Plant Biology Final Exam

In C3 plants carbon fixation occurs in the ________ cells, and the enzyme Rubisco is found in the ________ cells.

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Name 3 different human uses of leaves - specifically name the substance from the leaves/type of leaf and how it is used.

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Please label the whorls of a typical flower shown here. For each letter you must provide the name of the whorl to which it corresponds, and the corresponding flower part(s), these are different answers. Your response can simply take the form of (e.g. A) _____, structure, B)____, structure(s)) but you need to clearly indicate which letter. There should be 2 answers for each letter, .5 pts each.

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The following questions refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure below. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. a) 1 b) 11 c) 7 d) 3

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What is the s-gene and what role does it play in plants (be specific)?

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Which of the following is NOT true about the class of phytochemicals known as alkaloids? (select all that apply) a) Salvinorin A is an alkaloid hallucinogen b) Strychnine is a toxic alkaloid. c) Alkaloids, such as ephedrine can be used as stimulants. d) The alkaloid cocaine is a derived from the coca leaf.

a) Salvinorin A is an alkaloid hallucinogen

Which of the following food chain relationships is mismatched with it's function? a) Secondary consumers: Feed on producers b) Producers: Photosynthesize and store energy c) Primary consumers: Feed on producers d) Decomposers: Break down organic materials into forms that can be reassimilated by producers

a) Secondary consumers: Feed on producers

Pneumatophores allow roots to respire even when submerged. a) True b) False

a) True

____________ is a gene targeting method for creating trangenics that uses common bacteria, such as Agrobacter tumefaciens and E. coli. a) gene insertion b) restriction enzymes c) gene knockout d) "gene guns" using gold bullets

a) gene insertion

Select the region of a growing root which is a region of rapid cell division and growth to replace damaged cells: a) root cap b) zone of imbibition c) zone of maturation d) zone of elongation

a) root cap

Apical dominance is maintained by _______ (hormone) secreted by the __________

auxin; apical bud

The longest lived of all plants is the a) Giant sequoia b) Bristlecone pine c) Ginkgo d) Welwitchia

b) Bristlecone pine

Which Harvard professor is known as "The Father of Ethnobotany"? a) Timothy Leary b) Richard Evan Schultes c) Albert Hoffman d) Wade Davis e) Mark Plotkin

b) Richard Evan Schultes

Spores and seeds have basically the same function—dispersal—but are vastly different because _____. a) spores have a protective outer covering; seeds do not b) spores are unicellular; seeds are not c) spores have an embryo; seeds do not d) spores have stored nutrition; seeds do not

b) spores are unicellular; seeds are not

Which of these are spore-producing structures? a) archegonium of a moss or fern b) sporophyte (capsule) of a moss c) gametophyte of a moss d) antheridium of a moss or fern

b) sporophyte (capsule) of a moss

Sugar is produced in ____________ and then moves to _________________. a) A source; the stem b) The roots; the stem c) A source; a sink d) A sink; a source e) The roots; the leaves

c) A source; a sink

Compared to the bryophytes, the lycopods is better adapted to life on land because the fern: a) Does not have a sporophyte generation, but mosses do b) Produces seeds, but mosses do not c) Has vascular tissue, but mosses do not d) Does not have swimming sperm, but mosses do e) Does not have a gametophyte generation, but mosses do

c) Has vascular tissue, but mosses do not

This plant family has flowers with 5 united petals (2 lobes up, 3 lobes down), opposite leaves, and a square shaped stem. a) Rutaceae b) Rosaceae c) Lamiaceae d) Liliaceae

c) Lamiaceae

Which of the following plant pigment names and colors are mismatched? a) Tannins: Brown b) Reds: Betacyanins c) Xanthophylls: Blue d) Chlorophyll: Green

c) Xanthophylls: Blue

In addition to anchoring a plant, roots usually function directly in which of the following processes? a) production of bud scales b) photosynthesis c) absorption of minerals in solution. d) production of new leaves

c) absorption of minerals in solution.

________ are produced by orchids and other epiphytes, allowing them to absorb water and nutrients from the air, rather than from soil. a) propagative roots b) support roots c) aerial roots d) pneumatophores

c) aerial roots

This is a type of competition where plants use chemicals to inhibit the germination of other seedlings a) commensalism b) nitrification c) allelopathy d) herbivory

c) allelopathy

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms? a) carpels that contain microsporangia b) ovules that are not contained within ovaries c) double fertilization d) free-living gametophytes

c) double fertilization

While walking in a tropical forest, you come upon a 6-meter-tall plant that shows no evidence of seed production. The plant is most likely a(n) a) alga. b) bryophyte. c) fern. d) gymnosperm. e) angiosperm.

c) fern.

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success? a) sperm cells without flagella b) dominant gametophytes c) fruits enclosing seeds d) wind pollination

c) fruits enclosing seeds

____________ is a gene targeting method for creating trangenics that uses electroportation and homologous recombination. a) "gene guns" using gold bullets b) restriction enzymes c) gene knockout d) gene insertion

c) gene knockout

Choose the pro(s) of herbicide resistant GMO crops: a) leads to herbicide resistant weeds b) less herbicide used c) more low-till farming

c) more low-till farming

Which of the following statements about the nitrogen cycle is TRUE a) nitrogen in the air is readily available to plants b) all plant species must compete with bacteria for nitrogenous compounds c) nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen from the air to ammonia and other nitrogenous compounds d) lightening removes nitrogen from the soil

c) nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen from the air to ammonia and other nitrogenous compounds

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants? a) sporophytes b) lignin present in cell walls c) pollen d) vascular tissue

c) pollen

A __________ leaf has a single expanse of blade tissue. a) pinnately compound b) palmately compound c) simple d) rachis e) bipinnately compound

c) simple

In summer, when plant roots are converting sugar to store as starch, the root is the sugar ________ and the leaves are the sugar ________. a) source; sink b) sink; source or sink c) sink; source d) source; source e) sink; sink

c) sink; source

An oak tree is a a) spore. b) zygote. c) sporophyte. d) gametophyte. e) gamete.

c) sporophyte.

Which percentage of people worldwide still rely on plants for their primary source of medicine? a) 20% b) 40% c) 60% d) 80%

d) 80%

Which of the following is false about the sporophyte? a) It is diploid b) It is dominant in ferns c) It produces spores via meiosis d) It is dominant in hornworts e) It grows from a zygote via mitosis

d) It is dominant in hornworts

Which of the following accurately describe how humans influence the nitrogen cycle? a) Harvesting plants increases soil nitrogen. b) Nitrogen-fixing plants reduce soil nitrogen c) Tilling increases soil nutrient composition d) Nitrous oxide released from cars and industry is combined with water in the atmosphere and falls as acid rain.

d) Nitrous oxide released from cars and industry is combined with water in the atmosphere and falls as acid rain.

The ___________ contains the male parts of the flower; the __________. a) gynoecium; stamens b) androecium; carpel c) gynoecium; carpel d) androecium; stamens

d) androecium; stamens

The leaf pigments mostly responsible for gold to orange leaf colors in the fall are a) xanthophylls. b) anthocyanins. c) betacyanins. d) carotenes. e) chlorophylls.

d) carotenes.

Epiphytes often live on tree branches, using the tree for support, but taking no nutrients from the trees, this is an example of a) allelopathy b) mutualism c) herbivory d) commensalism

d) commensalism

Stomata are part of this tissue. a) spongy mesophyll b) palisade mesophyll c) vascular bundles d) epidermis e) phloem parenchyma

d) epidermis

Which gaseous hormone stimulates the ripening of fruits? a) abscisic acid b) indoleacetic acid c) gibberellin d) ethylene

d) ethylene

According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats _____. a) only about 150 million years ago b) in conjunction with insects that pollinated them c) to escape abundant herbivores in the oceans d) in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil

d) in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil

Secondary growth of plants results from cell division in which type of meristem? a) intercalary meristem b) stele meristem c) primary meristem d) lateral meristem e) secondary meristem

d) lateral meristem

Carnivorous plants have evolved mechanisms that trap and digest small animals. The products of this digestion are used to supplement the plant's supply of _____. a) carbohydrates b) energy c) lipids and steroids d) nitrogen and other minerals

d) nitrogen and other minerals

A leaf arrangement in which there are three or more leaves at a node is called a) alternate b) opposite c) palmate d) whorled e) pinnate

d) whorled

Which of the following are found in the "leaves" (phyllodes) of mosses? a) veins b) air spaces c) petioles d) mesophyll e) costa

e) costa

The epidermis of leaves normally is coated with a) suberin. b) lignin. c) resin. d) latex. e) cutin.

e) cutin.

The root system is comprised of two types of roots; __________ roots are more distal and are responsible for water and mineral absorption and initial transport.

fine

In heterosporous plants the microspore gives rise to the _________.

micro

Compare and contrast alternation of generations in pines and angiosperms. This must be very detailed and include all major structures and processes involved. Be sure to include when the plants are haploid or diploid. You can use a list as long as order is clear. Be sure to clearly write out structure and processes and indicate which things are the same and which are different.

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In the example of the fig pollination biology - which of the following is true a) it is an aggregate fruit b) it is pollinated by wasps c) more than one answer is correct d) the "fruit" is really an inflorescence

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In this question, assume that the life cycle of a flowering plant begins with the germination of a seed and ends with the development of a fruit. Two events that occur in the life cycle are formation of a pollen tube and pollination. a) Formation of a pollen tube precedes pollination. b) Pollination precedes the formation of a pollen tube. c) Both events occur more or less simultaneously.

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Place the following steps of engineering herbicide resistance in order: ___redifferentiation of cells into embryos ___tissue cultured to form undifferentiated mass of cells_ ___herbicide added to to select for cells ___cells are placed in a liquid culture and are inoculated with bacteria carrying an altered plasmid

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The following questions refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure below. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In ferns, which number in the figure above represents a component that would be bisexual? a) 1 b) 11 c) 3 d) 7

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This is a picture of poison ivy. The leaf is on the left, and a stem with leaves is on the right. Select all of the true statements about poison ivy based on this image. a) Poison ivy has a compound leaf. b) Poison ivy leaves have a margin that is entire. c) Poison ivy has opposite leaves. d) Poison ivy has alternate leaves.

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Which of the following fruits is derived from a simple flower having more than one pistil? a) pome b) pepo c) multiple fruit d) drupe e) aggregate fruit

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Which of the following statements about the nitrogen cycle is TRUE a) most of the nitrogen supply of plants derived from soil in the form of inorganic compounds and ions taken up by roots. b) all plant species must compete with bacteria for nitrogenous compounds c) nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen from the soil and release it into the air d) nitrogen in the air is readily available to plants

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Xylem and phloem in a leaf are part of the a) veins b) epidermis c) spongy mesophyll d) palisade mesophyll e) none of these answers are correct

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The following questions refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure below. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In the figure above, which number represents a diploid zygote? a) 3 b) 11 c) 1 d) 7

*** the answer is not 1

Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In the figure, meiosis is most likely to be represented by which number(s)? a) 2 b) 4 c) 2 and 8 d) 10 and 12

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Match the gymnosperm group with the accurate descriptor/information. 1. 70 species, 3 extant families; look like palm trees, greatest importance in the Mesozoic 2. one surviving relic, native to small region in China, common in urban plantings 3. Approximately 630 species; contains the longest lived of all plants. Important forestry resource 4. Contains 3 genera, one of which is Ephedra

4-Gnetum 2-Ginkgo 3-Conifer 1-Cycad

Which of the following features of how seedless land plants get sperm to egg are the same as for some of their algal ancestors? a) Flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop. b) Aquatic invertebrates carry sperm to eggs. c) Conjugation tubes are formed between sperm and egg cells. d) Packets of sperm are delivered by wind to the eggs.

a) Flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop.

Which of the following groups is represented today by a single species? a) Ginkgos b) Liverworts c) Conifers d) Cycads e) Bryophytes

a) Ginkgos

In the moss life cycle, the ______ generation is dominant. a) Haploid gametophyte b) Diploid sporophyte c) Triploid sporophyte d) Haploid sporophyte e) Diploid gametophyte

a) Haploid gametophyte

Which of the following contribute to the surface area available for water absorption from the soil by a plant root system? I)root hairs II)endodermis III)mycorrhizae IV)fibrous arrangement of the roots a) I, III, and IV b) I, II, III, and IV c) II and III d) I, II, and IV

a) I, III, and IV

How are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike? a) In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia. b) Plants in both groups have true roots, stems, and leaves. c) The dominant generation in both groups is the sporophyte. d) Plants in both groups have vascular tissue.

a) In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.

Fruit production requires precious resources. What important benefit does fruit provide? a) Is a means of seed dispersal b) Keeps the seed moist c) Attracts pollen eaters d) Feeds the embryo e) Prevents consumption of enclosed seeds

a) Is a means of seed dispersal

Members of this family have pinnately compound leaves. They produce drupaceous nuts. This family contains walnuts and hickories. a) Juglandaceae b) Fagaceae c) Fabaceae d) Aceraceae

a) Juglandaceae

You discovered an unidentified weed and cut it almost to the ground with the lawn mower. Soon it grows as tall as it was before you cut it. This growth is likely due to which growth region? a) Lateral bud meristem b) Cork cambium c) Shoot apical meristem d) Root apical meristem e) Vascular cambium

a) Lateral bud meristem

This plant family has flower parts in multiples of 3, typically the calyx is modified to be showy to attract pollinators. Aloe is in this family. a) Liliaceae b) Lamiaceae c) Rosaceae d) Rutaceae

a) Liliaceae

Choose the pros of pesticide-producing GMO crops (select all that apply): a) Lower application of pesticides b) Reduced pest damage to crops c) people may have allergic reactions to the compounds the plants now produce d) increased prevalence of pest-resistance to the pesticide produced by the crop

a) Lower application of pesticides b) Reduced pest damage to crops

The main functions of shoots include the following: (select all that apply) a) Photosynthesis b) Water absorption c) Reproduction d) Carbohydrate storage

a) Photosynthesis; c) Reproduction

This plant family is commonly known as the "citrus" family and contains oranges, limes, and grapefruit. a) Rutaceae b) Lamiaceae c) Liliaceae d) Rosaceae

a) Rutaceae

Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a) Secondary succession often occurs after land has been cleared for agriculture and then abandoned. b) Secondary succession occurs on newly exposed substrate. c) Primary succession occurs where soil is already present and their are surviving species in the vicinity. d) Secondary succession occurs on beach dunes and rock outcrops.

a) Secondary succession often occurs after land has been cleared for agriculture and then abandoned.

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to _____. a) ferns b) flowering plants c) gymnosperms d) mosses

a) ferns

The whorl of a flower that contains the female reproductive parts is called the a) gynoecium b) androecium c) calyx d) corolla

a) gynoecium

The whorl of a flower that contains the female reproductive parts is called the a) gynoecium b) corolla c) androecium d) calyx

a) gynoecium

The whorl of a flower that contains the female reproductive parts is called the a) gynoecium b) corolla c) calyx d) androecium

a) gynoecium

An onion bulb is made up of ________ that are specially adapted for food and water storage. a) leaves b) roots c) branches d) flowers e) stems

a) leaves

The first genetically engineered (transgenic) food was introduced ________ and was _______. a) 1996; soybean b) 1994; tomato c) 2006; corn d) 2004; soybean

b) 1994; tomato

Several key adaptations (derived traits) appear in Angiosperms leading to their great diversity and abundance. Which of the following is not one of the adaptations unique to: a) Fruits developed from an ovary aid in dispersal b) A cuticle to prevent water loss c) Broad leaves d) Flowers that aid in pollination

b) A cuticle to prevent water loss

_____ prevents seeds from germinating until conditions are favorable for the growth of the plant. a) Zeaxanthin b) Abscisic acid c) Gibberellin d) Ethylene

b) Abscisic acid

How does carbon dioxide enter a leaf? a) CO2 is moved by active transport into the leaf by special cells called guard cells. b) CO2 passes through openings called stomata on the leaf surface. c) Dissolved CO2 is transported from roots to leaves in the xylem. d) Atmospheric pressure forces CO2 through pits on the leaf surface. e) CO2 diffuses through the epidermis into the mesophyll.

b) CO2 passes through openings called stomata on the leaf surface.

Which of the following statements is true of the pine life cycle? a) The pine tree is a gametophyte. b) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes. c) Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon. d) Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis.

b) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.

Oaks and beech trees are members of the family a) Juglandaceae b) Fagaceae c) Fabaceae d) Aceraceae

b) Fagaceae

Aerial roots allow roots to respire even when submerged. a) True b) False

b) False

An heirloom variety has undergone inbreeding to create a genetically uniform variety. a) True b) False

b) False

Native Americans, such at the Cherokee, avoided using European imports in their medicinal plant collection/practice. a) True b) False

b) False

Which of the following is not a way a person could reduce their environmental impact on native plant populations? a) Replace pesticides with biological pest controls b) Help spread plants to novel habitats by introducing fast-growing, non-native species to new areas c) Conserve water and energy d) Preserve habitats and species

b) Help spread plants to novel habitats by introducing fast-growing, non-native species to new areas

Which of the following direct human influences on the carbon cycle are correctly paired: a) deforestation: increased methane production b) Higher carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels: increased global climate change c) increased agricultural production: fertilizer runoff d) intensive cattle production: double increase in carbon dioxide

b) Higher carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels: increased global climate change

The first protist chloroplast was likely to have been a(n) a) example of secondary endosymbiosis. b) chemosynthetic bacterium. c) photosynthetic bacterium. d) virus. e) symbiotic green alga.

c) photosynthetic bacterium.

A botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophylls a and b, and cell walls made of cellulose. In assigning this plant to a phylum, which of the following, if present, would be LEAST useful? a) endosperm b) seeds c) spores d) flowers

c) spores

Spores and seeds have basically the same function—dispersal—but are vastly different because _____. a) spores have a protective outer covering; seeds do not b) spores have stored nutrition; seeds do not c) spores are unicellular; seeds are not d) spores have an embryo; seeds do not

c) spores are unicellular; seeds are not

In grafting, the rooted part is known as the a) scion. b) interstock. c) stock. d) cambium. e) inarch.

c) stock.

An opening in the epidermis of the leaf through which water evaporates is called a a) pit. b) plasmodesmata. c) stoma. d) guard cell. e) sieve plate.

c) stoma.

________ allow plants to have increased support in shallow soils or aquatic environments. a) pneumatophores b) propagative roots c) support roots d) aerial roots

c) support roots

Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution? a) the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle b) the trend toward smaller size c) the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle d) the trend toward larger gametophytes

c) the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

The study of root architecture/spatial distribution is called _______. a) exogeny b) rhizophology c) topology d) tomography

c) topology

Most of the water that enters a plant via the roots leaves the same plant by the process of a) plasmolysis b) osmosis c) transpiration d) root pressure

c) transpiration

The ancestor of common corn a) was closely related to modern broccoli b) originated in Africa c) was teosinte d) was Zeo mays

c) was teosinte

Conifer seeds develop in reproductive structures called ________.

cones

Which of the following accurately describes a plant community? a) Groups of individuals of the same species in a given area. b) Communities and their physical environment which interact and are interconnected by physical, chemical, and biological processes. c) An individual of a single species. d) A unit composed of all species of plants in a given area.

d) A unit composed of all species of plants in a given area.

Members of this family typically have palmately lobed leaves that are opposite. Fruits are wing-like structures, adapted for wind dispersal. a) Juglandaceae b) Fagaceae c) Fabaceae d) Aceraceae

d) Aceraceae

Which of the following is responsible for providing proteins to the sieve-tube members in plants? a) Vessel elements b) Spongy mesophyll c) Palisade mesophyll d) Companion cells e) Tracheids

d) Companion cells

Spores and seeds have basically the same function—dispersal—but are vastly different because _____. a) spores have stored nutrition; seeds do not b) spores have a protective outer covering; seeds do not c) spores have an embryo; seeds do not d) spores are haploid; seeds are not

d) spores are haploid; seeds are not

Some seeds require that the seed experience cold before germination will occur. The process of exposing the seed to cold to stimulate germination is called a) scarification. b) senescence. c) cracking. d) stratification. e) lignification.

d) stratification.

Which of the following statements about the extant (living) Pteridophytes is FALSE? a) these plants have vascular tissue but do not produce seeds b) this group of plants have a fossil record dating back approximately 400 mya (million years ago) c) this group contains the lycopods, adder's tongue ferns, and true ferns d) the largest species is the tall dawsonia (Dawsonia superba) from Asia

d) the largest species is the tall dawsonia (Dawsonia superba) from Asia

Which of the following statements about the extant (living) Pteridophytes is FALSE? a) this group of plants have a fossil record dating back approximately 400 mya (million years ago) b) these plants have vascular tissue but do not produce seeds c) this group contains the lycopods, adder's tongue ferns, and true ferns d) the largest species is the tall dawsonia (Dawsonia superba) from Asia

d) the largest species is the tall dawsonia (Dawsonia superba) from Asia

Which of the following is NOT a specialized leaf? a) pitcher of a pitcher plant b) Venus flytrap c) tendril of a pea plant d) the rhizome of ginger e) sundew "trap"

d) the rhizome of ginger

Select the region of a growing root which contains root hairs and is an area of active absorption: a) zone of imbibition b) zone of elongation c) root cap d) zone of maturation

d) zone of maturation

Which of the following is/are found in C4 plants? a) large chloroplasts with numerous starch grains b) high concentrations of PEP carboxylase in mesophyll cells c) higher optimum temperatures for photosynthesis than C 3 plants d) small chloroplasts with well-developed grana e) All of these answers are correct.

e) All of these answers are correct.

Vascular plants include both seed-producing and seedless groups. Which of the following represents a significant adaptive benefit for seed-producing plants? a) a protective seed coat surrounding the embryo b) a supply of food c) ability to remain dormant d) ability to survive extreme drought e) All of these choices are correct.

e) All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following statements is incorrect with regard to xylem tissue? a) Vessel elements contain pits. b) Water and minerals are transported by xylem. c) Xylem is composed of tracheids and vessel elements. d) Xylem cells are dead at maturity. e) Companion cells provide nutrition for tracheids.

e) Companion cells provide nutrition for tracheids.

A plant physiologist is studying the main functions of the spongy mesophyll layer in the leaves of plants. Based on this information you would conclude that he or she is studying: a) Vascular transport b) Nutrient uptake c) Protection of the leaf d) Carbohydrate storage e) Gas exchange

e) Gas exchange

Which of the following groups has been planted extensively along U.S. streets because of their resistance to pollution? a) Liverworts b) Conifers c) Bryophytes d) Cycads e) Ginkgos

e) Ginkgos

Which of the following is an example of a mutualism? a) Phoresy (seed transport) b) Myrmecophytism (Ant-Plants) c) Mycorrhizal fungi and roots d) Mistletoe and oak trees e) Myrmecophytism (Ant-Plants) AND Mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots are examples of mutualisms.

e) Myrmecophytism (Ant-Plants) AND Mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots are examples of mutualisms.

Which of the following is not considered part of the gymnosperm group? a) The gnetophytes b) Ginkgo c) The conifers d) The cycads e) The horsetails

e) The horsetails

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of herbaceous stems is that _____. a) vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from stems b) stems have epidermal tissue but roots do not c) only stems have phloem and only roots have xylem d) root cells have cell walls and stem cells do not e) a waxy cuticle covers herbaceous stems but is absent from roots

e) a waxy cuticle covers herbaceous stems but is absent from roots

Greater strength in the vascular cells help plants stand erect without water for them to float in, this is due to the presence of a) stomata. b) a cuticle. c) flowers. d) vascular tissue. e) lignin.

e) lignin.

Bryophytes a) have xylem and phloem. b) all have relatively tiny "leaves." c) produce their gametes in single-celled sex organs. d) are mostly parasites of other plants. e) need water present to undergo sexual reproduction.

e) need water present to undergo sexual reproduction.

Which of the following groups of fruits is representative of drupes? a) pineapples, mulberries, figs b) strawberries, blackberries, raspberries c) apples, pears, quinces d) oranges, lemons, limes e) plums, apricots, olives

e) plums, apricots, olives

Most phytochemicals are called these because they are by-products of cellular respiration or are otherwise not directly involved in the functions of photosynthesis and growth. a) sugars b) primary compounds c) carbohydrates d) photosynthates e) secondary metabolites

e) secondary metabolites

Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 major US genetically modified crops? a) cotton b) canola c) corn d) soy e) tomatoes

e) tomatoes

In __________ dormancy, any other part of the seed and/or fruit (except the embryo) prevents germination.

exogenous

The nutrients in seeds that have the advantage of being lighter for a given supply of calories are the __________. (I am looking for a specific group of macromolecules here)

fats

The ____________ cone is typically larger, produces the egg and ultimately the seed.

female

The leaves of ferns are referred to as __________ because they differ from the leaves of seed plants.

fronds

In the spring, when stored starches convert back to sugars and move from the root of a plant to the developing buds, the root is the sugar ________ and the bud is the sugar ________.

source; sink

Sporophytes are multicellular plants that produce ________.

spores

The ________ generation of a plant is diploid.

sporophyte

Petroleum inputs reduce efficiency in the industrialized food chain by an additional 20% on average. a) true b) false

b) false

Mustard gas, a toxic poison used in WWI, is derived from this class of phytochemicals? a) alkaloids b) glycosides c) phenols d) terpenoids

b) glycosides

Apical meristems produce tissues that ________________. a) increase the width of the plant. b) increase the length of the plant. c) lead to the production of bark d) increase the girth of the plant.

b) increase the length of the plant.

Aquifers are being depleted much more quickly than they can refill. The water is primarily being used for a) home use b) irrigation c) bottled water sales d) industry

b) irrigation

Genetic diversity in wild relatives and local populations of cultivated plant species is critically important to plant breeders because _____________. a) crop seeds should be variable b) it is the source of disease and pest resistance that can be bred into new crop varieties c) modern agriculture relies on low diversity in crop varieties d) they are searching for new crop species to develop e) they have been domesticating approximately one new crop species per year since 1900

b) it is the source of disease and pest resistance that can be bred into new crop varieties

Increases in plant length (such as overall height or branch and root length) result from cell division that occurs a) from cell division of differentiated cells. b) only in apical meristems at shoot and root tips. c) only from lateral meristems. d) equally throughout the plant body.

b) only in apical meristems at shoot and root tips.

A leaf arrangement in which there are two leaves at a node is called _________. a) alternate b) opposite c) palmate d) whorled e) crowded

b) opposite

The movement of sugars produced in leaves into the phloem by active transport is also known as a) imbibition-guttation hypothesis b) phloem loading c) transpiration-tension-cohesion model d) translocation theory

b) phloem loading

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants? a) lignin present in cell walls b) pollen c) vascular tissue d) sporophytes

b) pollen

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil? a) the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem b) root hairs c) storage roots d) root cap

b) root hairs

Which of these associations is incorrect? a) vascular tissue - transport b) root hairs - protection for growing root tip c) meristem cells - growth d) Ground tissue - collenchyma cells e) Epidermal cells-protection

b) root hairs - protection for growing root tip

Which structure is correctly paired with its tissue system? a) companion cell — ground tissue b) tracheid — vascular tissue c) root hair — vascular tissue d) guard cell — vascular tissue

b) tracheid — vascular tissue

The ________ mechanism explains the movement of water and minerals through xylem. a) assisted diffusion b) transpiration-tension-cohesion c) pressure-flow d) translocation e) capillary action

b) transpiration-tension-cohesion

What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land? a) remnants of chloroplasts from photosynthesizing cells b) waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves c) sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves d) loss of structures that produce spores

b) waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

Most leaves are attached to the stem by the __________. a) adventitious buds b) internodes c) petiole d) petiolule e) bud scales

c) petiole

Cells produced by the vascular cambium do NOT include a) tracheids. b) vessel elements. c) phelloderm. d) sieve-tube elements. e) companion cells.

c) phelloderm.

What is the function of the stigma of a flower? Provide an example of a modification of the stigma related to the pollination syndrome/who pollinates it.

It serves as a sticky landing site for pollen.

As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a _____. a) zygote of a green alga b) gametophyte of a moss c) gametophyte of a fern d) sporophyte of a liverwort

b) gametophyte of a moss

Describe the distinct adaptations that wind dispersed fruits may have that aid in their dispersal.

Wind dispersed fruits may be structured differently. For example, when watching the PLP video, certain trees adopted a mechanism similar to airplanes or helicopters to disperse the fruit on the tree. In lecture, we also discussed that some plants use "aeration" to make the fruit lighter and easier to float in the air. (Lightweight, winged, cottony plumed, or adapted to roll)

Which of the following has the correct percentages for the composition of dried wood? a) 10% water b) 60-70% lignin c) 20% resins, gums, oils, dyes, tannins, and starch d) 60-70% resins, gums, oils, dyes, tannins, and starch

a) 10% water

Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated. 1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence 2. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence 3. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence a) 3 → 1 → 2 b) 1 →? 2 → 3 c) 2 → 1 → 3 d) 3 → 2 → 1

a) 3 → 1 → 2

Which of the following statements is true of the pine life cycle? a) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes. b) The pine tree is a gametophyte. c) Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis. d) Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon.

a) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.

Select the TRUE statements regarding the two main forces that determine a plants root architecture: a) Endogenous forces are those that are a result of genetic makeup b) Plants can adjust their growth in response to the environment. c) Exogenous forces are those that are a result of genetic makeup d) Exogenous forces are those that are a response to the biotic and abiotic environment.

a) Endogenous forces are those that are a result of genetic makeup b) Plants can adjust their growth in response to the environment. d) Exogenous forces are those that are a response to the biotic and abiotic environment.

Which of the following are true regarding parasitic plants? a) Some parasitic plants use an modified root, called a haustorium, to attach to and penetrate the host, accessing it's vascular tissue. b) Most parasitic plants are pale to white in color. c) Pitcher plants are parasitic, feeding on the dead insects trapped inside their modified leaves. d) Parasitic plants are more common in the Bryophytes.

a) Some parasitic plants use an modified root, called a haustorium, to attach to and penetrate the host, accessing it's vascular tissue.

Which of the following statements about fossil evidence from plants is true (select all that apply): a) Sporophytes were branched before the evolution of vascular tissues. b) In early land plants the gametophytes were branched and complex like the sporophytes. c) The earliest known fossil beds, the Rhynie Chert, dates to 360 mya. d) Since fossilized remains are often rock-like, it is only possible to observe large characteristics, not cellular ones.

a) Sporophytes were branched before the evolution of vascular tissues. b) In early land plants the gametophytes were branched and complex like the sporophytes.

Which of the following is a primary function of most stems but NOT of roots? a) Support against gravity b) Anchorage in soil c) Storage of starch d) Absorption of water and mineral

a) Support against gravity

Which of the following is true about the class of phytochemicals known as alkaloids? (select all that apply) a) The alkaloid cocaine is a derived from the coca leaf. b) Alkaloids, such as ephedrine can be used as stimulants. c) Alkaloids are commonly found in the mint family, giving them their aroma. d) Alkaloids are found in many psycho-active drugs, such as LSD.

a) The alkaloid cocaine is a derived from the coca leaf. b) Alkaloids, such as ephedrine can be used as stimulants. d) Alkaloids are found in many psycho-active drugs, such as LSD.

Why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit? a) The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lack the structural support to stand erect in air. b) There was less competition for space so they simply spread out flat. c) They were tied to the water for reproduction and thus needed to remain in close contact with the moist soil. d) Land animals of that period were small and could not pollinate tall plants.

a) The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lack the structural support to stand erect in air.

You found the following plants growing on campus during a field trip: a small plant with a notable absence of root hairs; a short, stubby plant with an enlarged taproot; a tall annual herb with fungal strands extending from its roots; a low-growing plant with nodules on the roots; and a woody shrub with an extensive fibrous root system. Based on this scenario, which plant is most likely a leg a) The plant with the root nodules b) The annual herb with the fungal-root association c) The woody shrub with the fibrous root system d) The plant with no root hairs e) The plant with the enlarged taproot

a) The plant with the root nodules

Which of the following is correct about gymnosperms? a) They were prominent in the Mesozoic Era b) They were prominent in the Paleozoic Era c) They were prominent in the Carboniferous Period d) They were prominent in the Devonian Period e) They were prominent 400 million years ago

a) They were prominent in the Mesozoic Era

The meristematic tissue used for secondary growth and found between the xylem and phloem of each vascular bundle in dicot stems is termed the: a) Vascular cambium b) Root meristem c) Bark cambium d) Apical meristem e) Cork cambium

a) Vascular cambium

Modified leaves are used by insectivorous plants to trap insects. One such plant that has movable modified leaves is a) Venus flytrap. b) sun mellon. c) pitcher plant. d) bladderwort. e) Both Venus flytrap and pitcher plant are correct.

a) Venus flytrap.

________ are produced by orchids and other epiphytes, allowing them to absorb water and nutrients from the air, rather than from soil. a) aerial roots b) support roots c) pneumatophores d) propagative roots

a) aerial roots

The largest proportion of extant land plants are the _____ which constitute ____ % of the living plants. a) angiosperms; 90 b) angiosperms; 75 c) gymnosperms; 70 d) gymnosperms; 90

a) angiosperms; 90

A plant that grow for one year, reproduces the second year and dies after the seed is produced is known as a(n): a) biennial b) bicentennial c) perennial d) annual

a) biennial

Flowers that are bright red/bright orange, have petals fused into a tube, and contain nectar rewards but little scent are often pollinated by a) birds b) bees c) moths d) butterflies

a) birds

The jacket of cells surrounding a leaf vein is usually termed a/an a) bundle sheath. b) protective parenchyma layer. c) fiber-tracheid layer. d) ray. e) myelin sheath.

a) bundle sheath.

Which of the following is a flattened, leaf-like stem? a) cladophyll b) tuber c) corm d) rhizome

a) cladophyll

Epiphytes often live on tree branches, using the tree for support, but taking no nutrients from the trees, this is an example of a) commensalism b) mutualism c) herbivory d) allelopathy

a) commensalism

Development of homozygous purebred strains is brought about by a) cross-pollinating individuals of the same species or variety. b) artificially inducing the doubling of chromosome numbers. c) repeated inbreeding. d) crossing heterozygous varieties with one another. e) All of these answers are correct.

a) cross-pollinating individuals of the same species or variety.

Because most of the trunk of a tree is made of xylem, it is safe to say that most of the tissue in a tree is a) dead. b) dividing rapidly. c) conducting sugars. d) manufacturing sugars. e) used for storage.

a) dead.

When potassium ions are transported into guard cells, water a) enters the guard cells by osmosis. b) is actively transported into the guard cells. c) moves to the edge of the guard cell. d) is actively transported out of the guard cells. e) leaves the guard cells by osmosis.

a) enters the guard cells by osmosis.

Marker assisted breeding is different from transgenic GMOs because a) markers are used to detect traits present in the plants in marker assisted breeding, while markers are used to trace the insertion of genes from other organisms in transgenic GMOs b) markers are used to trace the insertion of genes from other organisms in marker assisted breeding, while markers are used to detect traits already present in the plants in transgenic GMOs c) markers are used in marker assisted breeding, while markers are not used in trangenic GMOs d) markers are used to detect susceptibility in plants in marker assisted breeding, while markers are used to detect resistance in plants in transgenic GMOs

a) markers are used to detect traits present in the plants in marker assisted breeding, while markers are used to trace the insertion of genes from other organisms in transgenic GMOs

In pines a pollen grain enters the ovule via the a) micropyle b) megasporangium c) embryo d) pollen tube e) archegonium

a) micropyle

Choose the cons of herbicide resistant GMO crops (select all that apply): a) more herbicide used could lead to more herbicide in runoff/the environment b) more low-till farming c) more convenient d) leads to herbicide resistant weeds

a) more herbicide used could lead to more herbicide in runoff/the environment d) leads to herbicide resistant weeds

The Age of Exploration in the 1500s was fueled by a search for what? a) new trade routes for spices b) spiritual plants in the Amazon c) a natural plant cure for malaria d) a cure for venereal diseases such as syphilis

a) new trade routes for spices

Which of the following are characteristic of both rhizobia and mycorrhizae? I)They both benefit by receiving sugars from the plant. II)They both become parasitic in nutrient-rich environments. III)They both enhance the growth of most plants. IV)They both are found in most ecosystems of the world. a) only I, III, and IV b) only I and II c) only III and IV d) I, II, III, and IV

a) only I, III, and IV

Taxol, derived from the Pacific Yew, is used to treat (select all that apply): a) ovarian cancer b) breast cancer c) Hodgkins lymphoma d) lung cancer

a) ovarian cancer b) breast cancer d) lung cancer

The study of fossilized pollen is called ____________. a) palynology b) paleobotany c) ethnobotany d) paleontology

a) palynology

The study of fossilized pollen is called ____________. a) palynology b) paleobotany c) paleontology d) ethnobotany

a) palynology

________ allow asexual reproduction of some plants by being produced from the runners, allowing a new plant to become established. a) propagative roots b) support roots c) aerial roots d) pneumatophores

a) propagative roots

Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from lateral meristem activity? a) secondary xylem b) leaves c) dermal tissue d) flowers

a) secondary xylem

Both plants and green algae store food as a) starch. b) lipids. c) chlorophyll. d) cellulose. e) lignin.

a) starch.

15 major food crops contribute up to 90% of all human calories. These are from which of the following groups of plants? a) tubers b) grasses c) beans d) gymnosperms

a) tubers b) grasses c) beans

Lateral meristems, such as ________________, produce tissues that increase the girth of a plant. a) vascular cambium b) secondary phloem c) periderm d) parenchyma e) collenchyma

a) vascular cambium

Two examples of lateral meristems in plants are _____. a) vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem; cork cambium, producing cork b) vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem; cork cambium, producing secondary phloem c) vascular cambium, producing secondary phloem; cork cambium, producing secondary xylem d) vascular cambium, producing cork; cork cambium, producing secondary phloem

a) vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem; cork cambium, producing cork

The combined pressure potentials that determine the overall direction of water movement in plants a) water potential b) pressure potential c) osmotic potential d) turgor pressure

a) water potential

60%(+) of all human calories come from only 3 crops, they are: a) wheat b) rice c) corn d) soybeans

a) wheat b) rice c) corn

Most gymnosperms are pollinated by wind, whereas most angiosperms are pollinated by ________.

animals

Which of the following is NOT a major reason many angiosperms produce their flowers in inflorescences? a) Flowers are often fragile & short-lived; inflorescences can bloom in stages, extending the time the plant is in reproductive mode. b) Inflorescences increase self-pollination, increasing the fitness of the species. c) Increases "apparency" as larger inflorescences are more visible to pollinators than single, smaller flowers. d) Promotes outcrossing, increases genetic diversity; longer time in flower = greater chance of visits from pollen from another plant.

b) Inflorescences increase self-pollination, increasing the fitness of the species.

Select which "nutrient: role in plant combination" is mismatched a) Nitrogen: synthesis of amino acids and nucleic acids b) Magnesium: synthesis of proteins, proper leaf growth and color c) Calcium: cell growth and division, cellular transport d) Phosphorous: synthesis of DNA, development of roots and stems

b) Magnesium: synthesis of proteins, proper leaf growth and color

Select the TRUE statements regarding the two main forces that determine a plants root architecture: a) Exogenous forces are those that are a result of genetic makeup b) Plants can adjust their growth in response to the environment. c) Endogenous forces are those that are a result of genetic makeup d) Exogenous forces are those that are a response to the biotic and abiotic environment.

b) Plants can adjust their growth in response to the environment. c) Endogenous forces are those that are a result of genetic makeup d) Exogenous forces are those that are a response to the biotic and abiotic environment.

Which evolutionary plant innovation eliminated the need for sperm to swim through water in order to fertilize an egg, resulting in plants being truly adapted for reproduction on land? a) Roots b) Pollen c) Rhizoids d) Fruit e) Independent gametophyte

b) Pollen

Which of the following food chain relationships is mismatched with it's function/example organism(s)? a) Primary consumers: Feed on producers, cows b) Producers: Break down organic materials into forms that can be reassimilated by other trophic levels c) Secondary consumers: Feed on primary consumers d) Decomposers: Bacteria and fungi

b) Producers: Break down organic materials into forms that can be reassimilated by other trophic levels

Which of the following are possible issues regarding plant-based medicines and drug discovery? select all that apply: a) Drug discovery agreements can provide funding to indigenous groups. b) Profit sharing with country of origin and indigenous peoples is not always equitable c) Medicinal plants could provide new cures to existing conditions d) Wild-crafting can lead to over-collection

b) Profit sharing with country of origin and indigenous peoples is not always equitable d) Wild-crafting can lead to over-collection

Members of this plant family typically have 5 distinct petals, multiple stamens, and may have compound or simple leaves. a) Liliaceae b) Rosaceae c) Asteraceae d) Lamiaceae

b) Rosaceae

Which of these associations is incorrect? a) Epidermal cells-protection b) Sclerenchyma cells-cell division c) Stomata-gas exchange d) Sieve-tube cells-sugar transport e) Xylem cells-water transport

b) Sclerenchyma cells-cell division

Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a) Primary succession often occurs after land has been cleared for agriculture and then abandoned. b) Secondary succession occurs where soil is already present and their are surviving species in the vicinity. c) Secondary succession occurs on newly exposed substrate. d) Secondary succession occurs on beach dunes and rock outcrops.

b) Secondary succession occurs where soil is already present and their are surviving species in the vicinity.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of invasive species? a) Often have no natural pests or herbivores in their invasive habitat b) They are often outcompeted by native species c) They are often aggressive weeds d) They reproduce quickly and crowd out other species

b) They are often outcompeted by native species

Which of the following statements about fire ecology is FALSE? a) Natural fires, started primarily by lightening, have occurred for thousands of years. b) Trying to disrupt fires in areas where they naturally occur helps preserve those habitats. c) In the prairies of the midwest, grasses are better adapted to fire than woody plants. d) Fire plays a role in the composition of forests.

b) Trying to disrupt fires in areas where they naturally occur helps preserve those habitats.

The following diagram is of a cross section of a plant leaf. Use the diagram to answer the question(s) below. The main function associated with structure Y is _____. a) retention of water b) absorption of carbon dioxide c) release of carbon dioxide d) collection of light

b) absorption of carbon dioxide

____________ is a gene method for creating trangenics that uses gold bullets coated with DNA. a) gene knockout b) biolistics c) restriction enzymes d) gene insertion

b) biolistics

According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants? a) unicellular green algae b) charophytes c) red algae d) cyanobacteria

b) charophytes

How are red and green algal chloroplasts different? a) chloroplasts of green algae are accepted to be the result of endosymbiosis, while chloroplasts of red algae are not. b) chloroplasts of red algae have a membrane system that appears "bumpy;" while green chloroplasts of green algae do not c) chloroplasts of red algae are accepted to be the result of endosymbiosis, while chloroplasts of green algae are not. d) chloroplasts of red algae are folded into pancake like stacks; green algae are not

b) chloroplasts of red algae have a membrane system that appears "bumpy;" while green chloroplasts of green algae do not

Which of the following is a meristematic tissue? a) parenchyma b) cork cambium c) xylem d) collenchyma e) epidermis

b) cork cambium

A twig's age can be determined by a) counting the number of leaves or leaf scars on it. b) counting the number of groups of bud scale scars on it. c) measuring the distances between nodes. d) counting nodes. e) examining its pith.

b) counting the number of groups of bud scale scars on it.

Although most seed plant groups have nonmotile sperm, this group reproduces with motile sperm. a) pines b) cycads c) spruces d) yew (Taxus) e) firs

b) cycads

Among plants known as legumes (beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, for example) the seeds are contained in a fruit that is itself called a legume, better known as a pod. Upon opening such pods, it is commonly observed that some ovules have become mature seeds, whereas other ovules have not. Thus, which of the following statements is (are) true? 1. The flowers that gave rise to such pods were not pollinated. 2. Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods. 3. There was apparently not enough endosperm to distribute to all of the ovules in such pods. 4. The ovules that failed to develop into seeds were derived from sterile floral parts. 5. Fruit can develop, even if all ovules within have not been fertilized. a) 1 and 5 b) 1 only c) 2 and 5 d) 3 and 5

c) 2 and 5

Members of this family have mutualistic associations with bacteria in nodules in their roots. Flowers have fused petals that form a banner and give them a characteristic shape. Most have pinnately compound leaves. a) Juglandaceae b) Fagaceae c) Fabaceae d) Aceraceae

c) Fabaceae

Which of the following accurately describe how humans influence the nitrogen cycle? a) Tilling increases soil nitrogen b) Nitrous oxide released from cars and industry reduced soil nitrogen c) Harvesting plants removes nitrogen from the system, leading to N loss. d) Nitrogen-fixing plants reduce soil nitrogen

c) Harvesting plants removes nitrogen from the system, leading to N loss.

Transpiration in plants requires _____. I) adhesion of water molecules to cellulose II) cohesion between water molecules III) evaporation of water molecules IV) active transport through xylem cells V) transport through tracheids a) I, II, III, and IV b) I, II, IV, and V c) I, II, III, and V d) I, III, IV, and V

c) I, II, III, and V

How are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike? a) Plants in both groups have vascular tissue. b) Plants in both groups have true roots, stems, and leaves. c) In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia. d) The dominant generation in both groups is the sporophyte.

c) In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.

How could you determine if a plant is heterosporous? a) It has multiple sporangia. b) Its diploid sporophyte produces spores via meiosis. c) Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants. d) It has vascular tissue.

c) Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants.

Which of the following is a correct statement about sugar movement in phloem? a) Diffusion can account for the observed rates of transport. b) Sugar is translocated from sinks to sources. c) Movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant. d) Only phloem cells with nuclei can perform sugar movement.

c) Movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant.

Which of these associations is incorrect? a) Stomata-gas exchange b) Sieve-tube cells-sugar transport c) Sclerenchyma cells-cell division d) Xylem cells-water transport e) Epidermal cells-protection

c) Sclerenchyma cells-cell division

Which of the following food chain relationships is mismatched with it's example organism(s)? a) Decomposers: Bacteria and fungi b) Primary consumers: Cows c) Secondary consumers: Caterpillars d) Producers: Plants

c) Secondary consumers: Caterpillars

The whorl of a flower that contains the male reproductive parts is called the a) gynoecium b) calyx c) androecium d) corolla

c) androecium

The large cells of certain grass leaves that permit the leaves to roll up under dry conditions are a) pulvinar cells. b) collenchyma cells. c) bulliform cells. d) aerenchyma cells. e) aridophile cells.

c) bulliform cells.

How are red and green algal chloroplasts different? a) chloroplasts of red algae are accepted to be the result of endosymbiosis, while chloroplasts of green algae are not. b) chloroplasts of red algae are folded into pancake like stacks; green algae are not c) chloroplasts of red algae have a membrane system that appears "bumpy;" while green chloroplasts of green algae do not d) chloroplasts of green algae are accepted to be the result of endosymbiosis, while chloroplasts of red algae are not.

c) chloroplasts of red algae have a membrane system that appears "bumpy;" while green chloroplasts of green algae do not

What is the advantage of having small, needlelike leaves? a) increased efficiency of light capture b) increased transpiration rate c) decreased water loss from transpiration d) decreased efficiency of light capture

c) decreased water loss from transpiration

Simard's research shows that underground networks a) don't have an effect on forest resiliency b) are only found in a few forests c) increase forest resiliency d) decrease forest resiliency

c) increase forest resiliency

Choose the con(s) of pesticide-producing GMO crops: a) Lower application of pesticides b) Reduced pest damage to crops c) increased prevalence of pest-resistance to the pesticide produced by the crop

c) increased prevalence of pest-resistance to the pesticide produced by the crop

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____. a) has cell walls that are comprised largely of cellulose b) contains chloroplasts c) is surrounded by a cuticle d) does not contain vascular tissue

c) is surrounded by a cuticle

The _______ have a cuticle but no stomata. a) hornworts b) Bryophytes c) liverworts d) mosses

c) liverworts

The following questions refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure below. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In the figure above, the process labeled "6" involves _____. a) meiosis b) fertilization c) mitosis d) binary fission

c) mitosis

Choose the cons of herbicide resistant GMO crops (select all that apply): a) more low-till farming b) more convenient c) more herbicide used could lead to more herbicide in runoff/the environment d) leads to herbicide resistant weeds

c) more herbicide used could lead to more herbicide in runoff/the environment d) leads to herbicide resistant weeds

Which elements are most often the limiting nutrients for plant growth? a) carbon, nitrogen, oxygen b) carbon, sodium, chlorine c) nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus d) nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen

c) nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus

Which one of the following statements about transport of nutrients in phloem is correct? a) Companion cells control the rate and direction of movement of phloem sap. b) Solute particles are actively transported from phloem at the source. c) A sink is the part of a plant where a particular solute is produced. d) Differences in osmotic concentration at the source and sink cause a hydrostatic pressure gradient to be formed.

d) Differences in osmotic concentration at the source and sink cause a hydrostatic pressure gradient to be formed.

Which of the following is true of the heartwood of a tree? a) Heartwood is the active layer of vascular tissue. b) Heartwood is the old xylem tissue. c) Heartwood is the phloem tissue that has been compressed to the center of the stem. d) Heartwood is located between the secondary xylem and phloem.

d) Heartwood is located between the secondary xylem and phloem.

Which of the following is true of the heartwood of a tree? a) Heartwood is the active layer of vascular tissue. b) Heartwood is the phloem tissue that has been compressed to the center of the stem. c) Heartwood is located between the secondary xylem and phloem. d) Heartwood is the old xylem tissue.

d) Heartwood is the old xylem tissue.

What is the primary function of stems? a) Water absorption and movement b) Facilitation of gas exchange c) Reproduction d) Maximization of photosynthesis by leaves

d) Maximization of photosynthesis by leaves

Which of the following is TRUE for female reproductive structures in angiosperms? a) The sepals are contained within the petals, which enclose the carpel. b) The filament and anther enclose the stigma and style. c) The stamen includes the filament and pollen-producing anther. d) The carpel includes a stigma, a style, and ovules enclosed within an ovary. e) The style, which is vase-shaped, contains the ovary, stigma, and anther.

d) The carpel includes a stigma, a style, and ovules enclosed within an ovary.

The characteristic flower type of the Carrot Family is known as a(n) a) Spike. b) Panicle. c) Disk-like head. d) Umbel.

d) Umbel.

The meristematic tissue used for secondary growth and found between the xylem and phloem of each vascular bundle in eudicot stems is termed the: a) Apical meristem b) Bark cambium c) Root meristem d) Vascular cambium e) Cork cambium

d) Vascular cambium

A root system may function in which of the following? a) anchorage and storage b) absorption and conduction c) growth. d) all of the answers are correct.

d) all of the answers are correct.

Plant meristematic cells _____. a) increase the surface area of dermal tissue by developing root hairs b) subdivide into three distinct cell types named parenchyma, ground meristem, and procambium c) are distributed evenly in all tissues throughout the plant d) are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells

d) are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells

Which of the following is common to both cycads and pines? a) leaf form and size b) flagella present on the sperms c) male and female strobili produced on separate plants d) both megaspores and microspores produced e) none of these answers are correct.

d) both megaspores and microspores produced

You discover a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. You observe that it has flagellated sperm and the sporophyte emerges from the gametophyte; however, seeds and xylem tissue is lacking. This plant is probably a(n) a) angiosperm. b) gymnosperm. c) alga. d) bryophyte. e) fern.

d) bryophyte.

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____. a) photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) b) liverworts and mosses c) kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines d) green algae

d) green algae

C4 plants are able to avoid photorespiration by a) physically isolating RuBisco b) using bulliform cells for photosynthesis when moisture is limited c) opening their stomata at night d) having specialized mesophyll cells

d) having specialized mesophyll cells

Plants have physical defenses such as thorns or produce bad tasting chemicals to defend agains this interaction a) nitrification b) commensalism c) allelopathy d) herbivory

d) herbivory

Which of the following could be considered an evolutionary advantage of asexual reproduction in plants? a) increased ability to adapt to a change in the environment. b) increased agricultural productivity in a rapidly changing environment. c) maintenance and expansion of a large genome. d) increased success of progeny in a stable environment.

d) increased success of progeny in a stable environment.

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____. a) has cell walls that are comprised largely of cellulose b) does not contain vascular tissue c) contains chloroplasts d) is surrounded by a cuticle

d) is surrounded by a cuticle

Which of the following statements about the nitrogen cycle is TRUE a) all plant species must compete with bacteria for nitrogenous compounds b) nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen from the soil and release it into the air c) nitrogen in the air is readily available to plants d) most of the nitrogen supply of plants is derived from soil in the form of inorganic compounds and ions taken up by roots.

d) most of the nitrogen supply of plants is derived from soil in the form of inorganic compounds and ions taken up by roots.

The study of fossilized plants is called ____________. a) ethnobotany b) paleontology c) palynology d) paleobotany

d) paleobotany

In order to study trees that "speak to one another," Suzanne Simard used a) radioactive isotopes of nitrogen b) radioactive isotopes of oxygen c) radioactive isotopes of phosphorous d) radioactive isotopes of carbon

d) radioactive isotopes of carbon

Which of the following is a net sugar source for a deciduous angiosperm tree? a) new leaves in early spring b) fruits in summer c) roots in early autumn d) roots in early spring

d) roots in early spring

The fern gametophyte is typically _____________________. a) large and long-lived b) nonphotosynthetic and saprobic c) attached to the sporophyte d) small and photosynthetic e) used in landscaping

d) small and photosynthetic