Pleural cavity

middle mediastinum

centrally located, contains the pericardium, heart and roots of the great vessels

origin of the pectoralis major muscle

clavicle, sternum, cartilage of ribs 2-6 origin: rib 345 insert in coracoid processs

hydrothorax

collection of fluid in the pleural cavity

pulmonary artery vs pulmonary vein

pulmonary artery is superior to the pulmonary vein pulmonary artery deox blood pulmonary vein ox blood (pulmonary veins and arteries are opp with deox/ox compared to usual ones)

eparterial bronchus

right superior lobar bronchus passes superior to the right pulmonary artery

cartilage

rings of cartilage are discontinous and keep trachea opened -as you move further down they become rings to patches -at bronchioles there's not more cartilage

pulmonary plexuses

-spread of nerves in the lung that receive innervation from the Autonomic nervous system-> Sympathetic (fight or flight) sympathetic trunk (2nd to 5th thoracic ganglia) and Parasympathetic ( rest and digest) : VAGUS NERVE (cause bronchial muscle to contract)

pulmonary circulation

1) all blood passes thru the lungs for gas exchange -deox blood pumps from the R ventricle to the lungs thru a pulmonary trunk that divides into R and L pulmonary arteries -O2 blood carried back to the heart from pulmonary veins entering left atrium 2) arterial blood supply lung tissue through bronchial arteries arising from the thoracic aorta (L) or intercostal arteries (R)

anterior, posterior, inferior borders of the lungs

Anatomically, the lung has an apex, three borders, and three surfaces. The apex lies above the first rib. The three borders include the anterior, posterior, and inferior borders. The anterior border of the lung corresponds to the pleural reflection, and it creates a cardiac notch in the left lung. The cardiac notch is a concavity in the lung that formes to accommodate the heart. The inferior border is thin and separates the base of the lung from the costal surface. The posterior border is thick and extends from the C7 to the T10 vertebra, which is also from the apex of the lung to the inferior border.

Lymphatic drainage of lungs

HILAR LYMPH NODES drain this will eventually drain back into the subclavian vein on the right and the left lung cancer happens a lot in the lymphatic system here

aortic arch impression

L lung

describe the surface anatomy and lobular structure of L lung

L lung has two lobular structures: the superior and inferior

cardiac notch

L lung where the periosteum is causes the indentation that created the lingula

venous drainage

R bronchial vein (azygos vein) and L oronchial vein (hemiazygos vein) dump to the vena cava to direct deoxygenated blood to the R ventricle

esophageal impression

R lung

R lung vs L lung: segmental bronchi

R lung has 10 segmental bronchi L lung contains 9 or 10 each of which supply the bronchopulmonary segment of the lung

describe the surface anatomy and lobular structure of R lung

R lung has 3 lobes: superior, middle, and inferior

R lung vs L lung

R lung is shorter but has greater volume than the left lung both lungs have a superior and inferior lobe separated by an oblique fissure

costomediastinal recess

Space where the left costal and mediastinal parietal pleura meet and leave a space for the cardiac notch of the left lung (occupied by the lingula during inspiration)

cardiac impression

The concave cavity found in the medial surface of the left and right lung that houses the heart.

cardiac notch

a concave space on the left lung in which the heart lies

Trachea

a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe. as you go down the airway the rings of caartilages turn into patches of cartilage

phrenic nerve

a somatic nerve that innervates diaphragm, : voluntarily control it originates from the spinal cord: C3, C4,C5 "phrenic nerve C3,C4,C5 keep the diaphragm alive" surrounds the pericardium and diaphragm if you have spinal cord injury at C345: need to be on the respirator if you fracture or loose below C345 you can breathe but you loose ability to walk

azygos vein

a vessel that drains blood from the chest wall and empties into the superior vena cava

pneumothorax

air in the pleural cavity

pericardium

between the R and L pleural cavities, midline between the lungs, posterior to the sternum an costal cartilage -contains the heart

anterior mediastinum

between the sternum and pericardium

carina

bifurcation of the R and L mainstem bronchus the branch point between the left and right bronchi

hemothorax

blood in the pleural cavity

pulmonary arteries

bring blood away from the heart

pulmonary veins

bring blood towards the heart

what level is there no cartilage at

bronchioles

lines of pleural reflection

costal pleura meets diaphragmatic pleura costal pleura meets mediastinal pleura where they contact: pleural recesses

vagus nerve

cranial nerve control branchial muscle to contract so respiratory rates decrease

pulmonary trunk

divides the R and L pulmonary arteries

pulmonary ligament

extends inferior to the root of the lung, anchoring the infeior lobe of each lung to mediastinum

alveolar sac

gas exchange

lung formation

happens as an outpocketing of the inner tube respiratory diverticulum expands and becomes laryngotracheal orifice single tube lined with endoderm and outer surface is mesoderm, the outpocketing grows and gets longer and bigger and splits

root of the lung

houses the pulmonary vessels (pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein) and the main bronchus

how is the mediastinum divided

imaginary transverse plane at the level of the sternal angle intersects the intervertebral disc between T4 and T5 -separates the superior mediastinum from the inferior mediastinum inferior mediastinum divided into 3 parts: anterior, middle, posterior mediastinum

lingula

inferior medial portion of the superior lobe of the L lung due to the cardiac notch

hilum of left lung

left main bronchus contains cartilage lies inferior to pulmonary artery

plane of the sternal angle is at the

level of the superior border of the pericardium, bifurcation of the trachea, end of the ascending aorta, beginning and end of the arch of the aorta, beginning of the thoracic aorta

oblique fissure

lie deep in the 5th rib laterally and deep to the 6th costal cartilage anteriorly R lung between middle and inferior lobes L lung between superior and inferior lobes

diaphragmatic surface

lies over the diaphragm when diaphragm contracts, the diaphragm pulls down and increases the volume lowering atmospheric pressure in the lungs; drawing air

elastic fibers

line the bronchi alongside smooth muscles

smooth muscles

lines the bronchi of the lungs

parietal pleura

lining of pulmonary cavity -costal pleura -mediastinal pleura -diaphragmatic pleura -cervical pleura

describe the function and innervation of the lungs and diaphragm

lungs are innervated by autonomic nervous system-> phrenic nerve controls the contraction of the diaphragm when the diaphragm contracts, the lungs expand with air the pulmonary plexus receive sympathetic contribution from the right and left sympathetic trunks (2nd to 5th thoracic ganglia) and parasympathetic contributions from the right and left vagus nerve (CN X) --> REST AND DIGEST

describe the relationship of the lungs to the thoracic wall

lungs are protected by the thoracic wall

describe the relationship of the lungs to the diaphragm, heart, and great vessels

lungs expand by the innervation of the diaphragm lungs are nourished by the blood flow from the heart: pulmonary circulation

3 surfaces of the lung

mediastinal, diaphragmatic, costal

Diagphragm origins and insertion and innervation

muscle that is responsible for inflation and deflation of the lungs origins: xiphoid process lower 6 costal cartilages superior 3 lumbar vertebrae insertion: central tendon innervation: phrenic nerve (SOMATIC NERVE) inferior vena cava pass through, and the thoracic duct, azygos vein, and splanich nerv e

label the pleural cavity

name all the divisions! visceral pleural is continuous with parietal pleural at the hilum of the lung (site of entry of root of the lung)

hilum

organs come in and out of -visceral pleura becomes continuous to parietal pleura at the hilum

list and describe the anatomy of parietal pleura

parietal pleura serous membrane surrounding the pulmonary cavity -cervical -diaphragmatic -mediastinal -costal

posterior mediastinum

posterior to the pericardium and anterior t othe bodies of T5-T12 contains structures that pass between neck, thorax, and abdomen

costodiaphragmatic recess

potential space; when it abnormally fills with air or fluid, it compromises lung expansion -larger on the left lung than the right lung -excess space in the pleural cavity

describe the vascular connections between lungs and heart

pulmonary trunk has the pulmonary arteries that pump deox blood from the heart to the lungs pulmonary veins pump oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

mediastinum

region between two pleural cavities

branching morphogenesis

repeated branching of simple epithelial tubes that leads to formation of the tracheal system

left bronchus vs. right bronchus

right bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left bronchus so that aspirated foreign bodies are more likely to go down the right bronchus

horizontal fissure

right lung between superior and middle lobes deep to the fourth rib and fourth costal cartilage

hilum of the right lung

right main bronchus lies posterior to the pulmonary artery Right artery is before the bronchus; RALS

right bronchus

shorter and wider if you aspirate, most likely will go down right bronchus

breast

sitting on top of fascia

what kind of muscles are on the bronchioles

smooth muscles

pleural cavity

space between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura

label the lungs in situ

superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior lobe for the right only superior and inferior for the left there are also fissures in between each lobe, the horizontal fissure and oblique fissures

apex of the lung

superior to the body of the 1st rib, along cercial pleura -lies superior to the thoracic aperture in the neck

impression of the arch of the azygos vein

superior to the root of the lung toward the superior vena cava impression (R lung)

bronchial arteries

supplies blood and nourishment to lung tissue 1) superior left bronchial artery and inferior left bronchial artery 2) right bronchial artery

costal surface

surface of the lung adjacent to the ribs

mediastinal surface

surface of the lung located in the mediastinum

visceral pleura

surface of the lungs

blood supply to lung tissue

the lungs needs blood to nourish its tissue arterial blood is supplied to lung tissue via BRONCHIAL ARTERIES rising from the thoracic aorta (L) or intercostal arteries (R) just matches same patter as bronchi

tracheobronchial tree

trachea gives rise to the LEFT and RIGHT bronchi which are the main bronchi (primary bronchus) primary bronchus-> bronchiole-> respiratory bronchiole -> alveolar sac allows a GIANT surface area for exchange air

phrenic nerve and pericardiacophrenic vessels

travel deep into the mediastinal pleura, pass anterior to the root of the lung

draining of blood from lungs

venous blood is drained from lungs by bronchial veins that parallel the arteries they are tributaries to the azygos vein on the R and the hemiazygos vein on the L

list and describe anatomy of visceral pleura

visceral pleura is a serous membrane surrounding the lungs

Larynx

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

origins of diaphragm

xiphoid process lower 6 costal cartilages superior 3 lumbar vertebrae insertion: central tendon