programs such as job training, early childhood education, afterschool youth programs, arts education and performances, language classes, housing etc. • At least 100 settlement houses around US • Example: Hull House

Auto insurance "by the slice"

• Pricing auto insurance by the amount of miles you drive • Converts fixed costs of driving to variable costs to incentivize less driving

Sustainability

• "Meeting the needs of present and futur e generations through an integration of environmental protection, social advancement and economic prosperity • "A dynamic state in which system needs are being met. A sustainable ecosystem is one that is healthy, zero-waste producing, self-regulating, self-renewing, resilient, and flexible. A sustainable social-ecological system will have those same characteristics as well as being ethical, psychologically fulfilling, and coexisting." • "The ability of giving and receiving sustenance. Thus, sustainability can be thought of as the capacity to nourish humans and the wider life community over the long term."

Green Skyscrapers

• 40% of world's energy is consumed by buildings • Green skyscrapers aim to improve the energy efficiency of buildings throughout their lifetime • LEED accreditation has greatly helped increase the number of green skyscrapers

Free Range Kids

• A concept that comments on the overprotecting parenting style (emphasis on risk) that many parents today have adopted • Unnecessary protection from risk that limits children's opportunity to mature properly into independent adults, and the unnecessary training, thereby limiting their opportunity to have fun or do their own thing • Examples found in Villages Homes or Cohousing (physical form where kids have the ability to play free from cars)

100-Mile Diet

• A diet in which participants only eat foods that have been growth within 100 miles of their home • Buying local is sustainable - supports lower fuel/resource consumption o Supports organic production of food: earth-friendly farming methods and/or free range animals

Gated Communities

• A form of residential housing that has controlled entrances - monitors the entrance • Often criticized for offering a false sense of security and creating an isolated smaller community that does not connect with the surrounding areas

Walking School Bus

• A group of children walking to school with one or more adults • Help encourage children to be active, outside • Creates a sense of community, as parents take turns walking children to school

Solaire (NYC)

• A high-rise green building, the first green residential tower in the country • Resulted in lower electric bills for residents • Uses solar panels and computerized building management system for maintenance • Located in one of the most affluent neighborhoods in NYC, only 10% of units for those with moderate incomes

Urban Greenbelts

• A linear strip of natural, protected land that runs through an urbanized area • Land is left open and protected surrounding an urban area in order to limit development in outward directions from the enter of the urbanized area • Boulder's greenbelt system serves as a natural growth boundary, defining the limits of the city with open space and parkland o Helps block urban sprawl

Vauban (Freiburg)

• A new neighborhood planned for 5,000 inhabitants and 600 jobs to the south of the town center in Freiburg, Germany • Built as "a sustainable model district" • Sustainable buildings o Low energy consumption houses: first housing community in the world in which all homes produce a positive energy balance! • Transport o Primarily by foot or bike o Development laid out such that all homes are in walking distance of a tram stop

Urban Growth Boundaries (UGB)

• A regional boundary set in an attempt to control urban sprawl by mandating that the area inside the boundary be used for higher density urban development and the area outside used for lower density development • First UGB set up in Oregon as part of the statewide land-use planning program o Oregon even restricts the development of farmland

Out of Reach Study

• A study that conducts side-by-side comparisons of wages and rents across all different regions and areas in the US • The report calculates the amount of money a household must earn in order to afford a given rental unit • The study consistently demonstrates the mismatch between the cost of living, the ability of rental assistance, and the wages earned by renters • With more households choosing renting over homeownership, the demand for affordably priced rental housing is surging, pushing rents upward and vacancy rates down o These trends have most severe implications for extremely low income households

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring

• Active role in the Environmental Movement • Concern about the planet: especially pesticides/herbicides • Silent Spring led to a reversal in nationwide pesticide policy, which led to a nationwide ban on DDT and other pesticides o Helped inspire the creation of the US Environmental Protection Agency

Home Mortgage Interest Deduction

• Allows taxpayers who own their homes to reduce their taxable income by the amount of interest paid on the loan which is secured by their principal residence

PARK(ing) Day

• An annual worldwide event where public parking spots (metered spots) are transformed into temporary public places • Emphasizes connection/interaction with people of the community as well as participation in the community

Radburn, NJ

• An unincorporated planned community founded in 1929 • Aimed to incorporate ideas from England's Garden Cities • Designed to separate traffic by mode, with a pedestrian path system that doesn't cross any major roads - emphasis on pedestrianism • Can serve as a model for the car-free movement • Incorporated some of the earliest culs-de-sacs in the US

Trudeslund, Denmark

• Another example of a cohousing neighborhood that has a common house with a children's playroom, lounge etc. • Shows benefits of communal living environment

Mixed-Use Development

• Any development that blends a combo of residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or industrial uses, where those functions are physically and functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian connections • Benefits: sustainability! o Greater housing variety and density o Reduced distances between housing, workplaces, retail businesses and other destinations o More compact development o Stronger neighborhood character o Pedestrian and bike-friendly environments • Example: Two or three-story buildings with residential units above and commercial units on the ground floor facing the street

Pearl Court Apartments (Portland)

• Apartment complex with only 19 parking spaces and 144 bicycle spaces to promote alternate modes of transportation and sustainable mobility

Monte Alban (Oaxaca, Mexico)

• Archeology site of pre-Columbian history that is significant in the history of city planning • The nearby city of Oaxaca, which is built on a grid pattern, is a good example of Spanish colonial town planning o Example: the city center is strategically placed in a partially elevated, easily defensible location • The solidity and volume of the city's buildings show that they were adapted to the earthquake-prone region

Daniel Burnham

• Architect/urban designer who panned the World Columbian Exposition • Leading roles in the creation of master plans for the development of a number of cities, including Chicago and DC

Living-over-the-Shop

• Basic multi-use building designs • Empty space above shops is converted to residential space, often used by the owner of the commercial space • Example of mixed use development

Smart Bikes (Barcelona's Bicing)

• Bicing is the name of a bicycle sharing system in Barcelona • Purpose is to cover the daily routes within the city in a climate-friendly way, eliminating the pollution, roadway noise, and traffic congestion that motor vehicles create • Stations scattered around the city - often situated next to public transport stops to allow for intermodal use

Electric Bikes

• Bike with an electric motor • Significantly lower environmental impact than conventional cars and are generally seen as environmentally desirable in an urban environment • "Not In My Back Yard" • Characterization of opposition by residents to a proposal for a new development because it is close to them, often believing that the developments are necessary in society but should be further away

Tool Libraries

• Borrow tools, equipment, and "how-to" instructional materials • Functions either as a rental shop, with a charge for borrowing the tools, or more commonly free of charge as a form of community sharing • Example: West Seattle Tool Library - provides a wide variety of tools and resources for people and organizations while encouraging sustainable urban living

Susanka's "Not So Big House"

• Brings to light a new way of thinking about what makes a place feel like home - characteristics many people desire in their homes and their lives • Square footage is not necessarily the main quality people value in a house • If you incorporate other valued aspects, your house will feel bigger without physically adding space

Street permeability

• Central principle of New Urbanism - favors urban designs based upon the "traditional" street grid • Extent to which urban form permits (or restricts) movement of people/vehicles in different directions • Generally considered a positive attribute of urban design - permits ease of movement and avoids severing neighborhoods • Urban forms that lack permeability (like a row of many long culs-de-sac) may discourage movement on foot/bike and encourage longer journeys by car

Roundabouts

• Circular intersection in which road traffic is slowed • Reduce fatal accidents at intersections, very efficient, greatly reduce cost and energy usage (no stoplights), and green features can be incorporated into the center

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)

• Cities encouraging and guiding development back to areas served by various forms of mass transit • Need to encourage commuting by transit: avoid single-use developments in favor of mixed-use • Key is that a rail or bus station serves as focal point of the neighborhood and mixed land uses surround it • Benefits: o Increased transit ridership, walking, cycling, reduced auto dependence o Reduction of congestion and pollution, improved air quality o Variety and choice in housing types, retail destinations, and office locations o Framework for revitalization and redevelopment of central urban areas into vibrant communities o Increased pedestrian safety o Efficient use of infrastructure due to the greater intensity of development • Examples of cities developing transit villages: Portland, OR and Arlington, VA

Intersection Repair

• Citizen-led conversion of an urban street intersection into a public square • Usually, the only public space in neighborhoods are streets but those are designed for cars • With an Intersection Repair, public space is reclaimed for the whole community • Becomes a place for people to come together • Don't even have to close the street to cars - can have a public square that is shared by cars and pedestrians

Bakken, Denmark

• Cohousing environment north of Cophenahgen • Emphasizes sense of community and relationships • Has a compact form that allows for community activities in the center and a more private realm like private vegetable gardens • Good for children because it is a safe environment (car-free) • Most residents ride bikes • The neighborhood is built around a farm

Conservation Communities

• Committed to saving large pieces of land from ecological degradation • Adapting to small-scale residential developments to fund conservation and eliminate the need for government funding or private donors • Focus on movements towards sustainable development, green homebuilding, local food, and the management of natural resources • Emphasis on land conservation, not on energy conservation

Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)

• Communities either financially or physically support agricultural efforts and receive portions of the crops • There is mutual support and risk sharing/responsibility - promotes strong community!

Mueller airport redevelopment (Austin, TX)

• Community that was built on the former site of an airport (adaptive reuse) • Developed on the principles of connectivity, walkability, convenience, diversity

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORCs)

• Community that was not originally designed for seniors, but that has a large proportion of residents who are older adults (60+) • Communities not created to meet the needs of seniors living independently in their homes, but rather evolve naturally, as adult residents age in place • Help seniors stay connected and maintain vibrant community lives

Smart Growth

• Concentrate growth in compact walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl • Advocates compact, transit-oriented, walkable, bike-friendly etc. • Promotes: sustainability, sense of community/place, public transportation, diverse employment, equal distribution of the costs and benefits of development, and public health

Prairie Crossing, IL

• Conservation community in Grayslake, Illinois • Designed to combine the preservation of open land, easy commuting by rail, and responsible development practices • Considered a national example of how to plan our communities to enhance the environment and support a better way of life • Many community activities: gatherings at the historic barn, concerts, farmers markets, swimming, cookouts, boating • Emphasis on a sense of place: o Many common areas: Barn serves as a community center and site for various activities o Beautiful landscapes and nature that encourage outdoor activities

Greenbelt, MD

• Constructed in the 1930s to provide housing for low-income families as well as construction work for the unemployed • Design meant to encourage resident interaction, strong community life: residents had to be willing to participate in the life of the town (cooperative community) • Homes grouped into superblocks, series of walkways, homes facing garden-side

Ebenezer Howard and Garden Cities

• Court stenographer • Wrote a book Garden Cities Tomorrow: the description of a utopian city in which people live harmoniously together with nature • Publication resulted in the founding of the Garden City Movement: influenced the development of several model suburbs such as Forest Hills and Radburn, NJ • Garden cities surrounded by "greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture • Howard envisioned a cluster of several garden cities as satellites of a central city, linked by road and rail

Subiaco Model Sustainable Home (Perth, Western Australia)

• Demonstrated how nature can be used in design, sustainable design • Placement of windows so hot solar rays do not directly enter the house in the summer (optimal ventilation) • Most materials are recycled, uses heat sponge materials that retain heat in winter

Flexible Architecture/Design

• Design so that the structure can be used for a different purpose later in its lifetime

Zoning

• Designating permitted uses of land based on mapped zones which separate one set of land uses from another • Purpose is to segregate uses that are thought to be incompatible • Used to prevent new development from interfering with existing residents/businesses and to preserve the "character" of a community • Important factors that gave rise to zoning o Public health: huge numbers of immigrants crowding into cities which were unprepared to cater to their basic needs o Technological factors: electricity increased the spread of the streetcar suburbs - the escape route of the middle class from the horrors of the insanitary and congested city o **The safeguarding of the new suburbs from the blight which had stimulated their development: zoning provided long-term security against change • Some purposes of zoning: o Lessen congestion in the streets o Secure safety from fire, panic, and other dangers o Promote health and general welfare o Prevent overcrowding of land

Clarence Perry and the Neighborhood Concept

• Diagrammatic planning model for residential development in metropolitan areas • Designed to be a framework for urban planners attempting to design functional, self-contained and desirable neighborhoods in industrializing cities

Road Pricing

• Direct charges levied for the use of roads, distance or time based fees, congestion charges, and charges designed to discourage the use of certain classes of vehicles, fuel sources or more polluting vehicles • Used primarily for revenue generation, usually for road infrastructure financing and also to reduce the negative externalities associated with road travel (air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, visual intrusion, noise and road accidents) • Example: Stockholm congestion tax is a congestion pricing system implemented as a tax levied on most vehicles entering and exiting central Stockholm, Sweden. o Primary purpose: reduce traffic congestion and improve the environmental situation in central Stockholm o Funds collected will be used for new road constructions

Cleveland Ecovillage

• Diverse neighborhood, pedestrian-friendly, community-oriented, residents within walking distance from public transit • Green building • Area includes numerous schools, churches, parks, and community gardens • Residents can participate in group activities such as recreation clubs, annual workshops, and celebrations

Ecological Footprint

• Ecological footprint of a city is a measure of the "load" on nature imposed by meeting the needs of its population • The footprint represents the land area necessary to sustain current levels of resource consumption and waste discharged by that population • Reducing the footprint of a city is a positive contribution toward sustainability • Reducing the "metabolism" of the city and making it more efficient is essential to reducing the footprint • Ways to reduce footprint: o Restore negative feedback loops o Reducing greenhouse emissions o Managing population growth o Reducing city sprawl o Reducing Consumption Patters

Greyfields

• Economically obsolescent, outdated, failing or underused real estate assets or land • Usually applied to formerly viable retail and commercial shopping sites • Unlike brownfields, typically not environmentally contaminated

HOPE VI

• Effort to re-imagine high rise public housing buildings • Revitalization of public housing • Some goals: changing the physical shape of public housing, lessening concentrations of poverty by placing public housing in non-poverty neighborhoods and promoting mixed-income communities, social interaction etc.

Eco-Villages

• Emphasis on sustainability (less on landscape conservation) • Integrate a supportive social environment with a low-impact way of life • People feel supported by and responsible to those around them - creates sense of belonging to a group • Emphasis on a local bioregional economy

Euclidean Zoning

• Everyday uses are separated from each other and land uses of the same type are grouped together • Shops concentrated in one area, housing in another area, industry in another • Criticism: putting everyday uses out of walking distance of each other leads to an increase in traffic since people have to use their car and drive to meet their needs throughout the day • Court case Euclid v. Ambler Realty established its constitutionality • Oppose approached to urban planning include mixed-use development and the compact city model

Kronsberg (Hannover, Germany)

• Example of Green Urbanism • Incorporated green features: solar rooftops and a storm water boulevard • It also is "densified": has gridded streets which helps fit more people into a smaller space

Celebration, FL

• Example of New Urbanism • Created by Disney, located near Orlando, FL • Buildings on the edge of the street with large sidewalks meant for walking • Diverse housing types that allow for multi-family homes • White picket fences, porches, farmer's market and other features • Downside: no public transit - embedded in a sea of highways o Critique: car dependent—greenfield locations instead of being embedded in urban framework

Civano (Tucson, Arizona)

• Example of New Urbanism • Integrated residential communities with shopping, workplaces, schools etc. • Parks and natural open spaces • Uses sustainable building materials and water conservation technologies • Goal: connecting people to each other and to their environment • Must adhere to a strict energy and building code o Harvests water, protects trees, uses solar energy • Balance of human needs and natural resources

Baldwin Park (Orlando)

• Example of New Urbanism • Took an existing site and recycled it • Problem with New Urbanism projects is they are typically in bad locations: either car-dependent or took over a Greenfield site • This area recycled naval base/facility made with recycled building materials

The Crossings (Mountain View, CA)

• Example of Smart Growth: high density, transit-oriented, mixed-use • Transformed a failing auto-oriented mall into a vibrant neighborhood that offers a variety of transportation choice • Replaced the original shopping mall with homes, retail shops, and a daycare center, all oriented toward the rail station • Narrow, tree-lined streets and sidewalks, and parks created a walkable and bikeable neighborhood

Hidden Springs (Boise, Idaho)

• Example of a Conservation Community • Committed to saving land from ecological degradation (part of sales price goes towards conservation) • Community built around a working farm • Emphasis on natural environment and healthy living - opportunities for outdoor recreation and living (community gardens, farms) • Walkable! Practical amenities such as a grocery store, post office, day-care

Nyland, CO

• Example of cohousing • 42 privately-owned homes outside Boulder, CO • Emphasis on community and sustainability • Installed solar panels • Houses are energy efficient and all face South to fully utilize sunlight • Has a common house, garden and other public spaces • Can have your own garden plot or work on community plots

Centraal Wonen ("Central Living")

• Example of how architectural design can foster a strong community experience • Dutch "centraal wonen" began in 1969 when a woman, overwhelmed by the combination of professional work, housekeeping, and child care, published a plea in the local newspaper o She called for housing with common amenities to break the cycle of parental isolation and overwork o She reasoned that other parents shared her problems and they could work together instead of living in isolation • Sparked enthusiasm for a cohousing movement • Dutch housing co-ops designed to create levels of socializing between the private dwellings and the collaborating community by designing smaller common areas for the exclusive use of specific clusters of households • Example: private level for each dwelling, shared semiprivate backyards, a semi common kitchen-dining room, common workshops and pub, and public pedestrian paths in front of the homes • Opportunities for socializing, eating together, building a sense of community • The cluster can become like a family or clan

Community Land Trusts

• Example: Burlington, VT • Affordable housing, community gardens/other assets, civic buildings etc. • Goal to protect land but also leave room for affordable housing • Trust owns land: as land increases in value, the added value goes to trust owner • Organization or nonprofit that is concerned about the natural land—want to protect it o Conserve the land don't want to see it developed and built on

Yard Farms

• Example: Community Roots in Boulder, CO • Planting crops in yards of people's homes • Homeowner gets a portion of the crops and the rest goes to local farms • Utilizing lawn space in a productive way, giving valuable land to farms

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

• Example: LA's Orange Line (very successful) • Specialized design, services, and infrastructure to improve system quality and remove bus delay • Aims to combine the speed of light rail or metro system with the flexibility, cost, and simplicity of a bus system • Operate on a designated lane (busway) in order to avoid traffic congestion • Less expensive than building heavy rail system

Shrinking Cities

• Examples: Detroit, Cleveland, New Orleans • Dense cities that have experienced significant population loss • Emigration is a common factor • Since the infrastructure of such cities was built to support a larger population, its maintenance can become a serious problem • Addressing the problem: o Revitalization of core areas to attract residents/businesses o Setting an urban growth boundary is a method for limiting sprawl (used in Portland, Oregon) • Prevent the problem of urban shrinkage before it happens • Increases density within the boundary to maximize returns on infrastructure investments

Urban Sprawl

• Expansion of auto-oriented, low-density development • Outward spreading of a city and its suburbs • Often associated with decentralization (spread of population without a well-defined center) and single-use zoning (commercial, residential, institutional, and industrial areas are separated from one another) • Residents of sprawling neighborhoods tend to emit more pollution per person • Sprawl consumes much more land per-capita than traditional urban developments because zoning laws generally require that new developments are low density • Reliance on car for most activities, walking is impractical so often no sidewalks • Prominent in areas characterized by sprawl: o Shopping malls o Strip malls consisting of mostly big box stores - tend to be low-density, single-story, and with ample space for parking o Fast food chains: argument that these chains accelerate sprawl with their expansive parking lots, flashy signs, and plastic architecture • Urban sprawl may be more prevalent in developing countries o Considerable land consumed by sprawl in Mexico City, Delhi, Beijing • New Urbanism, Smart Growth, Compact City, Urban Growth Boundary, Transit/Bike/Pedestrian Oriented Development oppose sprawl

Central London Congestion Charge

• Fee charged on most motor vehicles operating within the Congestion Charge Zone in central London between 7 Am and 6 Pm Monday to Friday • One of the largest congestion charge zones in the world • Charge aims to reduce congestion and to raise investment funds for London's transport system

Colorado Court (in Santa Monica)

• First "LEED" certified multi-family affordable housing project • Nearly 100% energy neutral • Excellent model for sustainable development in an urban environment • Promotes diversity in an urban environment through strategically placed affordable housing • Natural ventilation system: building's location, orientation and shape take into account winds and exposure to the sun - maximize ventilation and light levels

Colonial Plans and Planning

• Grid patterns, smaller houses usually closer together • Included outer ring for natural and garden areas, public centers, and square in the center of the city • Example: Philadelphia, L'Enfant for DC, Plan of the Indies

Cottage housing/Pocket Neighborhoods

• Grouping of smaller residences, often around a courtyard or common garden, designed to promote a close-knit sense of community and increased level of social contact • Planning: o Smaller homes designed to maximize space o Reducing or segregating parking and roadways o Use of shared communal areas that promote social activities o Homes with smaller square footage built in close proximity to one another (high density) o Focal point around a greenspace (instead of parking areas): encourages spending time outside • Alternative to sprawl, isolation, and commuter/auto focus of many larger homes in suburban developments • Architect Ross Chapin partnered with The Cottage Company to build the first contemporary pocket neighborhood, the Third Street Cottages

New Urbanism (closely related to Smart Growth)

• Growing discontent over how cities in the US have developed - pollution, destruction of open space, heavy reliance on cars, lack of affordable housing, and the segregation of the rich and the poor • Common complaint: cities have been designed for cars, not people • Many people have called for a return to the traditional neighborhood patterns - reclaiming the walkable neighborhoods • Seen to many as a reaction to sprawl • Seek to return to a place that is pedestrian-oriented and to where there is a sense of community and a range of housing and job types • The Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU) is a leading proponent of these ideas

Survival gardens

• Growing food at home because it saves money and is better for the environment

Transfer of Development Rights (TDR)

• Growth-management strategy that establishes a market for the exchange of development rights between property owners • Property owners in a growth-restricted area are issued credits in compensation for any loss in development rights. • These credits can be sold to property owners in specifically designated receiving areas, where they can be used to develop at higher densities than regulations would otherwise allow • Goal: maintain fairness between landowners, while allowing a governing authority to manage land use

South Village (Burlington, VT)

• Homes surrounded by common land that has been conserved for agriculture, wildlife, and recreation • Space for walking, cycling, cross-country skiing, community gardens... • Incorporates a neighborhood within a community farm • Each home owner has the option to by into the farm, receiving weekly produce

Nature-Deficit Disorder

• Hypothesis by Richard Louv in his book Last Child in the Woods • Says that people, especially children, are spending less and less time outside, resulting in a range of behavioral problems - such as attention disorders, depression, obesity • He identifies causes as parental fears, restricted access to natural areas, increased obsession with technology

Seaside, FL

• Iconic example of New Urbanism developed in the 1980s (one of the first) • Walkable community that shows the importance of the public realm • Design code: all buildings must be pained in pastel colors • Focus on community, riding bikes to do errands • Farmers market, tennis courts, and other resort-like features

Cohousing

• Idea from Denmark • Critical architectural aspect: Common House - facilitates community • Private homes with shared facilities • Community organized around communal spaces • Residents normally eat meals together (at the common house) • Emphasis on community, relationships, and social interactions • No cars, emphasis on pedestrianism • Great for families - car-free safe environment, activities for children • 2 types: Ecovillage, Community Land Trust

Urban Villages (e.g. Seattle)

• Ideas of Jane Jacobs are regarded as having had the largest influence on the urban village concept • Urban village movement also influence by Ebenezer Howard's Garden City ideals • Similar ideas to new urbanism • Urban form characterized by: medium density development, mixed use zoning, good public transit, emphasis on pedestrianization and public space • Seen to provide an alternative to recent patterns of urban development in many cities such as decentralization and urban sprawl • Goals: o Reduce car reliance and promote cycling, walking and transit use o High level of self-containment (people working, recreating and living in the same area) o Help facilitate strong community institutions and interaction • Seattle: o Urban Growth Area: requires vast majority of new development to be built within already developed area o Downtown as region's largest urban center o Neighborhood commercial districts and pedestrian zones o Guidelines for commercial and multifamily development o Many Green/sustainable factors: sustainable infrastructure, solid waste management, dense active historic neighborhood, Green Building Program, LEED Incentive for buildings

Infill Development

• In urban planning, infill is the use of land within a built-up area for further construction, especially as part of community redevelopment or growth management program or part of smart growth • Focus on reuse and repositioning of obsolete or underutilized buildings and sites • Essential to renewing blighted neighborhoods and knitting them back together with more prosperous communities • Critical to accommodating growth and redesigning our cities to be sustainable • Some benefits: o Reduce distance between places people need to travel → reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and higher air quality o Reduce conversion of agricultural land/open space for new development o Bring vibrancy, community and social connections to neighborhoods

Inclusionary Zoning

• Municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable by people with low to moderate incomes • Seek to counter exclusionary zoning practices, which aim to exclude low-cost housing from a municipality through the zoning code • Goals: ensure housing in an area predominantly commercial, and to increase the supply of lower-cost housing • Cause: increased cost of housing, affordability problem • Examples: Montgomery County, MD and Boulder, CO

Traffic-Calming

• Increased traffic in communities have led to heightened concerns over safety and the livability of a community • Many communities have initiated traffic calming programs • They seek to alter the behavior of drivers and their vehicles • Any change in street alignment or the installation of various barriers designed to reduce traffic speeds on local streets • Goal: make residential streets less attractive and desirable than neighborhood streets by increasing amount of travel time in residential neighborhoods • Goal accomplished by using speed humps, traffic circles etc. • Example: Neighborhood Traffic Control Program in Seattle that was designed to reduce accidents and speed on residential streets

Dumbbell tenements (1879)

• Industrial Revolution led to major shift of population to cities • Many immigrants that came to cities lived in tenements • Led to a series of tenement reform acts and initiatives • Dumbbell tenements: law requiring that inhabitable rooms have windows opening to plain air

Boulder, CO

• Infrastructure development limits urban growth • Uses the Danish plan: allocates permissible growth annually on a point system basis o Point system- allocates points based on positive/green developments to guide growth and construction • Greenbelt surrounds city: access to nature, and protects wildlife → common plan for managing growth

Robert Moses

• Jacob's enemy • Antiseptic view of the city • Favored highways over public transit and helped create the modern suburbs of Long Island • One of his major contributions was New York's large parkway network

Jane Jacobs

• Journalist, author, activist who became very active and upset abut things being proposed for NYC • Wrote The Death and Life of Great American Cities: argued that urban renewal did not respect the needs of most city-dwellers • Efforts to protect existing neighborhoods from "slum clearance" • Opposition to Robert Moses who planned to overhaul her neighborhood of Greenwich Village

Brownfields

• Land previously used for industrial purposes or commercial uses • Land may be contaminated by waste or pollution and has the potential to be reused once it is cleaned up

Ian McHarg

• Landscape architect, planner, writer of Design With Nature • Meshing communities and ecology • Environmental approach to design

Pruitt Igoe (St. Louis)

• Large urban housing project first occupied in 1954 in St. Louis, Missouri • Living conditions declined after its completion in 1956: famous for its poverty, crime, segregation • Eventually almost completely vacant and decayed, dangerous, crime-infested neighborhood • Eventually all the 33 buildings of the complex were demolished • Icon of urban renewal, architectural and public policy planning failure

LA Ecovillage

• Located near downtown LA in a two-block, multiethnic, working-class neighborhood, home to about 500 people • Close to public transit, schools, churches, stores, light industry, commercial services • People live more ecologically and cooperatively - raising the quality of community life while lowering environmental impacts and expanding awareness about more sustainable urban living

American Planning Association (APA)

• Main function: serve as a forum for the exchange of ideas between people who work in the field of urban and regional planning • Keeps track of the various improvement efforts underway around the country - new parks, highways and roads, residential developments etc.

Form-Based Codes

• Means of regulating development to achieve a specific urban form • Create a predictable public realm, by controlling physical form, with a lesser focus on land use, through municipal regulations • Response to the challenges of urban sprawl, deterioration of historic neighborhoods, and neglect of pedestrian safety in new development • Adoption by cities of single-use zoning regulations has discouraged compact, walkable urbanism

Planning for Climate Change (Adaptation and Mitigation)

• Mitigation: actions to limit the magnitude/rate of climate change o Generally involves reduction in greenhouse gases o Some examples of mitigation: switching to low-carbon energy sources (i.e. renewable and nuclear energy), expanding forests to remove greater amount of CO2 from atmosphere, energy efficiency (i.e. improving insulation of buildings) • Adaptation: responding and adapting to effects of climate change, such as high temperatures, rising sea levels, and unpredicted natural disasters o Especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of climate change - the capacity and potential for humans to adapt is unevenly distributed across different regions o Example: incorporating nature into cities to adapt to urban heating issue - trees have cooling benefits

Car-Sharing

• Model for car rental where people rent cars for short periods of time • Benefits of private cars without the costs and responsibilities of ownership • Neighborhood car-sharing is often promoted as an alternative to owning a car where public transit, walking, and cycling can be used most of the time and a car is only necessary infrequently • Benefits: o Reduces congestion and pollution o Reduces demand for parking spaces o Reduces traffic congestion o Avoid the sunk costs of owning a vehicle

Location-efficient Mortgages

• Mortgage available to people who buy a home in locations where they don't need to rely on cars as much or at all for transportation • Allow people to buy more expensive homes than they normally would be able by factoring in the money they'll save on transportation costs • LEM's are available in Seattle, Chicago, LA, San Francisco

Circular Urban Metabolism

• Most cities are linear metabolic systems in which resources flow in and wastes flow out, unlike natural ecosystems in which resources are cycled in the system • Cities need to close material cycles and adopt a more circular metabolism: o Recycling of paper, glass, metals, and plastics o Reuse and treatment of wastewater o Composition of organic wastes on local farmland • Tying together inputs and outputs so that waste can be reentered into the system instead of just thrown away permanently—shorten supply lines to make a more circular system

Pioneer Courthouse Square

• Most visited site in Oregon's most visited city • Public space that hosts many programmed events each year • Has four different transit lines surrounding the park which allows for accessible and effective public transportation • Was a reclaimed parking lot, shows the importance of reclaiming the streets and sense of community

Interstate Highway System

• Network of freeways that forms a part of the National Highway System of the US • Highly subsidized by government • Led to new ways of living and had a large impact on cities • Highway system allows people to commute in and out of cities - creating a large market for urban areas and more sprawl • The highway system also led to a significant decline in the use of public transportation and a higher demand for private cars and private modes of transportation

Via Verde (Bronx, NYC)

• New model for affordable, green, healthy living • Green Buildings: energy efficient, recycled materials used in construction, greenroofs, storm water reclamation system recycles water for irrigation, landscaped courtyard etc. • Green Apartments: Energy efficient appliances and lighting, high-efficiency windows, water-conserving fixtures etc. • Located two blocks away from the subway

EcoDensity (Vancouver)

• Not unlike Portland's - want to create an urban environment that is desirable to people, especially families • Encourage a form of densification that is environmentally friendly and helps to reduce the city's ecological footprint • Encourage development in low to medium density areas that will allow for an increased number of residents o Areas along transit corridors, light industrial areas • Reuse of existing buildings • Development of secondary housing units (density does not mean you must have all high rise buildings)

Accessory/Secondary Housing Units

• Offer a method of providing affordable housing • An additional separate housing unit on a property that would normally accommodate only one housing unit • The secondary unit is a complete, independent living unit: normally has its own entrance, kitchen, bathroom, living area • Benefits of allowing them: allow home owners to gain additional income, allow current housing to be put to a more efficient use, may allow individuals and families the opportunity to stay together, allow communities to increase density

Little Free Library

• Offers free books housed in small containers to members of the local community • "Take a book, leave a book"

Kentlands, MD

• One of the first attempts of New Urbanism • One of the largest and most successful of the New Urbanism projects • Unique because residents can walk to do errands, walk to school or work • Beautiful environment

Solara (San Diego)

• One of the first solar-powered apartment communities • Part of a mixed-use development that focuses on water conservation and energy-efficient design • For people who do not have a lot of money: minimizing the need for a car and costly lifestyle o The green features are cost effective • Development oriented toward pedestrians and has a community center

Portland, OR

• One of the most sustainable and environmentally friendly cities in the US • Strong land use planning controls: seek to order and regulate land use in an efficient and ethical way - requirements are setting urban growth boundaries, using urban land wisely, and protective natural resources o Requirement for an Urban Growth Boundary: limits the boundaries for large-scale development in the metropolitan area, significantly reduces urban sprawl o Efforts to create economic developing zones: led to development of a large portion of downtown, large number of mid and high rise developments, and an overall increase in housing and business density • Good example of a tight urban form, density, walkable downtown, eco-friendly... • Public transit as the alternatives to cars: streetcar and light-rail system o Also a high percentage of bicycle commuters o Birthplace of car-sharing in the US • Supports green initiatives such as green rooftops, green spaces, urban bicycling, use of renewable energy, and the promotion of local food production/consumption o First city in the US to create a Green Investment Fund

Charlottesville Downtown Mall

• Pedestrian mall with no cars • Shade provided by trees so its cooler than elsewhere in the summer • Sense of community • Mixed-use development (commercial, residential, institutional)

L'Enfant and the plan for Washington (1791)

• Peter L'Enfant appointed by George Washington to design the new capital city (DC) • Plan specified that most streets would be laid out in a grid o Some streets would travel in an east-west direction, some in a north-south direction • Additionally laid out a system of canals

City Beautiful Movement

• Philosophy (flourished in the 1890s and 1900s) that beautification can promote a harmonious social order that will increase the quality of life • Cities as places of beauty - not only beauty for its own sake but also to create moral and civic virtue among urban populations • World Columbian Exposition (1893) in Chicago: celebrated the 400th anniversary of Columbus' discovery of America o Exposition displayed a model city of grand scale: the "White City" o Focused on streets, public spaces, art o Demonstrated the virtues of the city beautiful idea

Toy Libraries

• Popular in French-speaking world • Lends our toys, puzzles, games • Functions either as a rental shop or a form of family resource program • Provide children with new tows every week or so, saving parents money and keeping children from getting bored

Federal Interstate Highway Act (1956)

• Post-WW2 period, suburbs became the new type of urban settlement • This change would not have been possible without highways providing easy access to the city • One of greatest public works ever o Highways would link cities to other cities o Established a Highway Trust Fund of revenues from fuel taxes, thus providing a continuous funds for new road building o Enabled the development of truck and long-distance bus travel - adding to the decline of the rail • Suburbs no longer peripheral: they had become the new center

Green Urbanism

• Practice of creating communities beneficial to human and the environment • Attempt to shape more sustainable places, communities, and lifestyles and consume less of the world's resources • Cities that exemplify green urbanism: o Strive to reduce their ecological footprints o Cities that are green and function in ways analogous to nature o Circular rather than linear metabolism, which develops positive symbiotic relationships o Local/regional self-sufficiency - take full advantage of local/regional food production, economy, power production etc. o Cities that encourage more sustainable, healthy lifestyles o Emphasize a high quality of life and the creation of highly livable neighborhoods and communities • Urbanization is a key driver of carbon emissions, resource depletion, and environmental degradation • Green urbanism based on the triple-zero frameworks: zero fossil-fuel energy use, zero waste, and zero emissions

Adaptive Reuse

• Process of reusing an old site or building for a purpose other than what it was built or designed for • Key factor in land conservation and the reduction of urban sprawl • Can be regarded as a compromise between historic preservation and demolition

Urban Renewal

• Program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use • Involves the relocation of businesses, demolition of structures, relocation of people, and use of eminent domain (government purchase of property for public purpose) • Can have positive or negative results

jane addams

• Prominent reformer of the Progressive Era • First American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize • Helped turn the US to issues of concern to mothers such as the needs of children, public health, and world peace • Role model for middle-class woman who volunteered to uplift their communities • Her group moved into working-class neighborhoods, and from their outposts in the slums they tried to transform the urban landscape o Observed millions crowded into poor housing, disease and death o Fought against child labor and tried to improve housing o Leaders in progressive education o Ultimate goal: eliminate poverty and promote equal opportunity • Began Hull House in an industrial area of Chicago where many European immigrants lived o Main purpose: provide social and educational opportunities for working class people in the surrounding neighborhood (most were Euro immigrants) o Offered classes, clubs, activities, day cares, kindergarten etc.

Compact Urban Form

• Promotes high residential density with mixed land uses • Based on an efficient public transport system and has an urban layout which encourages walking and cycling, low energy consumption, and reduced pollution • Opportunities for social interaction as well as a feeling of safety in numbers • More sustainable than urban sprawl because it is less dependent on the car, requiring less and cheaper infrastructure provision

Central Park, NYC

• Public park at the center of Manhattan in NYC • Most visited urban park in US • Created when the population of NYC soared • Intended to provide a place for people to "escape" from the city • Designed and landscaped as ideal natural setting • Inspired a movement for urban parks

The High Line (NYC)

• Public park built on a historic rail line elevated above the streets on Manhattan's West side • Good example of the reuse and revitalization of old spaces into places people can enjoy • Demonstrates the possibility of having a compact city connected to green spaces and nature • Encourages walking

Personal Rapid Transit (PRT)

• Public transport mode featuring small automated vehicles operating on a network of specially build guide ways • Allows for nonstop, point-to-point travel, bypassing all intermediate stations o Avoids the inefficiencies of mass transit o Offer privacy and the ability to choose one's own schedule o Avoids traffic o Lower construction costs than mass transit systems like light rail • 2 exist currently: one in Masdar City, UAE and one at the London Heathrow Airport

Environmental Movement

• Really took off after WW2 • Silent Spring by Rachel Carson

Third Places

• Refers to social surroundings separate from the two usual social environments of home and work place • It is argued that they are important for establishing a sense of place, community life, and creative interaction

Urban Density

• Refers to the number of people inhabiting a given urbanized area • Important factor in understanding how cities function • Commonly asserted that higher density cities are more sustainable than low density cities • New Urbanism works to increase urban densities

Charlottesville Streetcar (proposed)

• Reinstating the West Main Street Car • Fixed route in the middle of the road which avoids traffic and congestion • Has a more steady schedule than buses, signal priority, acts as a median to slow traffic, eliminates bus traffic on West Main • Environmentally friendly, cheaper than heavy rail infrastructure

Vancouver's "Living First" policy

• Rezoning 8 million square feet from commercial to residential areas and turning over old railroads along the waterfront for housing • Goals: housing intensity, housing diversity, coherent neighborhoods • Has led to population increase

Historic Preservation

• Seek to protect buildings, parks, monuments that have a historical significance • These areas often become public and tourist spaces which provides the city with character, "sense of place" • Usually refers to preservation of the built environment, not wilderness or forests for example

Granny Pods

• Self-contained mini houses that fit in most backyards with a bedroom, kitchen, and bathroom • Placed on the caregiver's property so they can be in close proximity to their family • They have "smart robotic features" that monitor the inhabitant's vital signs, filter contaminants from the air, and allow grandma to easily communicate with the main house • Features you would find in a nursery home or assisted living facility: safety rails, lighted floorboards, first aid kit, and a defibrillator and many others • Addresses the major problem of the aging population

Density Bonuses

• Serve as an incentive to developers to construct affordable housing and additional occupancy (providing a public amenity) • A density bonus is a tool that offers developers a bonus of building over the maximum allowable residential density if they agree to construct a certain percentage of below market-rate housing units • Example: Portland's green room, eco-roof density bonus (not mandated, but creating incentives for density)

Care Cottages (how is this different from granny pods?)

• Units set up on rural properties next to primary caregivers and offer an affordable alternative to home renovation or assisted living facilities • Typical clients: health or disability issues who need assistance of family members, but also want to maintain a certain level of independence • Market potential because of the aging demographics of the nation (aging baby boomers)

Noisette (North Charleston, SC)

• Utilizes an intermodal transportation center o Combines a train station, local/regional bus routes and rental/taxi car service in hub of city • Bike Sharing program called Rack and Ride

Growth Management

• Set of techniques used by government to ensure that as the population grows, there are services able to meet demands • Some demands that are considered: the protection of natural spaces, sufficient and affordable housing, preservation of historical buildings and places, and sufficient places for business • One technique used is the imposition of impact fees: imposed to charge the owners of newly developed properties for the "impact" the new development will have on the community o Used not to maintain existing facilities, but instead to create new facilities in proportion to the number of new developments in the area • Another technique is zoning to reduce the cost of service delivery: used to reduce the area affected by urbanization, allowing the same number of people to live/work in a smaller area, allowing governmental services to be delivered more efficiently • Application of growth management techniques often governed by the development of a comprehensive plan: can be used to measure the impact that new growth will have on the community and define how the impact is mitigated • Related to Smart Growth Movement: need to refocus growth by infill development, revitalizing existing areas, and centering development around transit centers

Freiburg, Germany

• Shining example of sustainability - green in appearance and practice • Excels in the areas of transportation, energy, waste management, land conservation, and green economy • Auto-independent o Car-sharing, tram, bicycles o Roads built just wide enough for a tram track, not for more lanes of cars • Successful in incorporating nature into the urban fabric o Plenty of green spaces - home to Germany's largest communal forest o **the city has bachle: narrow charnels of water that run alongside the pavements • Vibrant, liveable, green city

Monacan Indian Nation

• Significant part in the history of city planning • Through colonization they struggled to preserve the heart of the Monacan nature, identity, and culture • Monacan Indian villages were significant to the establishment of city planning as they lived in villages with palisaded walls and homes that were dome-shaped made of bark and reed mats - advanced technology for their age

Christie Walk (Adelaide, Australia)

• Small urban village - 27 homes and gardens on half an acre • Development has many ecologically sustainable and community enhancing features • Emphasis on use of solar electricity and recycled, non-toxic building materials • Urban design fosters social interaction and a sense of community: free from traffic, public outdoor places

Live-Work units

• Space that combines your workspace with your living quarters • Living above or within your business/workplace • Many sustainable advantages such as reduced car use

Spanish Laws of the Indies (1573)

• Spain's influence on city planning in New World: governing code of city development - Set of guidelines of how towns/villages would be established in the New World • Seen as first wide-ranging guidelines towards design and development of communities • Regulations were specific and practical, designed to plan inspiring and functional towns - form and order was essential • The Royal Ordinances Concerning the Laying Out of New Towns o Plaza in the center of town, from which 12 straight streets are built in a rectilinear grid • Example of a community planned according to these laws: St. Augustine, Florida • Example of the Plaza as the center feature (Plaza Mayor): Santa Fe, New Mexico

Copenhagen regional "fingers" plan (1947)

• Suburban Copenhagen is planned according to the Finger Plan • Copenhagen is to develop along five 'fingers', centered on commuter rail lines, which extend from the 'palm', the dense urban fabric of central Copenhagen. In between the fingers, green wedges are supposed to provide land for agriculture and recreational purposes

Troy Gardens (Madison, WI)

• Supported by the Madison Area Community Land Trust • Took a 31-acre plot that was considered surplus land and used it for integrated land use o Combined housing with open space and agricultural uses • 5-acre community farm, community gardens, and 30-acres of mixed-income housing • Community gardeners use the land to grow their own food which allows people to work together

Visual Preference Surveys (VPS)

• Technique for getting public feedback on physical design alternatives • Often used when designing zoning codes, planning redevelopment, and doing urban planning research • Survey consists of a series of images that participants must score according to their preference

Aging in Place

• The ability to live in one's own home and community safely, independently, and comfortable, regardless of age, income, or ability level • Example: The Beacon Hill Village in Boston began as a community of older adults joining forces to create programs and services that will enable them to live at home, independently as long as possible • The model relies on the network of community members, collective abilities of the community • Shared sense of community through social activities including potluck dinners, book clubs, and educational programs

World Summit on Sustainable Development

• Took place in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002 • Purpose: to discuss sustainable development by the UN • One main outcome was the Johannesburg Declaration: agreement to focus on worldwide welfare conditions such has hunger, malnutrition, drug problems, crime, corruption, natural disasters, terrorism, diseases... • Agreement made to restore the world's depleted fisheries for 2015 • US's absence: George W. Bush boycotted the summit and did not attend

High-Speed Rail

• Type of rail transport that operates significantly faster than traditional rail, using an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks

Euclid v. Ambler Realty

• US Supreme Court case argued in 1926 • Ambler Realty owned 68 acres of land in the village of Euclid, a suburb of Cleveland • The village developed a zoning ordinance to prevent industrial Cleveland from growing into and subsuming Euclid and prevent the growth of industry that might change the character of the village - hindered Ambler Realty from developing the land for industry • Ambler Realty sued the village, arguing that the zoning ordinance had substantially reduced the value of the land by limiting its use • The Supreme Court sided with the Village of Euclid: the Court held that the zoning ordinance was not an unreasonable extension of the village's police power

Greenfields

• Undeveloped land in a city or rural area either used for agriculture, landscape design, or left to naturally evolve • Usually land being considered for urban development • Disappearing with increased sprawl and suburbanization

Vehicle Miles Traveled

• VMT is total number of miles driven by all vehicles within a given time period and geographic area • Used by regional transportation and environmental agencies for planning purposes • The greatest influence on it is how land uses are arranged • Steadily increased during post-war period • VMT tax is a policy of taxing motorists based on how many miles they have traveled • It has been proposed in the US and elsewhere as an infrastructure funding mechanism to replace to fuel tax, which has been generating billions less in revenue each year due to increasingly fuel-efficient vehicles

Davis, CA

• Village Homes: mixed use planned unit development o Primary focus on community building: shared common areas/spaces, shared laundry space, shared gardens, community gardens, community fruit and nut trees and vineyard, and biking o East-West orientation of streets designed to facilitate natural heating/cooling o Bike/pedestrian oriented narrow streets: energy conservation, comfort, safety • Example of an Eco-Radburn

Freiburg Charter for Sustainable Urbanism

• Vision for new settlements based on the reconstruction and development of the southwest German city of Freiburg since WW2 • Badly damaged from war - chose to recreate its original fabric but with sustainability in mind • Guiding principle: saving of natural resources • Car-free neighborhoods and trams that run through green corridors • Charter sets out 12 principles for Sustainable Urbanism: ideas of diversity, tolerance, walkability, good public transport, high quality design • Emphasis on social interaction, community participation/contribution

Historic Chicago Bungalow Initiative

• Was designed to foster an appreciation of the buildings as a distinctive housing type, encouraged rehabilitation of them, and making them more energy efficient and sustainable • Assisted owners with adapting their homes to current needs - helps strengthen the community of the neighborhoods

Urban Heat Island Effect

• When a metropolitan area is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities • Heat is created by energy from all the people, cars, buses and trains in big cities like NY, Paris, London - places with lots of activity and people • Some causes: o "waste heat": people and their tools (such as cars, factories) are always burning off energy. The energy people burn off usually escapes in the form of heat o Use of air conditioning • Negative effects: increased energy consumption, higher greenhouse gas emissions, compromised human health and comfort, impaired water and air quality → ultimately contributing to global warming • How to reduce UHI: using green roofs, roofs of buildings covered in plans, help cool things down. Plants absorb carbon dioxide, a leading pollutant and they also reduce the heat of the surround areas • Example: Phoenix, Arizona - city center around 7-10 degrees warmer than the outlying rural areas

William (Holly) Whyte

• While working in NYC, he used direct observation to describe behavior in urban settings o Set up cameras to observe urban public life • Concluded that public spaces help bring people together, create interactions between strangers • Helped to contradict other conventional beliefs such as the idea that pedestrian traffic and auto traffic should be separated

Levittown

• William Levitt • Levittown developments built in the post-WW2 era for returning veterans and their new families o High demand and the baby boom o Long period of growth and prosperity led to suburbanization • Homes mass produced at an incredible rate which resulted in lower cost housing • The development helped thousands of families realize the American dream of home ownership