PLT: 5624

Encouraging Motivation in the Classroom

1. Authoritative teaching. 2. Community. 3. Meaningful classroom rules enforced equitably and consistently. 4. De-emphasize grades. 5. Emphasize students' strengths. 6. Provide continuous and authentic feedback.

B.F. Skinner

"Operant Conditioning" Based on the idea that learning is a function of change in observable behavior. Changed in behavior are the result of a person's response to events. When a stimulus-response is reinforced, the indivivual becomes conditioned to respond, which is operant conditioning.

Donald Shon's "Reflection-in-Action" vs. "Reflection-on-Action"

"Reflection-in-Action" is observing action and thinking as they occur in order to adjust teaching. "Reflection-on-Action" is looking back on experience or action in order to change future teaching.

Instructional Models

- Direct - Indirect - Independent - Experiential - Interactive

Types of Standardized Tests (3)

-Achievement -Aptitude -Ability

Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Modes (6)

-Body language -Gesture -Tone, stress, and inflection -Eye contact -Facial expression -Personal space

Interdisciplinary Units Components

-Collaborating -Generating Applicable Topics -Planning Instruction for each Discipline -Designing Integrative Assessment

How to Deal with Gender Issues in the Classroom

1. Communicate openly about gender issues. 2. Eliminate gender bias in instructional activities. 3. Present students with non-stereotypical role models.

Direct Instruction Strategies (5)

-Explicit teaching -Drill and practice -Lecture -Demonstrations -Guides for reading, listening, viewing

Indirect Instruction Strategies (6)

-Problem solving -Inquiry -Case studies -Concept mapping -Reading for meaning -Cloze procedures

Instructional Planning Partners (5)

-Special Education Teachers -Library Media Specialists -Teachers of the Gifted and Talented -IEP Team Members -Para Educators

Lesson Objective

1. A description of what the student will be able to do-BEHAVIOR. 2. The CONDITIONS under which the student performs the task. 3. The CRITERIA for evaluating student performance.

Promoting Caring and Respect in the Classroom

1. Active listening. 2. Valuing differences. 3. Highlighting student strengths. 4. Turn-taking. 5. Giving students responsibilities in the classroom. 6. Appropriate humor without sarcasm. 7. Modeling empathy, patience, and resourcefulness.

Advatages of Critical Thinking for Students

1. Allows for students to think for themselves 2. Allows for students to question information. 3. Challenges traditional belief. 4. Allows for new information discovery. 5. Allows for students investigation.

Nitza Hidalgo's "3-Levels of Culture"

1. Concrete: visible and tangible including clothes, music, games, and food. 2. Behavioral: social organization, social roles, language, and approach to non-verbal communication including gender roles, political affiliation, and family structure. 3. Symbolic: defining the values and beliefs including customs, religion, and mores.

Explicit Teaching

1. Create a short statement of lesson purpose. 2. Provide a short review of previous, prerequisite learning. 3. Present new material in small steps, with student practice. 4. Provide clear, detailed explanations, and instructions. 5. Provide active practice for all students. 6. Ask effective questions, check for student understanding, and encourage all pupil response. 7. Guide students during practice. 8. Offer feedback and corrections. 9. Provide practice for independent work and monitor students. 10. Continue practice until students are ready to use new information confidently and independently.

Basic Cognitive Process

1. Critical Thinking 2. Creative Thinking 3. Questioning 4. Inductive and Deductive Reasoning 5. Problem Solving 6. Planning Memory 7. Recall

Key Elements of Communication

1. Degree of directness (having an indirect or direct communication style). 2. The role of context (low-context leads to high verbal communication while high-context has more emphasis of nonverbal cues and setting). 3. The importance of "saving face" (when low, maintaining harmony and not saying what one feels is emphasized, but when high, valuing facts and getting something done efficiently is emphasized). 4. The task and the person (doing business first and then socializing or building relationships first to get the job done well).

Planning for Discussions

1. Determine goals. 2. Assess prior knowledge and experiences. 3. Build background knowledge. 4. Provide a supportive environment. 5. Offer viewpoints to correct misinformation. 6. Allow alternative viewpoints. 7. Plan for meaningful assessments.

Marzano's instructional strategies for effective teaching and learning.

1. Identify similarities and differences 2. summarize and note taking 3. reinforcing effort, giving recognition.

Schools Helping Low-SES Students

1. Improving teachers and instruction. 2. Creating information-rich environments. 3. Building learning communities. 4. Continuous professional development. 5. Involving guardians. 6. Increasing funding and resources.

Advantages of Independent Learning

1. Learn life long learning skills 2. Identify learning style that suits the learner best 3. Learn higher order thinking 4. Mirrors real life adult learning

The Key Parts of a Lesson Plan

1. Objectives. 2. Standards of performance. 3. Anticipatory set or advance organizer. 4. Teaching (modeling, student input, directions, check for understanding). 5. Guided practice and monitoring. 6. Lesson closure and practice.

Critical Thinking Characteristics

1. Organize thoughts for articulation 2. Uses evidence relevantly and objectively 3. Makes judgements after evidence 4. Understands different beliefs and points of view 5. Sees hidden similarities 6. Learns indepentently 7. Applies knowledge to new situations 8. Can articulate irrelevance in arguments 9. Questions your own views 10. Aware that some knowledge contains bias

Helping Disorganized Students

1. Organized binders. 2. Probing for student's understanding of the assignment. 3. Frequent check-ins. 4. Communicate with guardians.

Lawrence Kohlberg's "Stages of Moral Reasoning"

1. Preconventional: egocentric and worried about personal consequences. 2. Conventional: acceptance of society's view of right and wrong with an emphasis on creating an orderly world. Seeking the approval of peers. 3. Postconventional: has abstract right and wrong principles and universal principles that define justice.

Generating Student Questions

1. Probing for understanding. 2. Modeling higher-level questioning. 3. Highlighting connections. 4. Providing a framework for questioning. 5. Scaffolding and correcting misconceptions.

Benjamin Bloom's "Bloom's Taxonomy"

1. Remember (recall facts). 2. Understand (explain ideas). 3. Apply (use information in new situations). 4. Analyze (draw connections between ideas). 5. Evaluate (justify a stand). 6. Create (produce a new work).

Knowledge Bases for Successfully Teaching Cultural and Linguistic Diversity

1. Self knowledge (understanding the influence of one's own culture and critiquing one's own values). 2. Cultural knowledge (understanding how culture affects students). 3. Linguistic knowledge (understanding the patterns of communication). 5. Culturally-Informed teaching knowledge (creating a collaborative and culturally sensitive classroom). 6. Multicultural materials and methods knowledge (creating a balanced global view that promotes cross-cultural understanding).

Independent Learning Disadvantages

1. Some students feel discouraged 2. Some students need more teacher interaction 3. Low number of students who understand this environment and are able to act naturally

How to Provide Clear Directions

1. State the type and quality of performance expected. 2. Describe each step of the task. 3. Provide visual as well as oral representation of complex directions.

Direct Instruction Disadvantages

1. Students are taught as a whole, not individuals 2. Learning may seem irrelevant 3. Low retention levels 4. Various students needs are not catered to

Emergent Curriculum

A curriculum that is based on students' interests.

How to Promote Respect and Caring in the Classroom

1. Teacher models empathy, patience, resourcefulness, and good communication. 2. Active listening. 3. Valuing differences. 4. Highlighting student strengths. 5. Turn-taking. Cooperative learning, responsive classroom class meetings, conflict-resolution modeling and discussion, Glasser's "Choice Theory," and Canter's "Model of Assertive Discipline" all create positive, respectful classrooms with high standards for all.

How to be a Reflective Practitioner

1. Write in a weekly journal. 2. Participate in self/peer-assessment. 3. Conduct incident analysis. 4. Prepare a portfolio. 5. Allow peer observation. 6. Draw on a critical friend.

Independent Learning students must

1. feel enabled by teachers 2. practive with perservering through problems on their own 3. recognize their own faults as a learner 4. be held accountable for their own actions and in actions 5. be exposed to effective ways to self manage

Marzano's strategies

1. homework and practice 2 Visual or non linguistic representation 3. Cooperative learning

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act

1973 Civil Rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities by federally-assisted programs. It covers people from birth until death.

Small Groups

4-6 students. Ability groups, peer tutors, or cooperative-learning groups.

Freud

5th stage (genital stage) begins with puberty and continue through life.

Home/School Daily Log

A brief note highlighting the positive contributions and de-emphasizing poor choices and difficulties every day. There is an option for students to contribute which can lead to empowerment. The teacher suggests ways to help the student at home and asks for suggestions for school. The student signs each day.

Individuals with Disabilites Education Act-IDEA

A federal statute made up of several grant programs to states in education students with disabilities. It specifically lists types of disabilities and conditions that render a child entitled to special education.

Facilitating vs. Debilitating Anxiety

A low-level of anxiety facilitates and increases performance. An example is giving a pop quiz for a reading assignment. A high-level of anxiety debilitates and decreases performance. An example is no attempts or having no concentration toward an assignment out of fear.

Information Processing

A means used to learn and remember knowledge.

Learning Disabilities

A multidisciplinary team or medical diagnosis is required. A student is not learning to their potential in one or more areas. Learning disabilities include reading, math, or writing. Symptoms: poor coordination, poor depth perception, delayed speech, preservation, ADHD symptoms, limited vocabulary, overreaction to noise, a low or high pain threshold, difficulty recalling what was said, dislike of being touched, and inappropriate use of words.

Metacognition

A person's ability to think about his or her own thinking. It requires self-awareness and self-regulation of thinking. Students who are metacognitive can explain their own thinking and describe strategies that are effective for them when reading or solving a problem.

Cognitive Style

A person's way of perceiving and remembering information. The way a person tends to think or solve problems. There are auditory/aural, kinesthetic/tactile, and visual learners.

Constructivism

A philosophy of learning based on the premise that people construct their own understanding of the world they live in through the reflection on previous experiences and knowledge.

Convergent Thinking

A process of gathering several pieces of information together to solve a problem.

Vygotsky's "Zone of Proximal Development"

A range of tasks that an individual cannot yet do alone, but can accomplish when assisted by others. Scaffolding is the support that helps students complete tasks they cannot accomplish independently. Examples of scaffolding include: modeling, think-aloud, questioning, prompts and cues.

Tenure

A recognition of faculty competence and helps to foster a school environment that values academic freedom and professional responsibility.

Yale Report of 1828

A report written in defense of a classical curriculum. There was controversy at the time regarding higher education: 1. Church control vs. state control of higher education. 2. The value of a college education vs. a university education. 3. The importance of the classical curriculum vs. the curriculum that allows for electives.

Due Process

A set of procedures and safeguards for giving students with disabilities and their parents extensive rights. Includes: notice of meetings, opportunities to examine records, impartial hearings, and a review procedure. Established by Goss vs. Lopez case of 1971 in which students facing suspension have the right to a hearing and notice before being denied their right to an education.

Norm-Referenced Tests

A standardized test. Determines a student's performance in relation to the performance of a group of peers. Gives insight into school-performance and curriculum. Performance goals are promoted.

Jacob Kounin's "With-it-Ness"

A teacher having awareness of what is happening in his or her classroom. Pacing lessons appropriately with smooth activity transitions. (don't keep your back turned for too long!)

Affective

A term which refers to emotions and attitudes.

Cognitivism

A theory of learning. The idea is that learning is a conscious, rational process. People learn by making models, maps and frameworks in their mind. ~ is the opposite of behaviorism. Uses maniplulatives and real-life learning opportunities that are relevant to students' prior experiences. Teachers stimulate cognitive developemtn, mediate student learning and monitor thought processes.

IEP Team Members

A variety of individuals such as teachers, nurses, school psychologists, behavioral specialists, administrators, and parents. Students are allowed to serve on their own IEP team if they are in secondary school.

Concept Mapping

A visual means of exploring connections between a subject and related ideas and identify, graphically display, and link key concepts. Way to organize.

Individualized Education Plan (IEP)

A written plan for a child with disabilities under the guidance of professionals and caretakers. It is based on a multidisciplinary team's evaluation that is updated yearly. It includes how the child is presently doing, what the child's learning needs are, and what services the child needs. Required under Public Law 94-142 (IDEA).

Which of the following is an example of scaffolding through multiple opportunities to address the content? A) After learning new vocabulary, students turn and talk to a peer about the new words before completing a graphic organizer with their cooperative groups B) The student looks up definitions of words in the dictionary before independently reading the text C) The teacher tells students the definitions of new words and then reminds them of the meaning each time the words come up in the test D) The student engages in learning activities according to his or her learning style

A) After learning new vocabulary, students turn and talk to a peer about the new words before completing a graphic organizer with their cooperative groups This teacher is providing multiple opportunities for the students to practice skills with various levels of support

Mrs. Plumley is meeting with Erika's parents to discuss the results of her Cognitive Aptitude Test (CogAT). Erika's parents are concerned that her low scores will affect her ability to be successful in post secondary education. Which of the following is the best response? A) Aptitude tests do not measure content knowledge or ethnic work B) Erika will need to work harder to overcome her gaps in content knowledge C) Erika will be most successful in a career in civil service D) Erika may want to consider technical school to learn a skill in lieu of college

A) Aptitude tests do not measure content knowledge or ethnic work Work ethic and content knowledge are big contributors to student success in school

Which of the following is true of gender differences between learners? A) Boys tend to have lower attention spans B) Boys and girls equally want to please their teachers C) Boys typically prefer one learning style D) There is a gap in cognitive ability between boys and girls

A) Boys tend to have lower attention spans Younger children tend to have wider gaps, but boys typically need to change activities more frequently than girls

Which of the following does the Americans with Disabilities Act protect? A) Disabled students have the right to participate in athletics B) Schools may not discriminate against students based on gender C) Schools must be held accountable to strict standards measured by standardized testing D) Identifiable student information may not be shared with outside entities

A) Disabled students have the right to participate in athletics The Americans with Disabilities Act protects the rights of disabled students in extracurricular activities

Which of the following is the first step in using backward design to plan a lesson? A) Identify the lesson objective B) Identify materials to be used C) Find engaging activities D) Assess mastery

A) Identify the lesson objective Objectives are determined by the state, but before planning, the teacher needs to identify which objectives will be taught in this lesson

Which of the following theorists developed spiral curriculum? A) Jerome Bruner B) Lev Vygotsky C) Benjamin Bloom D) John Dewey

A) Jerome Bruner Bruner advocated providing students an opportunity to construct knowledge through discovery learning and spiraling the curriculum

After learning about renewable and nonrenewable energy sources, which of the following students is demonstrating a deep cognitive understanding of this unit? A) Matilda designs and presents an experiment in which she compares the heat of burning vegetable oil to that of motor oil to determine whether both renewable and nonrenewable sources give off the same amount of energy B) Devin creates a power-point presentation that lists all of the nonrenewable energy sources and provides the advantages and disadvantages of using those sources, including economic and ecological factors C) Celeste creates a video that outlines the timeline of research and development of biomass fuels, including some promising new theories from current sources D) Austin writes a report about the impact that hybrids have had on the environment within the last five years

A) Matilda designs and presents an experiment in which she compares the heat of burning vegetable oil to that of motor oil to determine whether both renewable and nonrenewable sources give off the same amount of energy

Which of the following is true regarding the communication styles of each gender? A) Men tend to be more confrontational than women B) Men tend to make eye contact when speaking C) Men naturally take turns when speaking D) Women converse to find solutions to problems

A) Men tend to be more confrontational than women Men are more confrontational and less vulnerable than women

Which of the following is an example of using vocal tone to communicate? A) Ms. Short speaks sternly to a student who is off topic B) Mr. Blume emphasizes the word read when he says "you must read the text to find the answer" C) Mrs. Black raises the pitch at the end of the sentence "Savannah rides the bus home?" D) Mr. Williams taps on the desk of a student who is not working

A) Ms. Short speaks sternly to a student who is off topic Vocal tone expresses emotion. Ms. Short is expressing disapproval by speaking sternly

Which of the following elements of planning is the most important? A) alignment B) engagement C) assessment D) collaboration

A) alignment While other elements are also important, alignment between objectives, activities, and assessments is crucial

Which of the following is an example of deductive reasoning? A) Rational numbers are numbers that can be written as a ratio. The number one can be written as a ratio (1:1). Therefore, one is a rational number B) One is a prime number. One is a rational number. Therefore, all rational numbers are prime numbers C) One is a prime number. One is a rational number. Therefore, all prime numbers are rational D) One is a prime number. One is an odd number. Therefore, all odd numbers are prime

A) Rational numbers are numbers that can be written as a ratio. The number one can be written as a ratio (1:1). Therefore, one is a rational number Moving from general to specific allows the learner to draw an accurate conclusion in this example of deductive reasoning. The general category is numbers that can be written as ratios. The sample from that group is the number one.

Which of the following behaviorists would encourage students to work at their own pace, but provide them with rewards for meeting learning goals? A) Skinner B) Watson C) Maslow D) Erikson

A) Skinner Skinner believed in positive reinforcements paired with self-paced learning activities

At the end of the semester, Mrs. Bundy allows students to chose between a conference, a portfolio, or a performance to articulate their mastery of learning goals. She provides a checklist for each type so that students understand what needs to be included. What is the advantage of giving students choice? A) Students are given the freedom to articulate their learning in the style that matches their strengths B) The process is much less time-consuming than a typical selected-response test C) Scoring will be more objective D) Each of these methods os assessment provides a paper trail in case Mrs. Bundy needs to justify a score

A) Students are given the freedom to articulate their learning in the style that matches their strengths Choice allows students the freedom to creatively express their learning in a way that matches their strengths, which is motivating

Which of the following is an example of a teachable moment? A) Students express an interest in current political events during US government class B) Students have completed all of their work and are given an independent research project for extra credit C) Students who do not finish work on time take it home for homework D) Every student works from bell to bell

A) Students express an interest in current political events during US government class Taking advantage of current events in government class is an example of a teachable moment

A student is asked what motivates a character in the story to make false accusations against a neighbor. The student responds, "This character wants revenge because the community voted against his proposal." Which of the following statements by the listener would demonstrate the first step of active listening? A) The character is upset with the community and wants to get back at them for voting against him B) Why do you think the community voted against him? C) This character is using accusations as a means of financial gain so that he can buy his neighbor's land D) What evidence from the text supports this conclusion?

A) The character is upset with the community and wants to get back at them for voting against him The first thing an active listener does after listening to a response is to restate key points

Which of the following is an example of schema learning? A) The teacher asks students to find the examples of figurative language in a passage and sort them B) The teacher models how to assign oxidation numbers to the elements before giving the students an opportunity to practice their own C) The teacher asks students how to eliminate the national debt over the text ten years. Students work in groups to research and explore prerequisite information needed to draw conclusions D) The teacher divides students into ability groups to differentiate math instruction

A) The teacher asks students to find the examples of figurative language in a passage and sort them This is an example of schema theory

What is the difference between think time and wait time? A) Think time is initiated by the learner, but wait time is initiated by the teacher B) Think time is initiated by the teacher, but wait time is initiated by the learner C) Think time and wait time are the same D) Think time ends in a written response, but wait time ends in a verbal response

A) Think time is initiated by the learner, but wait time is initiated by the teacher The learner takes think time before responding. Teachers intentionally provide wait time

Which of the following countries has a culture in which expressing emotion is generally acceptable? A) United States B) Japan C) Indonesia D) United Kingdom

A) United States The United States has an effective culture in which expressions of emotions are usually accepted

Ms. Randle is gathering information about her students at the beginning of the school year to determine their reading levels. She wants to find out what skills they are entering school with. Which assessment tool should she choose? A) a diagnostic assessment B) a formative assessment C) a summative assessment D) an aptitude test

A) a diagnostic assessment Diagnostic assessments test students before a learning experience

Which of the following tests might be used to place students in a gifted program? A) ability test B) aptitude test C) achievement test D) diagnostic test

A) ability test Cognitive ability tests are used to identify exceptionalities

Mrs. Grand is searching for a test that will compare her students' content knowledge with other students in the state. Which type of assessment should she use? A) achievement B) aptitude C) ability D) informal

A) achievement Achievement tests measure acquired knowledge or skills

Which of the following is an example of a reflective practice? A) action research B) professional association membership C) attendance at national conference D) collaborative planning

A) action research Action research gives teachers the opportunity to try innovative practices while collecting data related to effectiveness in order to improve their own instructional skills

Ms. Belgard has recently learned about using Socratic circles to formally discuss novels. As she introduces Socratic discussions to her students, she collects data to determine whether the strategy translates into improved scores on essay tests. Which of the following best describes Ms. Belgard's strategy? A) action research B) reflective journal C) observation D) professional learning community

A) action research Action research involves collecting data in one's own classroom to determine the effectiveness of a strategy

In which of the learning domains would an antiracism rally fall? A) affective domain B) psychomotor domain C) cognitive domain D) psychological domain

A) affective domain The affective domain includes the development of the student's values

Which of the following is most appropriate for providing enrichment to a student? A) asking higher-order questions B) giving extra homework C) asking the student to tutor others D) implementing independent practice

A) asking higher-order questions Higher-order thinking questions give students enrichment without altering the structure of the assignment

Which of the following activities encourages creative thinking? A) brainstorming new solutions B) determining validity of a source C) recalling facts D) providing evidence to support an opinion

A) brainstorming new solutions Brainstorming gives students the opportunity to find more than one solution to a problem using creative thinking

Which of the learning domains deals with the intellectual acquisition? A) cognitive domain B) physical domain C) social domain D) moral domain

A) cognitive domain The cognitive domain is related to intellectual development

Miss Dearingworth belongs to a professional association that holds a large formal gathering once a year in a convention hall that colleagues from several states attend in order to receive professional development and learn about issues that affect her profession. Which of the following best describes this meting? A) conference B) workshop C) professional learning group D) critical friends group (CFG)

A) conference Conferences are formal meetings that are typically sponsored by a professional association in which members of a particular profession come together to learn from one another and to discuss important topics within the field

Ms. Dedmon gives four assessments per trimester that evaluate student mastery of state standards. Which type of assessment is she using? A) criterion-referenced B) norm-referenced C) formative D) diagnostic

A) criterion-referenced Criterion-referenced tests measure mastery of specific content

Which of the following learning activities is a form of direct teaching? A) demonstration B) concept mapping C) computer-mediated construction D) role-playing

A) demonstration A demonstration in which the teacher shows students an example that lead to a logical conclusion is a form of direct instruction

Which of the following instructional models is teacher centered? A) direct instruction B) schema learning C) social learning D) scaffolding

A) direct instruction Direct instruction, such as lecturing, is not student centered

Which model of instruction represents a traditional, teacher-centered approach? A) direct teaching B) independent learning C) experimental learning D) interactive learning

A) direct teaching In traditional classrooms, direct teaching is the most common form of instruction. Direct teaching places students in a passive learning role

What is the primary purpose of a critical friends group (CFG)? A) encouraging reflective practice B) prompting collegiality C) prompting innovative practices D) exploring current research

A) encouraging reflective practice Critical friends have reflective conversations that promote teacher growth

Ms. DiCristafaro is considering using peer assessment to help students edit their writing. Which of the following steps should she take first? A) establish a safe learning environment B) pair students by ability level C) teach students active listening skills D) remind students of the importance of grades

A) establish a safe learning environment Students must feel safe and trust their peers to participate in peer assessment

Which of the following is an example of nonverbal prompting? A) facial expression B) the beginning phoneme C) word association D) sentence stems

A) facial expression Facial expressions, pointing, and gesturing are examples of nonverbal prompting

Which of the following is an example of nonverbal communication? A) gestures B) tone C) stress D) inflection

A) gestures Gestures are movements that convey meaning nonverbally

Mr. Jarod wants to create a rubric that he can easily grade for the final examination of the year. Which type of scoring should he use? A) holistic scoring B) analytical scoring C) single-point scoring D) analytical checklist

A) holistic scoring Holistic scoring is the easiest to grade but provides less feedback than other types of scoring

Mr. Moore is creating an assessment tool to formatively assess students working on their thesis project. Which of the following tools would serve this purpose? A) learning logs B) unit test C) holistic rubric D) analytic rubric

A) learning logs Students keep learning logs to document their learning experience during independent work

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward? A) lunch with the teacher B) hands-on learning activity C) relating knowledge to student's interests D) a student's pride in his or her own project

A) lunch with the teacher Lunch with the teacher is an extrinsic reward because it motivates students with something outside of the learning experience

Which of the following is an example of using short-term memory? A) memorizing a phone number to write it down B) learning a foreign language C) learning to multiply single-digit numbers D) memorizing letters of the alphabet

A) memorizing a phone number to write it down Typically, phone numbers are put into short-term memory long enough to write them down or dial them but then forgotten

After taking a reading test, Jensen was provided a grade-equivalent score that indicated she is performing above grade level. What type of test did Jensen take? A) norm referenced B) criterion referenced C) formative D) informal

A) norm referenced Norm-referenced tests compare students with other students of the same grade or age level

Which of the following reflective practices requires respect, trust, and collegiality among staff to be effective? A) observation B) reflective journals C) incident analysis D) portfolios

A) observation Observation is effective only if it is followed by a meaningful, professional conversation, which requires both trust and respect

Which of the following sources of research is the most reliable? A) peer-reviewed journals B) mainstream newspaper C) professional magazines D) online encyclopedias

A) peer-reviewed journals Peer-reviewed journals meet minimal criteria for finding accurate research

The student is really enjoying the learning activity. Which of the following is this an example of? A) positively intrinsic B) negatively intrinsic C) positively extrinsic D) negatively extrinsic

A) positively intrinsic The student receives internal rewards

Which of the following strategies will improve participation in class discussions? A) preparing students for the discussion in advance B) directing questions at the nonparticipators C) asking less difficult questions D) lowering the grade on nonparticipants

A) preparing students for the discussion in advance Students should have a thorough understanding of the discussion topic, as well as some open-ended questions before the discussion begins

Mr. Amendt, the English teacher, provides students with detailed descriptions of criteria that define each level of writing performance. Students use the descriptions to learn what they can do to be better writers, and then the students' level of performance is graded according to the criteria. Which assessment tool is Mr. Amendt using? A) rubric B) selected-response C) checklist D) anecdotal notes

A) rubric A rubric is a fixed scale that measures performance with detailed descriptions of criteria that define each level of performance. Rubrics can be used to guide students and to grade performance.

What is the primary purpose of essential questions? A) set learning goals B) activate prior knowledge C) assess understanding D) generate discussions

A) set learning goals Essential questions set learning goals for a learning segment

Mr. Patrick would like his students to self-assess their history projects before turning them in. Before beginning the project, which of the following should take place? A) set learning goals B) locate resources C) critically evaluate their work D) articulate learning

A) set learning goals Students should write SMART goals to drive their learning experience

What is the first step in self-regulation? A) setting learning goals B) developing assessments C) monitoring progress D) reflecting on outcomes

A) setting learning goals Students must set learning goals and subgoals to self-regulate

How do audio aids support communication in the classroom? A) students are more attentive B) they clarify meaning C) they help students work at their instructional level D) they monitor student progress

A) students are more attentive Audio aids support student attention by making every student feel as if the teacher is speaking directly to him or her

Which of the following is NOT a source of authentic language? A) textbooks B) newspaper C) storybooks D) internet

A) textbooks The academic language that is used in textbooks is different from conversational language and may confuse beginners

Why would a teacher use a KWL chart? A) to focus learning goals B) to differentiate instruction C) to help students construct knowledge D) to provide prerequisite knowledge

A) to focus learning goals KWL charts outline background information and learning goals, and provide a summative of learning

Michael is having a hard time remembering the word permutation, so Miss Swift helps him by saying, per-. What strategy is she using to help Michael articulate his thought? A) verbal prompting B) nonverbal prompting C) reflection D) restatement

A) verbal prompting Verbal prompting includes using beginning phonemes to assist a student

Behavior Disorder

AKA "conduct disorder." Behaviors are disruptive and include: 1. Violating rules. 2. Showing aggression towards animals and people. 3. Destroying property. 4. Practicing deceitfulness.

Morrill Act of 1862

AKA the "Land Grant College Act." It required that established institutions in each state provide practical profession education such as agriculture, home economics, and mechanical arts. It was to assure that people in all social classes would have an available education.

Self-Regulation

Ability to monitor and control our own behavior, emotions, or thoughts, altering them in accordance with the demands of the situation.

Interpersonal

Ability to understand other people's behaviors, needs, and desires. "People-smart." The "leaders" on the playground.

Creative Thinking Processes

Accidently Deliberately Through an on going process

Separation of Church and State in 1947

According to the First Amendment, schools must remain neutral toward religion as they are a government-funded organization.

Anticipatory Set

Activity at the start of a lesson that sets the stage for learning. They help to motivate students and activate prior knowledge.

Maria Montessori's Learning Process

Adolescence divided 12-15 and 16-18. Stage 1: Introduce a concept by lecture, lesson, experience, or book read-aloud. Stage 2: Process the information and develop an understanding of the concept through work, experimentation, and creativity. Stage 3: "Knowing" as defined by possessing an understanding of something that is demonstrated by ability to pass a test with confidence, teach the concept to another, or express understanding with ease.

Reports

Allows a variety of creative outlets such as speeches, artwork, and essays. Students can share with their class or a wider audience.

ADA

Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)

ADA

Americans with Disabilities Act, Title II. 1990 federal law that sets clear and enforceable standards that is not dependent of federal funds. Prohibits discrimination of people with disabilities in everything provided by the state or local governments.

Rowley case and decision

Amy Rowley, a deaf child with an IQ of over 120, was in an normal classroom. Her teachers learned to sign some, and she sat where she could see everybody and read lips. She also had a deaf teacher work with her daily and had speech therapy 3 times a week. district argued that she was reaching her full potential. the state must provide equal education by law, but it does not guarantee the student will reach any certain level of education

Reciprocal teaching

An activity in which students talk with their teachers about the meaning of a text they just read. By doing this, students are put in a position where they have to stay focused on what they read, so that they are able to explain it to the class. Essentially, they are responsible for reading, learning, and teaching the text.

Cloze Procedure

An assessment method used to determind readability of a text that involves deleting words from the text and leaving blank spaces. The teacher chooses a text of atleast 250 words, leaves the first and last sentences alone, and deletes every fifth word in the text.

Anecdotal Record

An observational method that summarizes a single developmental incident to show a student's growths and trends.

Intrinsic Rewards

An outcome that gives an individual personal satisfaction such as that derived from a job well done.

Cognitive Dissonance

An uncomfortable inconsistency among one's actions, beliefs, attitudes, or feelings. People attempt to reduce it by making their actions, beliefs, attitudes or feelings more consistent with one another.

Edward Thorndike's "Law of Effect"

Any behavior followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated while any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped. Thorndike's work led to the development of operant conditioning.

Which of the following pieces of legislation outlines services that schools will provide for special needs students? A) Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) B) Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) C) individualized education plan (IEP) D) Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act

B) Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) IDEA outlines school responsibilities in identifying and providing services to special needs students

Analysis Questions

What are the features of? How does this compare with?

Response to Intervention (RTI)

Assessment-driven and student-centered. It helps students struggling academically or behaviorally through a tiered system. RTI aims to close the achievement gaps between students.

Reliability

Assessments are consistent and free from errors of measurement. No ambiguous wording, unclear directions, or inconsistent information.

David Ausubel

Associated with Advanced Organizer, which is a teaching technique that is introduced before learning begins and is designed to help students link their prior knowledge to current lesson's content

ADD

Attention Deficit Disorder. Difficulties include: 1. Following directions. 2. Organizing. 3. Making transitions. 4. Completing tasks. 5. Focusing. It requires a medical diagnosis.

ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Difficulties like ADD: 1. Focusing. 2. Following directions. 3. Organizing. 4. Completing tasks. 5. Making transitions. But ADHD also includes difficulties with impulsivity, sitting still, and taking turns. It requires a medical diagnosis.

Journals

Authentic assessment of student's understanding of key concepts and ability to communicate ideas in writing. Journals as an assessment look at the process.

ASD

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Which of the following is an example of fair use of copyrighted material? A) A teacher shows students a rented video as a reward at the end of the week B) A teacher copies one chapter of a novel that contains several literary elements to annotate with students C) For a performance, a teacher copies a piece of sheet music she finds on the internet instead of purchasing it D) A teacher creates a PowerPoint presentation with a 500-word poem in its entirety that she uses every semester

B) A teacher copies one chapter of a novel that contains several literary elements to annotate with students Up to 10 percent of a work may be copied for educational purposes

Which of the following best describes action research? A) A publishing company conducts a research project to prove that their products are effective B) A teacher researches his or her own practice C) Doctoral students at a university conduct a study out of academic interest D) Scientists review a research project and reflect on its accuracy

B) A teacher researches his or her own practice Teachers research their own classroom results and draw conclusions about best practices

Dennis scored in the sixty-fifth percentile. Which of the following best describes what this score means? A) Dennis missed 65 percent of the questions B) Dennis ranked higher then 65 percent of the test takers C) Dennis answered 65 percent of the questions correctly D) Dennis ranked lower than 65 percent of the test takers

B) Dennis ranked higher then 65 percent of the test takers Percentiles rank students compared with other test takers

Which piece of federal legislation provides state intervention services to disabled students from birth to three years of age? A) Americans with Disabilities Act B) Individuals with Disabilities Education Act C) Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act D) Title IX

B) Individuals with Disabilities Education Act IDEA, Part C, provides state services to disabled children from birth to three years

How does reflective listening contribute to a student's understanding of new learning? A) It narrows the focus of the learning objectives B) It incorporates the knowledge of other learners C) It improves self-efficacy D) It broadens the learning objective

B) It incorporates the knowledge of other learners Reflective listening helps students learn from each other

Mrs. Kimberly has created an analytical-scoring rubric. Which of the following would be true about this rubric? A) It is limited to indicators of proficiency B) It provides detailed feedback to help students improve C) It will be easy to grade D) It was simple to create

B) It provides detailed feedback to help students improve Analytical rubrics are detailed enough to provide feedback

Madeline's achievement scores indicate that she is in the top 25 percent of test takers. What can school officials determine from this score? A) Madeline is more intelligent than most of the other students who have taken this test B) Madeline has retained more content knowledge than most of the other students who have taken this test C) Madeline will be more successful in any chosen profession than most other students D) Madeline does not have an exceptionality

B) Madeline has retained more content knowledge than most of the other students who have taken this test Madeline has answered content questions more accurately than 75 percent of the other students

Ms. Durant calls Shelly's mother because Shelly has not done any work in two weeks. Ms. Durant is shocked that Shelly's mother becomes so angry with Ms. Durant. How could Ms. Durant have made this a more positive interaction? A) Ms. Durant should have handled it herself B) Ms. Durant should not have waited two weeks to make her phone call C) Ms. Durant should call parents only with good news D) Ms. Durant should have sent a note instead

B) Ms. Durant should not have waited two weeks to make her phone call Ms. Durant should have contacted the parent as soon as she realized there was a problem. After two weeks, it will be much harder for Shelly to catch up than if she had known within the first few days

Which of the following professional associations provides liability insurance to assist teachers in the event they are sued for professional reasons? A) Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD) B) National Education Association (NEA) C) National Council for Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) D) National Association of Special Education Teachers (NASET)

B) National Education Association (NEA) NEA offers protection for teachers in the form of liability insurance

Which of the following statements characterizes holistic scoring? A) Scores reflect evaluation of multiple criteria B) Scores reflect the overall quality of student work C) Scores compare students to their peer work D) Scores provide a great deal of specific feedback that can help students improve

B) Scores reflect the overall quality of student work Holistic rubrics provide general guidelines for proficiency

Which of the following is a benefit of collaborating with grade-level team members? A) Collaborating saves time B) Students benefit from the collective strengths of the team C) Teachers are able to agree on the best instructional approach D) Administrators feel more comfortable when teachers give each other critical feedback

B) Students benefit from the collective strengths of the team Teachers are stronger when they work together for the benefit of students

Which of the following is an example of concept learning? A) The student considers the way he or she best learns B) The student sorts pictures based on the phoneme with which the name of each begins C) The student anticipates what will happen next D) The student explains the learning process and outcomes using condensed language

B) The student sorts pictures based on the phoneme with which the name of each begins Sorting things into categories is an example of concept learning

Which of the following is an example of social learning? A) The teacher asks students to brainstorm a list of predators and then sort their list by ecosystems that each lives in B) The teacher models using Punnett squares to identify the outcomes of genetic crosses C) The teacher poses a question, and then students work in groups to research and explore prerequisite information needed to draw conclusions D) The teacher works with individual students within their zone of proximal learning to provide scaffolded support

B) The teacher models using Punnett squares to identify the outcomes of genetic crosses This is an example of social learning theory

Which of the following is an example of a visual aid in a classroom? A) a microphone B) a PowerPoint presentation C) a textbook D) a website

B) a PowerPoint presentation A PowerPoint presentation is an example of a visual aid

In a highly diverse classroom, Mr. Gilliam notices that some of his students seem to prefer to work on multiple tasks simultaneously rather than completing one activity at a time. Which of the following culture types might prefer multitasking to linear deadlines? A) a sequential culture B) a synchronic culture C) an affective culture D) a high-context culture

B) a synchronic culture Synchronic cultures prefer to multitask and value quality work over meeting deadlines

Which of the following is an instructional modification for a special needs student? A) isolated setting B) alternate assignment C) calculator use D) extra time

B) alternate assignment Alternate assignments are a modification because the child is too far behind to keep up with the regular curriculum, even with accommodations

How should a teacher,when viewing a video of his or her own instruction, reflect on the lesson? A) holistically B) by targeting a few areas for growth C) by justifying teaching practices D) by identifying student conduct issues

B) by targeting a few areas for growth Identifying a few areas for growth is most beneficial for teacher improvement

Ms. Frisillo notates the progress of her kindergarten students by indicating the date at which children can master skills such as writing their name, identifying basic shapes, and memorizing their parents' phone number. Which assessment tool is Ms. Frisillo using? A) rubric B) checklist C) anecdotal notes D) portfolio

B) checklist Checklists outline criteria of students performance that teachers can mark as students show mastery of each required skill

Which of the following activities uses critical thinking to build schema? A) identifying the parts of a cell B) comparing and contrasting mitosis and meiosis C) listing the phases of a cell cycle D) describing the metaphase of mitosis

B) comparing and contrasting mitosis and meiosis Comparing and contrasting helps students make connections and build schema

Which of the following interactive learning experiences provides students with the opportunity to formally discuss a subject from multiple perspectives? A) peer practice B) debate C) cooperative learning groups D) brainstorming

B) debate Debate is a formal discussion in which students must be able to view a subject from multiple perspectives in order to defend their point of view

The principal is providing half-day substitute teachers so that teachers are free to observe one another in class. What is the primary purpose of this activity? A) encouraging collaborative planning B) encouraging teachers to learn from one another C) assisting the administration with evaluations D) providing opportunities for shared decision making

B) encouraging teachers to learn from one another Teachers learn a great deal from watching one another and having reflective discussions

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, children will not be able to form healthy relationships if which the following has not been met? A) success B) freedom from fear C) independence D) personal growth

B) freedom from fear Freedom of fear is a stage two need that must be realized before students can develop healthy relationships in stage three

Which of the following is a key ingredient to self-motivation? A) consequences for failure B) goal-setting C) emphasis on grades D) parent involvement

B) goal-setting Goal-setting and achievement of subgoals is related to self-motivation

A student has a difficult time communicating because he is unable to understand others when they speak to him. This child may qualify for which of the following special service? A) speech impairment B) language impairment C) emotional disability D) cognitive disability

B) language impairment A language impairment describes communication issues with both receptive and expressive language

Which of the following types of websites will most likely contain relevant, valid, and reliable information for students researching historical content? A) social media B) museum C) community board D) tabloid news

B) museum Museums typically have reliable information for students

In which of the learning domains would fall an activity designed to help a student form letters with a pencil? A) affective domain B) psychomotor domain C) cognitive domain D) psychological domain

B) psychomotor domain The psychomotor domain, which is the development of motor skills, would include fine motor skills necessary for writing

Which of the following best describes how well a test is able to provide consistent results? A) validity B) reliability C) standard deviation D) variability

B) reliability Reliability refers to consistancy

A teacher reads a book about rain and then asks students to work in small groups to brainstorm other types of precipitation and draw conclusions about how snow, hail, sleet and fog are formed. Which strategy is the teacher using? A) project-based learning B) schema theory C) direct teach D) zone of proximal development

B) schema theory Schema learning puts new information into an existing framework by categorizing things. In this scenario, students are assimilating new knowledge about snow, hail, sleet, and fog into what they already know about rain

Mr. Diego, the history teacher, will be giving a final test the day before grades are due for the semester. He needs an assessment that will cover all of the information that has been learned so far this year in a format that will be quick and easy to grade. Which format would work best for Mr. Diego? A) essay B) selected-response C) conference D) portfolio

B) selected-response Selected-response tests are easy to grade and cover a breadth of information

Mr. Reed develops a scale to help him rate the usability of his substitute lesson plans. Which of the following reflective practices is he using? A) reflective journaling B) self-assessment C) incident analysis D) a portfolio

B) self-assessment Self-assessment involves the use of scales or rubrics to identify areas for improving practice

Which of the following behaviors is atypical for a fourteen-year-old girl? A) enjoys creating drama among her peers B) separation anxiety when away from her parents C) overreacts to questions from her mother D) complains about her appearance

B) separation anxiety when away from her parents Separation anxiety is typical for a toddler, but by adolescence, the child should prefer peers

Which of the following configurations would be used to provide support for some students with similar instructional needs? A) whole class B) small group C) one-on-one D) independent learning

B) small group Students with similar learning needs are configured in small,flexible groups to which the teachers can provide instruction within the students' instructional level

Which of the following is an example of data collected for qualitative research? A) standardized test scores B) surveys C) teacher retention rates D) attendance rates

B) surveys Surveys are somewhat subjectives; therefore, they are qualitative

Ms. Adams is teaching a lesson of the impact of plate tectonics on geological events. To find out which geological events students need to understand, which document should he consult? A) state standards B) the scope C) the sequence D) the textbook

B) the scope The scope provides the details that will help Ms. Adams understand how deeply students need to understand the concept

Which of the following entities bears the greatest responsibility in determining what second-grade students should be taught in science? A) the US Department of Education B) the state department of education C) the district board of education D) the classroom teacher

B) the state department of education Each state reviews and adopts curricular standards and accountability protocals

According to Piaget, at approximately what age are children in the preoperational stage, in which they engage in symbolic play but do not have the ability to think abstractly or to see another person's perspective? A) birth to two years B) two to seven years C) seven to eleven years D) eleven years and older

B) two to seven years

Which of the following strategies will improve the quality of students' responses to questions? A) repetitive recall B) wait time C) visual cues D) positive reinforcement

B) wait time The quality of students' answers is improved if just a few seconds of wait time is built in after questions are asked

Mr. Howell gives students several seconds to pause and think before answering a question. Which strategy is he using? A) think time B) wait time C) active listening D) scaffolding

B) wait time Wait time is time that is initiated by the teacher to give students time to think

Which of the following strategies is most effective if 75 percent of students have not mastered the objective? A) one-on-one instruction B) whole-class reteaching C) small-group instruction D) independent study

B) whole-class reteaching If more than 75 percent of students have not mastered the objective, it needs to be retaught using a different instructional technique

Which of the following is an example of interactive learning? A) The teacher lectures for half an hour followed by students independently answering questions from the book B)The students break into cooperative groups to jigsaw the text and present their findings C) Each student researches, creates a PowerPoint presentation, and presents on an element of the unit D) The class goes on a field trip to a local pond and runs tests on water samples

B)The students break into cooperative groups to jigsaw the text and present their findings Cooperative learning groups define interactive learning

Transfer

Information or skills related to one topic can sometimes either help or hinder the acquisition of information or skills related to another topic.

Spina bifida

a congenital midline defect resulting from failure of the body spinal column to close completely during fetal development

Standards-Based Instruction

Backwards-design. 1. Begin with a student's learning needs. These include the objectives. 2. Plan the assessment. 3. Plan lesson activities and select materials. This is where teachers can differentiate the lesson.

Distributed Cognition

Bandura's "Social Learning Theory." A person is able to learn more sharing knowledge with another or in a group than on their own when working to solve a problem.

Constructivism (5)

Basic Concepts: Learning as experience Problem-based learning Zone of Proximal Development Scaffolding Inquiry/discovery learning

Mr. Clayborne wants to informally gather information about Charity's progress in reading to help her target her flexible small-group instruction. Which assessment is most appropriate for him to use? A) a state standardized test B) an aptitude test C) anecdotal test D) an intelligence test

C) anecdotal test Anecdotal records are an informal assessment that helps guide instruction

Watson - Behaviorism

Behaviorism is the scientific study of human behavior. Its real goal is to provide the basis for prediction and control of human beings: Given the situation, to tell what the human being will do; given the man in action, to be able to say why he is reacting in that way.

Watson

Behaviorism: Proposed that most human learning and behavior was controlled by experience (not genetically predetermined). Believed the only behaviors that should be studied are the "observable" ones.

Early National Period, 1776-1840

Benjamin Franklin. Thomas Jefferson. Noah Webster. Yale Report of 1828.

Sensorimotor Period

Birth-2 years Coordination of sensory input and motor responses development of object permanence

Reciprocal Teaching

Both the student and teacher question and respond to the text in order to improve student comprehension. 1. Predict. 2. Question. 3. Clarify. 4. Summarize.

Which of the following statements on a score report may be true? A) A test may be valid, but not reliable B) A high standard deviation means that students performed well on the test C) A test may be reliable, but not valid D) Percentile refers to how many questions the students answered correctly

C) A test may be reliable, but not valid Reliability is dependent on the likelihood that a retest would net similar results. A test does not need to be valid to be reliable

Which of the following researchers did NOT research operant conditioning? A) Edward Thorndike B) John Watson C) Abraham Maslow D) B.F. SKinner

C) Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow developed a hierarchy of unconscious motivators

Which of the following is an example of detecting bias? A) James categorizes numbers as rational or irrational B) Zoe realizes that she is a visual learner; therefore she creates a graphic organizer from her notes C) Abraham is disqualified as a judge in the art contest because his sister is a contestant D) Ysenia uses what she learned in history class to understand the literature about the Holocaust in English

C) Abraham is disqualified as a judge in the art contest because his sister is a contestant Abraham may be a biased judge with leaning toward or against his sister

Mrs. Stout regularly holds conferences with her foreign-language students. What is the primary purpose of the conferences? A) Conferences save time over other forms of assessment B) Conferences provide a comprehensive view of student achievement over time C) Conferences allow her to give students prompts as needed D) Conferences are easier to grade

C) Conferences allow her to give students prompts as needed In addition to giving her the ability to prompt students, conferences also give Mrs. Stout information that will help her target instruction

Which of the following is the biggest advantage of peer observation as a professional practice? A) Teachers can make sure that class sizes are consistent across the grade levels B) Peer observation allows teachers to determine which instructional supplies are available in the building C) It provides ideas about how to implement new instructional strategies D) Viewing shared struggles improves self-esteem

C) It provides ideas about how to implement new instructional strategies Observation has the advantage of practical application of new practices

Which of the following is an example of a child with an exceptionality? A) Hannah has an IQ of 85 B) Brynn has pneumonia C) Jaimie has an IQ of 145 D) Hallie has been acting out since the death of her father two weeks ago

C) Jaimie has an IQ of 145 Students with IQs over 130 are considered gifted and talented

Which of the following is an example of a collaborative home-school relationship? A) Mr. Thiessen sends home progress reports every Friday afternoon B) Mrs. Leachman sends home a positive note with a chosen student twice a week C) Miss Rockwell adjusts the due date of a major project after Emily's father explains that Emily needs help finding resources D) Ms. Yates responds to email from parents within twenty-four hours

C) Miss Rockwell adjusts the due date of a major project after Emily's father explains that Emily needs help finding resources Miss Rockwell is responding to the needs of families by making adjustments to benefit students

Mr. Kirkpatrick is teaching a lesson about graphing on a coordinate plane. Which of the following actions would best support social learning? A) Mr. Kirkpatrick invites an air traffic controller to be a guest speaker to explain how he uses graphing on a coordinate plan in his occupation B) Mr. Kirkpatrick divides the students into groups to play battleship C) Mr. Kirkpatrick models graphing Cartesian coordinates and then supports students while they practice a few problems independently D) Mr. Kirkpatrick finds a website with a series of engaging games that use graphing on a coordinate plane

C) Mr. Kirkpatrick models graphing Cartesian coordinates and then supports students while they practice a few problems independently Social learning is modeling by the teacher followed by student practice

Which of the following teachers is using an analytical checklist? A) Mr. Bullard provides a single score based on the overall quality of an essay B) Mr. Griffin scores an essay by calculating levels of proficiency on multiple criteria C) Mrs. Bryant calculates scores by determining whether students mastered requested criteria D) Miss Rose scores students by assigning percentile ranks

C) Mrs. Bryant calculates scores by determining whether students mastered requested criteria Analytical checklists document mastery, not levels of proficiency

Mrs. Woodson's students are beginning to use peer assessment to improve writing. Which of the following is the first step? A) Mrs. Woodson monitors students as they self-assess their writing B) Mrs. Woodson asks students to complete a ten-minute quick write C) Mrs. Woodson trains her students to use the analytical checklist that will be used for assessment D) Mrs. Woodson pairs students based on writing ability

C) Mrs. Woodson trains her students to use the analytical checklist that will be used for assessment Training students to use the checklist will not only improve the quality of the peer assessment, but also help students internalize the criteria for good writing

Which of the following professional development opportunities includes a group of teachers who are working toward a specific student-learning goal? A) independent study B) internships C) PLCs D) conferences

C) PLCs PLCs share a common goal

Which of the following is an example of a formal assessment? A) benchmark tests B) portfolio assessments C) STAR reading test D) performance-based assessments

C) STAR reading test The STAR reading test does not have standardized measures to compare students statistically to other students within the same grade level

What is the benefit of recognizing teachable moments? A) Lesson plans stay on track B) Learning follows predictable patterns C) Student engagement increases D) It focuses on identified learning objectives

C) Student engagement increases Teaching students about something that interests them in the moment increases student engagement and broadens students' knowledge basis

Which of the following approaches to spelling follows cognitive theory? A) Students are given a list of words from the text and are tested on Friday B) Students create individual spelling lists from their writing C) Students sort and categorize words based on spelling patterns D) Students memorize spelling rules

C) Students sort and categorize words based on spelling patterns Sorting and categorizing words is part of cognitive theory because it helps students make schematic connections

Which of the following activities is most appropriate for the constructivist classroom? A) The teacher lectures while the class takes notes about historical documents that were written by America's forefathers B) Students recite the Preamble to the Constitution C) Students work in groups of four to research, write, and act out a play about the First Constitutional Convention D) Students memorize and recite the names of all of the US Presidents and their years of service

C) Students work in groups of four to research, write, and act out a play about the First Constitutional Convention

Which of the following pieces of legislation protect against gender discrimination in athletic programs at public schools? A) the First Amendment B) Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act C) Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 D) the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act

C) Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits gender discrimination, including sexual harassment, inequality in athletic opportunity, inequality in STEM courses, and discrimination based on pregnancy

Which of the following is an example of a Socratic question? A) What events led up to the Civil War? B) What year did Lincoln order the Emancipation Proclamation? C) Why do you think Lincoln chose not to include the border and norther states in the Emancipation Proclamation? D) How did Abraham Lincoln die?

C) Why do you think Lincoln chose not to include the border and norther states in the Emancipation Proclamation? This is an open-ended question that requires students to combine learned facts with their own thoughts and opinions

Which of the following is an example of a Socratic question? A) What is the main idea of this passage? B) How did the character resolve this conflict? C) Why do you think the author chose this setting? D) What is your favorite part of the story?

C) Why do you think the author chose this setting? "Why do you think...?" questions give the opportunity to critically evaluate the text

Mr. Ferguson's students are taking an end-of-course examination that they must pass as a graduation requirement. Which type of assessment are they taking? A) a diagnostic assessment B) a formative assessment C) a summative assessment D) an intelligence test

C) a summative assessment Summative assessments evaluate what students have learned

Which instructional method helps students move from short-term to long-term memory? A) taking notes B) reading a textbook C) activating prior knowledge D) listening to a lecture

C) activating prior knowledge Activating prior knowledge helps students assimilate or accommodate new information into existing schema, which helps the learner store information into long-term memory

Which of the following is true of the culture in the United States A) high context B) emotionally neutral C) affective D) synchronic

C) affective Generally, the United States values the expression of emotions

Which of the following is considered a modification? A) audio recording of texts B) calculator use C) alternate assignments D) large print

C) alternate assignments This is an example of modification. Modifications are changes in the curriculum that are necessary because the student is so far below grade level

Mr. Cavanaugh, the school counselor, would like information that will help him determine which students should be placed in the preengineering program. He does not expect students to have skills but is looking for students who have the potential to develop engineering skills. Which of the following types of assessments should he use? A) intelligence B) achievement C) aptitude D) ability

C) aptitude Aptitude tests measure potential to develop a skill

Mrs. Swift expresses concerns about her daughter's options after high school graduation. Which of the following tests might might provide her with information about how her strengths and weaknesses could be used to help her make career decisions? Which test would provide Mrs. Swift with the information she needs? A) diagnostic B) ability C) aptitude D) achievement

C) aptitude Aptitude tests measure the ability to learn a skill

Which of the following grading practices is most ineffective? A) formal self-assessments B) students tracking their own progress C) basing 30 percent of a students grade on a semester final D) student-teacher conferences

C) basing 30 percent of a students grade on a semester final Emphasizing grades as a measure of achievement toward learning goals deflects the focus away from learning

Jaylen is an eighth-grade student who has always followed the rules and had good relationships with peers and adults. Recently, she has been accepted into a social group that talks about smoking cigarettes, doing drugs, and writing graffiti. Jaylen is torn between knowing what is right and wanting to be accepted. What is she experiencing? A) extrinsic motivation B) external attribution C) cognitive dissonance D) response to stimuli

C) cognitive dissonance Cognitive dissonance describes Jaylen's two conflicting thoughts

Mrs. Franco's students meet with her individually so that she can ask them questions about what they have learned. Which assessment format is Mrs. Franco using? A) performance B) observation C) conference D) portfolio

C) conference Conferences are meetings between the teacher and each student in which learning is orally assessed and evaluated

Mrs. Whitlock is a biology teacher who provides students with a question and then supports them as they design a lab and research project to determine a solution. Which theory is Mrs. Whitlock using? A) cognitivism B) behaviorism C) constructivism D) social learning

C) constructivism The inquiry-based approach to learning is an example of constructivism

Which of the following uses of copyrighted materials is prohibited under copyright laws? A) adding a graph from the textbook to the teacher's PowerPoint presentation B) making twenty-five copies of a height-weight chart to use in a health class C) copying scripts found on the Internet for a school-day D) developing a slide show of artifacts at the Smithsonian Natural History Museum using photographs found on their website

C) copying scripts found on the Internet for a school-day Even information that has not been registered is the intellectual property of the author and may not be copied in its entirety without permission

Which of the following learning activities would be most appropriate for a visual learner? A) cooperative learning B) constructing a model C) creating a graphic organizer D) lectures

C) creating a graphic organizer Graphic organizers provide visual representation of the material

Which of the following professional development opportunities focuses on the teacher's individual professional needs? A) professional learning communities (PLCs) B) study groups C) critical friends groups (CFGs) D) internships

C) critical friends groups (CFGs) CFGs offer critical feedback to support teachers based on their individual needs

Which of the following activities might be uncomfortable for a student from a high-context culture? A) discussions B) cooperative learning activities C) debates D) nonverbal communication

C) debates Debates may be uncomfortable for those whose high-context culture values relationships

A student has difficult time conforming to the social standards at school to the point that it has affected her ability to learn. What special education services might she qualify to receive? A) speech impairment B) language impairment C) emotional disability D) cognitive disability

C) emotional disability An emotional disability may be present is the child has difficulties conforming or relating to other people that impact him or her academically

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following might prevent a high school student from learning a new concept in math? A) poor self-esteem B) contemplating his or her spiritual path C) getting into an argument with his or her friend D) feeling as if he or she has made poor choices

C) getting into an argument with his or her friend Not having physical and emotional needs met can interfere with fulfilling cognitive needs

Which of the following activities harms the public perception of professional educators? A) reporting behavior issues to parents B) contacting legislators about education reform issues C) gossiping about colleagues D) asking parents for help in the classroom

C) gossiping about colleagues Complaining about students, colleagues, and administrators is unprofessional and harmful to the educational community as a whole

As part of a graduate degree program, Ms. Ingalls has elected to find out everything she can about first-year teacher orientation programs. Which of the following best describes this experience? A) internship B) mentoring C) independent research D) reflective practice

C) independent research Independent research is when a teacher selects a specific educational topic that he or she is interested in learning more about

Ms. Worley is a science teacher who is collaborating with the algebra teacher, Mr. Bradley. When Ms. Worley teaches students to balance equations, Mr. Bradley teaches algebraic equations using coefficients. Which of the following best describes their planning method? A) vertical alignment B) horizontal alignment C) interdisciplinary unit D) cooperative learning

C) interdisciplinary unit Interdisciplinary units are collaborative across content areas for the benefit of students

Which of the following best describes when an experienced teacher works with a novice teacher to provide feedback and support? A) observation B) peer assessment C) mentoring D) reflective practice

C) mentoring Mentoring is when an experienced teacher helps a less experienced teacher

Mode

the most frequently occurring score in a distribution

Which of the following is an example of an audio aid that may be used to promote better communication in the classroom? A) PowerPoint presentations B) textbooks C) microphones D) internet sites

C) microphones Microphones may be used to help students hear the teacher more clearly

What is the primary purpose of active listening? A) make the speaker feel important B) help the listener broaden his or her knowledge background C) reduce communication errors D) improve classroom management

C) reduce communication errors Active listening reduces communication errors by ensuring that the listener thoroughly understands the speaker

The teacher writes essential questions for the unit on the whiteboard. What is the primary purpose of the question? A) activate prior knowledge B) assess understanding C) set learning goals D) develop critical thinking

C) set learning goals Essential questions help establish learning targets

Damien has exceptional comprehension but struggles with forming words to express himself. Which possible exceptionality should be explored? A) cognitive disorder B) language disorder C) speech disorder D) behavioral disorder

C) speech disorder Problems with expressive language may indicate a speech disorder

Which of the following is often a typical conversation style for women? A) blunt B) direct C) taking turns D) confrontational

C) taking turns Typically, women take turns speaking

How can a teacher help students to build self-motivation? A) expose them to many different college and career choices B) give them bonus points for meeting learning objectives C) teach them to set measurable goals and self-monitor their progress D) keep them focused on their grades

C) teach them to set measurable goals and self-monitor their progress Holistic rubrics measure the level of proficiency on overall, general criteria

Mr. Donaldson wants to know how much time we should devote to teaching his students about force and motion. Which document should he consult? A) state standards B) the scope C) the sequence D) the textbook

C) the sequence The sequence provides a suggested timeline and pacing for a lesson

Mr. Cavitt is teaching a unit about how to vote in an election. Which of the following materials would be most appropriate? A) a book published in 1985 B) the Democratic National Committee website C) the state election board's publications D) the Republican National Committee website

C) the state election board's publications Each state's election board has up-to-date information about the voting process

What is the first step to active listening? A) to form a response B) to ask questions C) to pay attention D) to form an opinion

C) to pay attention The listener's mind should be completely open to what the speaker is trying to say, without judgement

Common School Period, 1840-1880

Common School. Horace Mann. Henry Barnard. Normal School. McGuffey Readers. Compulsory Education. Morrill Act of 1862. National Education Association. Establishment of Kindergartens.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - ADHD

Disability in which children consistently show one or more characteristics over a period of time; inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. May have impulsivity, sitting still, and taking turns.

Learning Domains (3)

Cognitive: mental skills (knowledge) Affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas (attitude or self) Psychomotor: manual or physical skills (skills)

Inductive Reasoning

Collecting data to draw a conclusion that may or may not be true.

Discussion Roles

Can provide intrinsic motivation and empowerment for students to have a role in a group. Summarizer, Note-taker, Illustrator, Quotable Quotes, Gatekeeper, Question Generator, Facilitator, and Evaluator.

Carol Gilligan's "Ethic of Care"

Carol Gilligan illustrated the complexity of female thinking using Lawrence Kohlberg's "Stages of Moral Reasoning." She stated that females scored lower on his stages of moral reasoning because females based their moral decisions on interpersonal connections and attention to human needs over logic. She argued females have an ethic of care over an ethic of justice. Females are not inferior, just different, in their moral development.

CP

Celebral Palsy

Laissez-Faire Management

Characterized by accepting student impulses, being less likely to monitor, and placing few demands or controls in the classroom.

Lee and Marlene Canter's "Model of Assertive Discipline"

Clear and firm response style that is not passive or hostile so that it keeps a caring, positive, and productive classroom. Students have a choice to follow the class rules or face consequences after the teacher clearly communicates expectations.

Mapping

Concept mapping and graphic organizers aid in a student's ability to see relationships and interrelationships among concepts and new ideas. Cognition-based.

Behaviorism Concepts

Conditioning Intrinsic and Extrinsic Rewards Reinforcement Punishment

Edward L. Thorndike

Connectionism - Behaviorism Law of Effect- The probability is altered by the effect it has, acts that are reinforced tend to be repeated. Study- Cat in Puzzle Box. Learners from associations or connections between a stimulus and a response. Through trial an error, reward responses would be strengthened.

Behavior/Emotional Disorders

Consists of serious, persistent problems that involve relationships, aggression, depression, fears associated with personal or school matters, and other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics.

RTI Tier 3

Continues using the data to inform student instruction and intervention planning BUT also adds additional intensive and individualized support. Guidance from a special educator or teams of educators. If not successful then a full or individual evaluation of the student will be required as identified in IDEA.

Reflective Practice

Continuous cycle of self-observation and self-evaluation; thinking to benefit of the individuals and communities being served; how to improve or knowing what works well

Authority and Social Order

Conventional Stage of Kohlberg's Moral Theory School-Age Law and Order as highest ideals social obedience is a must to maintaining a functional society

Interpersonal Relationships

Conventional Stage of Kohlberg's Moral Theory School-age "Good Boy/Girl" attitude sees individuals as filling social roles

I Messages

Conveys openness to resolve conflicts collaboratively and non-aggressively. A statement that expresses feelings, but doesn't blame or judge the other person.

Lau vs. Nichols case of 1974

Federally funded schools must provide their non-English speaking students with either English instruction or instruction in their native language.

Which of the following theorists supported real-world experiences and volunteerism as part of the curriculum? A) Jerome Bruner B) Lev Vygotsky C) Benjamin Bloom D) John Dewey

D) John Dewey John Dewey supported real-world experiences and developing social responsibilities

Which of the following assessments is most effective for guiding instruction? A) standardized tests B) benchmarks C) unit tests D) periodic quizzes

D) periodic quizzes Periodic quizzes are short tests that are given to students in the middle of instruction to help guide the teacher toward the next steps

Diminishing School Violence

Create a personalized environment through advisories and smaller class sizes.

Race to the Top Fund-Recovery Act of 2011

Created during the Obama administration. It was a $4.35 billion competitive grants program that rewarded states that created the conditions for education improvement, innovation, and reform.

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)

Created the University of Virginia at Charlottesville which was founded in 1825. He wanted to introduce students to new ideas about government and equality. He understood that different students have different educational needs, therefore, he allowed electives to be in the curriculum.

Which of the following professional organizations is most appropriate for a special education math teacher who would like to learn more about inclusion models? A) National Council of Teachers of Mathematics B) National Education Association (NEA) C) National Association for Gifted Children (NAGC) D) Council for Exceptional Children (CEC)

D) Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) CEC specializes in helping special education teachers

Which of the following is a typical behavior of a gifted student? A) Howell makes great grades and always completes his homework on time B) Lynn is a popular student who tries to please her parents and teachers C) Grayson is the class president, quarterback on the football team, and at the top of his class D) Delaney is funny, has high vocabulary, and excels in AP calculus, but she rarely turns in her homework

D) Delaney is funny, has high vocabulary, and excels in AP calculus, but she rarely turns in her homework Delaney's advanced humor, vocabulary, and high level of interest in an advanced subject paired with her lack of organization and interest in mundane tasks like homework may indicate giftedness

Which of the following behaviorists would suggest that teachers of adolescents should be sensitive to the students' confusion about their own sexual and occupational identity? A) Skinner B) Watson C) Maslow D) Erikson

D) Erikson Erikson documented developmental stages at which an individual's personal needs are at conflict with social needs

Ms. Gorman found a free website that contains self-correcting math games. She should consider all the factors EXCEPT which of the following? A) What technology is available at the school? B) How closely do the lessons align with the standards? C) Are the graphics and text developmentally appropriate? D) Have the students mastered all the concepts introduced in this game?

D) Have the students mastered all the concepts introduced in this game? A self-correcting game may introduce some challenging new concepts to people

What does the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 protect? A) Disabled students have the right to participate in athletics B) Schools may not discriminate against students based on gender C) Schools must be held accountable to strict standards measured by standardized testing D) Identifiable student information may not be shared with outside entities

D) Identifiable student information may not be shared with outside entities The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act protects student information

Elijah's IEP says that he may use calculators on tests as a modification. Mrs. Jones does not think that he needs one for the algebra test. What are her options? A) Mrs. Jones has the option of denying Elijah a calculator based on her professional opinion B) Mrs. Jones could talk to Elijah to see if she can convince him not to use the calculator C) Mrs. Jones can call Elijah's parents to see if they agree with her D) Mrs. Jones can request an IEP meeting to see if the team agrees to have the calculator modification removed

D) Mrs. Jones can request an IEP meeting to see if the team agrees to have the calculator modification removed Accommodations and modifications that are written into the IEP must be followed until another IEP meeting is held to discuss changes

Which of the following professional organizations would be most appropriate for a second-grade teacher? A) Association for Middle Level Education B) National Council for the Social Studies C) National Council of Teacher of English D) National Association for the Education of Young Children

D) National Association for the Education of Young Children The National Association for the Education of Young Children specializes in instruction to suit the developmental needs of PK-3 students.

When should high school students be taught classroom expectations? A) Rules and procedures should mastered at a whole school assembly at the beginning of the year B) High school students have been in school long enough to know the rules C) Rules and procedures should be reviewed in the classroom on the first day of every month D) Rules and procedures should be reviewed at every transition activity

D) Rules and procedures should be reviewed at every transition activity Rules need to be clearly taught regularly throughout the year. Each time expectations change, they need to be reviewed

Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning? A) Fish have gills. Salmon are fish. Therefore, salmon have gills B) All fish are animals. Salmon are fish. Therefore, salmon are animals C) All dinosaurs are extinct. Stegosaurus is a dinosaur. Therefore, stegosaurus is extinct D) Salmon are fish. Salmon are pink. Therefore, fish are pink

D) Salmon are fish. Salmon are pink. Therefore, fish are pink Inductive reasoning develops a somewhat reasonable yet not always correct conclusion by applying information about a small or specific sample and turning it into generality. Just because a type of fish is pink, it does not mean all fish are pink

Which of the following pieces of legislation provides services for students with physical or mental impairments? A) Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) B) Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) C) individualized education plan (IEP) D) Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act

D) Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act Section 504 provides services to students who have a physical or mental impairment that impedes a major life function

Which of the following is a characteristic of a norm-referenced test? A) Questions are based on adopted curriculum B) Questions do not range in difficulty C) Student scores are based on mastery of objectives D) Student scores are based on comparisons with others

D) Student scores are based on comparisons with others Norm-referenced tests score students in comparison with other students of the same age or grade level

Which of the following is true about discussion? A) Students try to prove their points to others B) Discussions are based on the opinions of the participants C) Each student needs to choose a side of an argument D) Students build knowledge by listening to others

D) Students build knowledge by listening to others Discussions build student knowledge by listening to the perspectives of others

When would remediation be an appropriate intervention for a student? A) The child has been found to have a learning disability B) The child is working ahead of his or her classmates C) Each child should receive remediation regardless of achievement levels D) The child has a gap in learning that is preventing him or her form moving forward

D) The child has a gap in learning that is preventing him or her form moving forward Remediation is intended to find where students are making mistakes and correct those errors so that learning can move forward

What is the teacher's role in building a risk-free environment for students during a discussion? A) The teacher should initiate all questions B) The teacher should not provide the discussion material until the day of the debate to prevent some students from gaining an unfair advantage C) The teacher should end the discussion is a student appears to be unprepared D) The teacher should establish norms for preparedness, listening, questioning, and showing respect

D) The teacher should establish norms for preparedness, listening, questioning, and showing respect Teachers should explicitly teach expectations before beginning each discussion

Which of the following statements is true of gifted students? A) They have advanced social skills B) They have well-developed leadership abilities C) They thrive in independent study situations D) They work best with inquiry-based learning activities

D) They work best with inquiry-based learning activities Inquiry-based learning works with gifted students

Which of the following is a violation of legislation that has been designed to protect children with disabilities? A) Dalton has a doctor's statement that he has attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, but he was not placed on a 504 plan because his teachers have demonstrated that it is not affecting his classroom performance B) The aisles of the school library are too narrow to accommodate a wheelchair, so the media specialist brings books to Sabrina C) Rhonda's parents have been denied their teacher of choice for science in a regular classroom setting D) Tyler has been denied enrollment in football during the regular, open-enrollment period because he is autistic

D) Tyler has been denied enrollment in football during the regular, open-enrollment period because he is autistic Students may not be discriminated against in athletics based on disability

Which of the following is an example of an affective culture? A) England B) Japan C) Norway D) United States

D) United States In the United States, people are more tolerant of emotional displays than in other cultures

Which educational theorist identified the zone of proximal development? A) Bandura B) Dewey C) Piaget D) Vygotsky

D) Vygotsky

Which of the following is an example of self-regulation? A) Brianna is an auditory learner; therefore, audiobooks are used to support her B) Xavier has demonstrated behavior issues since moving to a new school. His teacher has set up a rewards system for work completion C) Carolyn consistently scores the highest in the class on reading assessments; therefore, she is allowed to choose independent reading to complete and report on to the class D) Warren has a goal to increase his fluency to 170 words per minute. Each week he tracks his progress using fluency passages and graphs it has on a chart

D) Warren has a goal to increase his fluency to 170 words per minute. Each week he tracks his progress using fluency passages and graphs it has on a chart Warren is self-regulating because he has set a learning goal and is tracking his progress towards that goal

Which of the following is an example of an informal assessment? A) an annual state test B) a college admissions test C) an IQ test D) a portfolio assessment

D) a portfolio assessment A portfolio assessment is an informal test used by teachers to make instructional decisions

Which of the following factors affects how communication is received? A) tone of voice B) body language C) personal space D) all of the above

D) all of the above Each of these factors contributes to understanding or misunderstanding of intended communication

Which of the following is an example of a stakeholder? A) a student B) a businessman C) a parent or guardian D) all of the above

D) all of the above Stakeholders may be students, teachers, parents, staff, administrators, and/or community members

Which of the following should be taught before a class discussion? A) questioning techniques B) content to be discussed C) active listening skills D) all of the above

D) all of the above Students need all of these skills to have a productive discussion

Which of the following professionals assess and coordinate life skill development for disabled students? A) a paraprofessional B) a speech therapist C) a physical therapist D) an occupational therapist

D) an occupational therapist Occupational therapists help disabled students develop life skills

Using the zone of proximal development, most of a student's instruction will take place at which of the following levels? A) below the student's independent level B) at the student's independent level C) above the student's independent level D) at the student's instructional level

D) at the student's instructional level Most work will be within the student's guided instructional level

Which of the following traits might indicate that a four-year-old is gifted? A) sorts objects by shape and color B) speaks in five to six word sentences C) dresses and undresses self D) becomes obsessed with spiders

D) becomes obsessed with spiders A gifted child may become obsessed with one thing and want o learn everything there is to know about that subject before moving on to something else

Mr. Stites gives a unit test to determine how well students understand the concepts of the unit on the Periodic Table. Which of the following best describes the test? A) formal assessment B) diagnostic assessment C) formative assessment D) criterion-referenced assessment

D) criterion-referenced assessment Criterion-referenced assessments are used to measure content knowledge

Which of the following learning strategies helps students think critically in real-world setting? A) research projects B) explicit instruction C) pair-share D) field trips

D) field trips Field trips provide experimental learning in a real-world setting

Approximately how long does it take students to acquire cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP)? A) six months to a year B) one to two years C) three to five years D) five to seven years

D) five to seven years For a student to become academically proficient in a new language takes five to seven years

In which of Piaget's cognitive stages are students able to transfer knowledge? A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) formal operational

D) formal operational From adolescence through adulthood, students can apply information to new situations to solve problems

Mrs. Cotton asks students to write a ticket out the door as part of a closure so she can monitor the students' understanding of the lesson and determine the pace of future lessons. What type of assessment is she using? A) formal B) diagnostic C) summative D) formative

D) formative Formative assessments are used to guide instruction

Which of the following is most likely to improve Mr. O'Rourke's content knowledge in US history? A) watching the History Channel on television B) attending a workshop through the National Education Association C) applying for a grant to purchase a classroom library D) joining the National Council for History Education

D) joining the National Council for History Education Professional associations use research-based approaches to improve a teacher's pedagogy and content knowledge

Which of the following strategies would be used to clear up student misunderstanding? A) cooperative learning groups B) labs C) independent study D) lectures

D) lectures Lectures and other methods of direct instruction help to clear up misunderstanding

Mrs. Paget is a fifth-grade teacher who is planning a lesson and needs to connect what the students already know about prehistoric plants and animals to new information about energy sources. Which strategy best connects new information to existing schema? A) scaffolding B) modeling C) reinforcement D) mapping

D) mapping Schema learning is part of cognitivism in which sorting new information within the existing framework of the mind can be accomplished through the use of mapping and other graphic organizers

Abraham is a second-grade student who completes very little work because he prefers play. Concerned about his disruption to the learning environment and lack of progress because of his behavior, Mr. Sissons places him on a behavior plan. Every fifteen minutes, Mr. Sissons places a stamp on Abraham's card if Abraham is attentive. Which motivation theory is Mr. Sissons putting into action? A) classic conditioning B) attribution C) cognitive dissonance D) operant conditioning

D) operant conditioning Operant conditioning uses rewards and consequences to modify behavior

The Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education

Health. Command of fundamental processes. Worthy home membership. Vocation. Civic education. Worthy use of leisure. Ethical behavior.

How should a content area teacher respond if a child who has been recently dismissed from ESL is struggling? A) help the child write learning goals B) send the child back to ESL for additional support C) require the child to attend Saturday detention until he or she is caught up with the others D) provide scaffolded support to build academic vocabulary

D) provide scaffolded support to build academic vocabulary Scaffolding will move the cild toward a higher independent level

Toby is a kindergarten student who acts of aggressively toward other boys in his class. The classroom management system that the teacher has in place is sufficient for almost all of the students, but he does not seem to be responding to it. What is his teacher's next step? A) send the student to the principal's office and request suspension B) refer the student to the school counselor for individual counseling C) change the classroom management system D) provide small-group social skills instruction

D) provide small-group social skills instruction Small-group social skills instruction or mentoring would be an appropriate intervention for a student who is not responding to universal interventions

Which of the following is an example of using Vygotsky's theory on zone of proximal development to support a student? A) providing after-school tutoring for all struggling students B) allowing students to work at their own pace C) providing rewards for meeting learning goals D) providing a variety of supports at the child's instructional level

D) providing a variety of supports at the child's instructional level Vygotsky's theory uses a more knowledgeable other to scaffold support for a student at his of her instructional level

What do active listeners do when someone is speaking? A) correct the other person B) formulate a response C) state their opinion D) reflect the speaker's thoughts

D) reflect the speaker's thoughts Active listeners clarify what the speaker has said by reflecting and asking questions

Which of the following contributes to a productive learning environment for students of all ages? A) mandatory curriculum B) technology C) independence D) routine

D) routine Routine, structure, and high expectations play a role in keeping the learning environment safe and productive for all students

During a discussion about concentration camps during the Holocaust, a student mentions hearing about work camps in North Korea. Which response follows best practice? A) redirecting students back to the subject B) politely acknowledging the student's contributions before continuing on the lesson C) speaking to the student after class about the interruption D) taking advantage of the teachable moment to compare/contrast concentration camps and work camps

D) taking advantage of the teachable moment to compare/contrast concentration camps and work camps The best response is to use this opportunity to expand their learning and relate it to present-day human rights violations

When is the most appropriate time to use the pair-share configuration? A) to provide remediation for students who are very far behind B) to provide enrichment for students who are ahead of the class C) with students who have similar learning needs D) throughout instruction with all students regardless of ability

D) throughout instruction with all students regardless of ability Pair-share is beneficial to all students throughout the instruction

Which of the following is the purpose of essential questions? A) to assess mastery B) to redirect students C) to critically evaluate the topic D) to focus instruction

D) to focus instruction Essential questions basically put the learning goal in a question form so that students can focus on what they need to learn during a segment of instruction

Creative Thinking

Finding new ideas by joining old ones. The more knowledge one possesses allows for larger base of information to use towards creative thinking. Yields a productive and culturally appropriate result. Come up with unique solutions to problems.

Inquiry/Discovery Learning

a constructivist based approach to education. It is supported by the work of learning theorists and psychologists Jean Piaget, Jerome Bruner, and Seymour Papert

Scaled Score

a conversion of a student's raw score on a test or a version of the test to a common scale that allows for a numerical comparison between students.

Punishment

Decreasing undesired behaviors. Presentation punishment is increasing something (such as homework) to decrease the undesired behavior. Removal punishment is decreasing something (such as recess) to decrease the undesired behavior.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Deficiency Needs include: 1. Survival 2. Safety 3. Belonging 4. Self-esteem Growth Needs include: 5. Intellectual achievement 6. Aesthetic appreciation 7. Self-actualization The Hierarchy of Needs covers the physical, social, and emotional. Lower needs must be satisfied before higher needs can be met.

Validity

Degree to which an assessment measures what it's supposed to measure. It aligns with the learning objectives.

Grade-Level Equivalent Scoring

Demonstrate the grade and month of the school year to which a student score can be compared most similarly.

Hornbooks

Designed for children. Consisted of a wooden paddle, parchment with the lesson, and a transparent horn cover. The lessons included the alphabet, the Lord's Prayer, vowels, and consonant patterns.

Norm-referenced Scoring

Designed to compare and rank test takers in relation to one another; whether test takers performed better or worse than a hypothetical average student

Criterion-referenced Scoring

Designed to measure student performance against a fixed set of predetermined criteria or learning standards

Bloom's Taxonomy -

Developed by Bejamin Bloom and identifies educational objectives by the order of lower to higher level thinking skills.

Developmental Delays

Diagnosed before 22. One or more of the following difficulties: 1. Self-care. 2. Self-direction. 3. Economic self-sufficiency. 4. Learning. 5. Mobility. 6. Capacity to live independently. 7. Expressive or receptive language.

Standard Deviation

Did the scores vary a lot (high standard deviation) or did all of the scores exhibit similar knowledge (a small standard deviation)? Measurement that indicates how much a group of scores vary from the average.

Attention Deficit Disorder - ADD

Disability in which children consistently show one or more characteristics over a period of time; inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. May have difficulty focusing, following directions, organizing, making transitions, and completing tasks.

Bruner

Discovery learning & Constructivism Theory

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Disorder where students have difficulty socializing and communicating.

Accidental of Critical Thinking

Done by choice encounter.

Generalizing

Draw or state a general conclusion from a number or items or instances, making a statement about what several people or things have in common, finding and extending patterns.

Inclusion

Educating a child with disabilities in the neighborhood school and regular education classroom as much as possible. It fosters a sense of belonging and full acceptance in the school and community.

Public Law 94-142

Education for All Handicapped Children Act. Passed during the Ford Administration in 1975. Guarantees a free and appropriate education to all students with handicaps (ages 3-21), gives parents involvement in IEPs, allows due process, and provides education in the least restrictive environment.

Erik Erickson

Eight Stages of Human Development - suggested Eight Stages of Human Development based on a crisis or conflict that a person resovles

Vygotsky's "Sociocultural Theory"

Emphasizes the role of social interaction, language, and culture on a child's developing mind. Those more knowledgeable gauge a learner's readiness for new tasks and provide support. Language-rich social interactions lead to internalization of society's values. There is no need for a child to reinvent the knowledge of a culture on his or her own.

Cognitive Processes

Emphasizes ways to enhance student's intrinsic nature and make sense of the world around them. Ex. Critical thinking, creative thinking, questioning, inductive and deductive reasoning, problem solving, planning, memory, recall.

ELL, ESL, PLNE

English Language Learner; English as a Second Language; Primary Language not English. How to support English acquisition: 1. Build on student's culture. 2. Support their native language proficiency. 3. Give them time to learn (2 years for conversational English and 7 years for academic English). 4. Allow opportunities to work and talk in small groups.

IDEA

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. 1990 federal statute that provides grant programs to states. It lists the type of disabilities that render a child entitled to a special education and guarantees a free and appropriate public education. In 2004, the requirements included highly qualified teachers, IEPs, and specific learning disabilities.

Eight Stages of Human Development

Erick Erikson- Based on Crisis or Conflict that a person resolves: 1. Infancy - Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Toddler- Autonomy vs. Doubt 3. Early Childhood- Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Elementary vs. Middle- Competence vs. Inferiority 5. Adolescence- Identity vs. Role Confusion 6. Yound Adulthood- Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Middle Adulthood- Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Late Adulthood- Integrity vs. Despair

The Puritan Influence

Escaping persecution from the Church of England, Puritans came to America. Puritans offered free schooling to all children. They formed the first American school called Roxbury Latin School in 1635. They wrote the first book for children. They believed everyone should be able to read in order to appreciate the Bible.

Holistic Scoring

Essay scoring method in which a single score is given to represent the overall quality of the essay across all dimensions.

Maslow's Safety Needs

Establish stability and consistency in a chaotic world. Examples are a secure home and family. This is what motivates many to be religious.

Benjamin Bloom

Established a hierarchy of educational objectives that attempted to divide cognitive objectives into subdivisions ranging from simplest to most complex behavior.

Establishment of Harvard College

Established by the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1636. It was initially designed to prepare the future leaders of the church, state government, and judicial system. During these years, Harvard offered a classic academic course of study based on the English university model and the Puritan's own philosophy.

American Federation of Teachers

Established in 1916, it is a teacher's union. Their motto is "Democracy in Education and Education for Democracy."

Tinker vs. Des Moines Independent Community School District case of 1969

Established that students do not lose their constitutional rights of freedom of speech or expression in school. However, students have LIMITED freedom of speech and freedom of the press in schools.

Public Law 98-199

Expanded to include incentives for preschool special education programs, early intervention, and transition programs for high-school students.

Effective Planning

Explores real-life connections, uses computers and technology, collaborates with other teachers, and models with direct instruction.

FERPA

Family and Educational Rights and Privacy Act. A 1974 legislation that gives students and their parents access to school records, but prohibits release of school records without parental permission or student permission once the student is 18.

Americans with Disabilities Act - ADA

Federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of a person's disability for all services, programs, and activities provided or made available by the state or local governments. Passed in 1990.

Albert Bandura's "Social Cognitive Theory"

Focuses on changes in behavior and thinking that result by observing others. Expectations influence behaviors. However, ability to choose that is missing from behaviorism as students might learn something but not try it until later on. Reciprocal Determinism: interdependence between behavior, environment, and personal factors. Modeling: direct, symbolic, and synthesized.

Panels and Debates

Formal discussions. Panels: 4-8 students discuss a topic and then the class is able to question them. Debate: Students participate in opposing speeches.

Albert Bandura

Found that observational learning requires attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation; "Modeling".

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

Franklin advanced formal education in America by establishing a plan for the English-language grammar school in Philadelphia. It would teach English instead of Latin, and focus on scientific and practical skills. He wanted to educate a wider range of students and have them connect practical knowledge to the world around them. His English grammar schools failed but it paved the way for the future.

FAPE

Free Appropriate Public Education

Piaget

Genetic Epistemology- Developmental Stages of Child Development: 0-2 years: "sensorimotor"- motor development 3-7 years: "preoperational"- intuitive 8-11 years: "concrete operational"- logical, but non-abstract 12-15 years: "formal operations"- abstract thinking

Shared Decision Making

Gives parents a voice in their child's education (examples include action research teams, ad hoc committees, or multidisciplinary teams). Ask parents for suggestions, what their goals are for their child, and how they have met success with their child.

Remediation

Giving students extra instruction to help increase proficiency in a particular skill area

Flexible Grouping

Groups that change as a learner's needs change.

Literature Circles

Groups who read and discuss the same material together. The teacher checks for understanding. It provides active participation.

Public Law 99-457

Guarantees a free and appropriate education for children with disabilities ages 3-5. It provides incentives to states providing services for ages birth-2.

Horace Mann (1796-1859)

He believed that common schools would be the great equalizer. Considered the father of American education. He presided over the establishment of the first normal school, a school designed to train future teachers.

Noah Webster (1758-1843)

He created the first American dictionary in 1828 called the "American Dictionary of the English Language." His dictionary was later adopted by Congress in 1831 and considered the national standard. He also opposed British texts in schools, stating that they needed to use American textbooks that included our language and experiences.

Continuums

Helps students learn key vocabulary or concepts.

Sequence Diagrams

Helps students remember the sequence of events in a factual or fictional text.

Cooperative Learning Groups

Heterogeneous groups of 4-6. Assigning roles to students keeps them 1) individually accountable, 2) promotes interdependecy, and 3) provides intrinsic motivation.

Bloom's Taxonomy

Hierarchy Level of thinking which categorizes the skills required at each level according to difficulty: 1. Knowledge 2. Comprehension 3. Application 4. Analysis 5. Synthesis 6. Evaluation

Diagnostic Assessment

Highly specialized, comprehensive and detailed procedures used to uncover persistent or recurring learning difficulties that require specially prepared diagnostic tests as well as various observational techniques.

Howard Gardner's "Theory of Multiple Intelligences"

Howard Gardner stated there were eight intelligences. Teachers should try to present content in a way that capitalizes on as many intelligences as possible. 1. Linguistic. 2. Logical-mathematical. 3. Musical. 4. Spatial. 5. Bodily-Kinesthetic. 6. Naturalist. 7. Interpersonal. 8. Intrapersonal.

Progressive Era, 1880-1920

Impact of Business and Industry on American Education. The Superintendent. The Principal. Division of Schools into Grades. The Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education. NEA Committee of Ten. American Federation of Teachers. Manual Training Movement.

Establishment of Kindergartens

In 1837, Friedrich Froebel founded the first kindergarten. Originally founded to support children living in poverty and those with special needs. They emphasized the importance of play. In 1872, kindergartens won the support of the NEA.

NEA Committee of Ten

In 1882, the NEA's Committee of Ten wrote a report calling to liberalize American high schools. It recommended the standardization of curricula. The Committee also recommended eight years of primary school and four years of secondary school. The curricula strands it encouraged were: Classical, Latin-scientific, Modern language, and English.

Problem-Based Learning

In-depth activities in which students, in small groups or pairs, learn new information and skills while working to solve authentic, real-life problems. The teacher facilitates student projects and supports students' inquiries and discoveries.

Autism Spectrum Disorders

Includes autism, Asperger's Syndrome, and pervasive developmental delays (PDD). All of these make it difficult to socialize and communicate. Asperger's Syndrome is characterized by a person having normal intelligence and language development but difficulty with social skills and social cognition.

Interdisciplinary-Unit Instruction

Incorporates two or more content areas to help students see connections and real-life links across disciplines.

Reinforcement

Increasing desired behavior. Positive reinforcement is adding something (such as stickers) to increase the desired behavior. Negative reinforcement is taking something away (such as less homework) to increase the desired behavior.

Partner Check or Pair/Share

Individual students complete work and then pair with an assigned student to check work and discuss content.

Jigsaw and Numbered Heads Together

Instructional materials are divided and then studied by individuals or pairs. After learning their section, they share with their group. Numbered Heads Together uses the above concept except the students have a "home team" where they are assigned numbers to create a new "learning team."

Scaffolding

Instructional supports provided to a student by an adult or a more capable peer in a learning situation.

Advance Organizers

Introducted before learning begins; link prior knowledge to current. Ex. Sematic Map, Webs, KWL chart, Concept Map

Cognitive Constructivism

Jean Piaget and Jerome Bruner were proponents of this active construction of knowledge. Individual, internal process of knowledge construction that resolves disequilibrium. Students are always actively attempting to construct new knowledge from what they know-even in a lecture.

Modern Period, 1920-Present

John Dewey. Adult Education. Testing Movement. Sputnik. ESEA. A Nation at Risk. Goals 2000: The National Education Goals. No Child Left Behind of 2001. Race to the Top Fund-Recovery Act of 2011.

Declarative Knowledge

Knowing WHAT they are learning and how it fits with previous information. How to foster this: 1. State lesson objectives. 2. State the practical implications for the lesson. 3. Have students review what they learned.

Thorndike

Law of Effect Law of Readiness Law of Exercise

Positive or Reciprocal Interdependence

Learners depend on one another to reach objectives. Emphasizes the role of peer cooperation.

Constructivism Concepts

Learning as Experience Problem Based Learning Zone of Proximal Development Scaffolding Inquiry/Discovery Learning

Dewey

Learning by Doing- Learning occurs through experience.

Experiential Learning

Learning from experiences.

LRE

Least Restrictive Environment

Plessy vs. Ferguson of 1896

Legalized the institution of "separate but equal."

Social Constructivism

Lev Vygotsky was a proponent of social constructivism. Learners first construct knowledge in a social context and then individualize it. He believed that individuals learn with personal significance and meaning, not just by receiving facts. Communication is critical to the ability to construct knowledge.

Behaviorism

Level of culture defined by our social roles, language, and approaches to non verbal communication that help us situate ourselves organizationally in society. Teachers manipulate the learning environment and present stimuli, using conditioning and social learning to shape student behavior.

Testing Movement

Lewis Terman introduced the Stanford-Binet intelligence test in 1916 in order to scientifically "prove" intelligence. He also created the Stanford Achievement Test. Terman coined the term "intelligence quotient" or IQ which was overwhelmingly supported in the Progressive Era. This reinforced the false, but highly prevalent, notion that immigrants and minorities were mentally inferior to white individuals.

Liability

Liability issues in school are usually based on a claim of negligence.

Curriculum Frameworks

Lists the broad goals of the state or school. Provides subject-specific outlines of content, standards, and expectations.

Observation of Students

Looking at student interactions and behaviors in order to gain a deeper understanding of a student's performance in school. Includes anecdotal records.

Evaluation Questions

Make a value decision about an issue in the lesson.

Gender in the Classroom

Males read less for pleasure and have more difficulty with handwriting, reading, and stuttering. Females emphasize memorization while males emphasize physical activity and hands-on learning. Females have better verbal skills while males have better visual-spatial reasoning. Females have a tendency to "tell" while males like to "show."

Brown vs. Board of Education of 1954

Mandated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." The first step in providing equal rights for all children in American schools. Many southern states continued to challenge "separate is unequal."

Authentic Assessment

Measure student understanding of the learning process and product, rather than just the product.

Interactive Instruction

Methods for student interaction include: cooperative learning, reciprocal teaching, and think-pair-share. Cooperative Learning has students working together to solve a problem or achieve a goal. It involves: positive interdependence, positive interactions, individual and group accountability, interpersonal skills, and group processing.

Factual Recall

Mnemonic devices, mental imagery, patterns, and recitation instead of higher-level thinking such as open-ended questions.

Social Learning Theory Concepts

Modeling Reciprocal Determinism Vicarious Learning

Independent Instruction

More accommodating than direct instruction. Structured opportunities to learn at one's own pace. Examples include: learning contracts, research projects, learning centers, and distance learning. Distance Learning: online classes. Learning Centers: interacting with course content after instruction individually or in small groups.

Concrete

Most visable level of culture including: clothes, music, games, and food. Having a material existence; not abstract; tangible.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation that comes from "without", or from outside a person.

Equilibration

Movement from equilibrium to disequilibrium and then back to equilibrium again.

Guidance Counselors

Professionals with an advanced degree whose primary role involves facilitating communication between student, home, and school. Especially involved when students are struggling academically, emotionally, or socially.

Luis Moll's "Funds of Knowledge"

Multicultural families have knowledge that is not found within school and are valuable social and intellectual resources.

Creativity

New and original behavior that creates a culturally appropriate product.

How to Promote Cultural Differences

Nitza Hidalgo's "3-Levels of Culture" can connect students together and promote respect. The teacher should make positive connections between school and home life to clear misconceptions.

Formal Operational

Occurs from ages 11 and up in which a child can reason in hypothetical situations and use abstract thought. Students at this stage can use logical operations to abstract problems.

Extinction

Occurs when a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced and the response decreases. In the classroom, the most common use of this is for the teacher to withdraw attention from a behavior the attention is maintaining.

Sputnik

October 4, 1957 is the date when the Soviet Union launched the first satellite into space and the date that dramatically changed American education. The Sputnik launch led to the creation of NASA and American outcry for more mathematics and science in schools.

Equilibrium

One's ability to explain new events based on existing schemes.

Aptitude

One's capability for performing a particular skill or task.

Disequilibrium

One's inability to explain new events based on existing schemes, which is usually accompanied by discomfort.

Disposition

One's natural tendency to approach learning. As teachers, it can be useful to attempt to shape these as the student has more complex work.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities

Equal Access

Prohibits public secondary schools that receive federal assistance and that maintain a limited open forum from denying equal access to students who wish to meet within the forum on the basis of the religious, political, philosophical, or other content of the speech at such meetings.

Distance Learning

Process of delivering educational or instructional programs to locations away from a classroom site.

Deductive Reasoning

Process of drawing a logical inference about something that must be true, given other information that has already been presented as true. - A conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case.

Auditory or Aural Learner

Processes information through listening. Best teaching methods include: discussion, lectures, repeating information, and reading aloud.

Kinesthetic or Tactile Learner

Processes information through moving, doing, and touching using bodily movements. Best teaching methods include: plays, skits, and using manipulatives.

Visual Learner

Processes information through seeing. Best teaching methods include: films, graphic organizers, and handouts.

Thematic-Unit Instruction

Organize curricula around large themes and integrate across content areas.

National Education Association (NEA)

Originally founded as the National Teachers Association in Philadelphia in 1857. The largest educational association in the world. It was founded to advance the teaching profession, increase interest in teaching, and promote the cause of public education in the United States.

Impact of Business and Industry on American Education

Our present educational system was heavily influenced by the Industrial Revolution as society had to prepare people trained in agriculture to work in factories. Graduates could meet the demands of industry and business. "Mass production" style within schools that focused on efficiency and measurable gains. In the South, black schools continued educating their students to remain agricultural and domestic workers.

Early Childhood

Period between 2-6, in which a child negotiates initiative vs. guilt with a key event of independence.

Elementary or Middle School

Period between 6-12 in which a child negotiates competence vs. inferority with a key event of school.

Universal Principles

Post-conventional Stage of Kohlberg's Moral Theory Adulthood Develop internal and moral principles individual begins to obey these above the law

Carol Gilligan's "Ethic of Care" stages

Pre-Conventional: Individual survival. Transition from selfishness to responsibility of others. Conventional: Self-sacrifice is goodness. Transition from goodness to truth that she is a person, too. Post-Conventional: Principle of non-violence.

Formal Assessment

Pre-planned, systematic attempt to assess what students have learned.

Curriculum compacting

Teacher finds the key content tha tmust be learned and reduces the number of examples, activities, or lessons so that a student can demonstrate the content and move on to another subject.

John Dewey (1859-1952)

Promoted learning through experience with project-based learning, cooperative learning, and arts-integration activities. He was a key figure in the Progressive Era and saw school as a process of living and not to prepare for future living. Wanted individuality and free activity in schools. He believed there is a close connection between education and social action in a democracy. Dewey campaigned for learning to think over learning content and believed students should be active decision-makers in their education. He believed teachers have rights and need more academic autonomy.

Operant Conditioning

Proposed by B.F. Skinner, the "grandfather" of Behavioral Learning Theory. Learning is a function of change in observable behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of a person's response to stimuli. When a stimulus-response is reinforced or rewarded, the individual becomes conditioned to respond. How to apply to the classroom is to reinforce genuine accomplishments and good behavior and decrease poor behavior with punishers.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Protect rights of students with disabilities by ensuring everyone receives a free appropriate public education, regardless of ability.

Section 504, Rehabilitation Act

Protect rights of those with disabilities in programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance, including federal funds

Content Standards

Provide expectations for the knowledge students must demonstrate. A teacher should be familiar with the content standards of their discipline.

Manual Training Movement

Provided the foundation for the vocational educational programs in schools today. Offered wood and metal working, and it was seen as an enhancement to the traditional high school curriculum.

Homework

Provides an opportunity for extended practice. It should require minimal, if any, parental involvement and merit teacher feedback.

RTI Tier 2

Provides targeted interventions in collaboration with the teacher and a specialist. If successful, the teachers use the same methods for future instructional programming and still continue to monitor the student regularly. If the student made no satisfactory progress, move them to tier 3.

John Dewey

Pychologist, philosopher, educator and social activist He Believed in experiential learning by doing. -emphasized social interactive nature of learning and education processes -education teaches children how to live -edu. important for social reform and change -Like Bruner he believed education should prepare autonomous learners -professionalized the role of teachers

Quartiles

Quartile 1: 25% Quartile 2: 50% Quartile 3: 25% It provides insight into student achievement patterns over time and allows to see the student distribution of scores.

Critical-Thinking

Rationally deciding what to believe or do. Evaluating information to see if it makes sense, is coherent, and if the argument is supported by evidence.

Raw Score and Scaled Score

Raw score is the number of questions answered correctly or incorrectly. Scaled score is the mathematical transformation of a raw score.

Reader Response

Reader + Text = Meaning Readers bring prior knowledge and experiences to make meaning of text. Teachers should questions students to help them form their own interpretations of the text. Efferent Stance: content and facts form the meaning. Aesthetic Stance: connect personal experience, thoughts, and feelings to form the meaning.

Concept Learning

Refers to learning about something in general rather than learning-specific stimuls-response chains. Same as cognitive learning.

Criterion-Referenced Tests

Related to explicit objectives and a pre-determined performance level. Students' results are not compared to other test takers. Mastery goals are promoted.

RTI

Response to Intervention

Cognitivism Concepts

Schema Information Processing Mapping

Common School

Schools would be available to all people, a part of the birthright of every American child. Founded on the principle of "social harmony." Attempted to respond to the expanding capitalist industries and realities of growing cities, such as the training of immigrants.

Analytical Scoring

Scoring method which separate scores are given for specific aspects of the essay. A scoring procedure in which a student's work is evaluated for selected characteristics, with EACH CHARACTERISTIC receiving a separate score

RTI Tier 1

Screening assessments to determine at-risk students for learning difficulties. Teacher administers 6-8 week intervention and monitors the student closely and then assesses again to determine if the achievement gap was lessened. If the student made no satisfactory progress, move them to tier 2.

Culturally Relevant Teaching

Seeks to make connections with learner's cultural background. Makes teaching more effective.

Performance Standards

Sets the level of performance expectations for student groups. Generally set at the state and local levels.

Analytical Rubrics

Shares specific aspects to show a student's weakness or strengths. Each criteria is scored individually.

Room Arrangement

Should facilitate face-to-face communication. Semicircles, clusters, horseshoe layouts instead of rows.

Least Restrictive Environment

The educational setting that, to the maximum extent appropriate, allows students with disabilities to be educated with their non-disabled peers.

Conditional Knowledge

Showing students to use what they know in classrooms and everyday worlds; WHEN. How to promote this transfer: 1. Guided practice. 2. Careful review. 3. Extended practice in new situations.

Graphic Organizers and Non-Linguistic Representations

Shows relationships between concepts, terms, and facts visually.

Percentile Rank

Shows the percentage of students in a group (either a national or local norm) whose scores fell above or below the given student's scores.

Bandura

Social CognitiveTheory/Observational Learning Theory-people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people.

Vygotsky

Social Development Theory & ZPD: Social interaction=critical for cognitive development Zone of Proximal Development: theoretical basis for scaffolding

Vicarious Learning

Social-Cognitive Theory. Learning through observation or social interaction of punishments and reinforcements. Promote this by allowing students to work with more capable peers.

Erikson

Socioemotional Development: "Eight Stages of Man;" describes series of crises individuals pass through at different ages.

No Child Left Behind of 2001; Public Law 107-110

Spearheaded by George W. Bush. Reauthorized ESEA. NCLB based on: 1. Accountability for results. 2. More choices for parents. 3. Greater local control and flexibility. 4. An emphasis on doing what works based on scientific research. Caused more harm than good.

Aptitude Tests

Standardized tests designed to measure understanding or an ability to learn that an individual has prior to taking the test. It measures future success, like using the SAT to determine college readiness.

Ability Tests

Standardized tests used to evaluate an individual's performance in a specific area.

Behavioral Objectives

Statements that communicate proposed changes in students' behavior to reach desired levels or performance.

Henry Barnard (1811-1900)

Strong proponent of common schools, a universal education system, and educating women. Created the first board of education in CT. Encountered resistance from conservatives and the church.

STAD

Student Teams Achievement Divisions. 4-5 person heterogeneous groups. They collaborate on worksheets designed to provide extended practice.

Continuous Reinforcement

Student is reinforced every time she makes a response. In this type of reinforcement, students learn very rapidly. but when the reinforcement stops, extinction also occurs rapidly.

Maturity

Student progress is a developmental continuum. A teacher must record and report to parents a student's growth or lack of progress toward an age-appropriate level.

Self-Evaluation

Student's monitoring and regulation of learning aids in transfer of learning to new experiences. It provides a "window into the student's mind" that can let the teacher know how the student sees their progress and how the teacher might be able to improve instruction for them.

Indirect Instruction

Student-centered. The process is inquiry, the content involves concepts, and the context is a problem. Examples are concept mapping, case studies, inquiry, discovery learning, and problem-solving. Discovery Learning: asking questions and hypothesizing as students deduce concepts. Inquiry Model: students are actively constructing knowledge through questions.

Small-Group Investigation

Students are assigned a topic and prepare a report or summary to share with the whole class.

Independent Study Sessions

Students are given a chance to work at their own pace under the teacher's guidance. Can be useful for students who need course material modified to be more challenging or simplified.

Essay Questions

Students are making connections between new and previously learned content, applying information in new situations, and demonstrating that they learned the new information.

Inquiry Model

Students in the process of exploring the natural and material world around them to discover meaning. Posing questions, problems, and scenarios to begin a lesson instead of facts. A constructivist view of learning.

Bodily/Kinesthetic Intelligence

Students who are athletically gifted and aquire knowledge through bodily sensations.

Exceptional Learners

Students who have abilities or problems so significant that the students require special education or other services to reach their potential.

Cultural Mismatch

Students with another dominant culture may have difficulty adjusting or understanding the implicit rules in the mainstream educational setting. An example would be East-Asian students not contributing their ideas in a class discussion because in their culture it is important to remain quiet and listen attentively. Never discipline or devalue a student for this. Luis Moll's "Funds of Knowledge."

Whole-Group Instruction

Students work as a class to read, discuss, or solve a problem. Beneficial when teacher modeling or direct instruction is necessary. Teachers should only use for short amounts of time because this grouping structure can lead some students to become passive or less active learners.

Conflict-Resolution Techniques

Students work together to arrive at a mutually beneficial solution peacefully and cooperatively. Techniques include: 1. Role-playing. 2. Listening. 3. Writing about the conflict. 4. Tracking.

Bloom

Taxonomy- a hierarchy model; way to classify thinking according to six cognitive levels of complexity Remembering Understanding Applying Analyzing Evaluating Creating

Curriculum Chunking

Teacher breaks down the Unit's content into smaller units and provides support of feedback to the student as he or she demonstrates understanding of each piece of information.

Direct Instruction

Teacher-centered and can be passive. Carefully planned in small increments with defined goals. Includes: demonstration, lecture, mastery learning, review of student performance, and student examination. Demonstration: model for students. Lecture: transmit information to students. Mastery Learning: students progress at their own rate through a lesson and are given frequent formative assessments which they must pass before moving on. It provides learning conditions for all as struggling students are given corrective activities and advanced students are given enrichment activities.

Check-Ins

Teachers can see students' progress or reteach students having difficulties.

Reporting Child Abuse and Neglect

Teachers have a LEGAL obligation to report concerns over abuse or neglect of a student to their state's child protective agency. Teachers have a professional responsibility to confidentially report concerns to school personnel such as a guidance counselor.

Teacher's Rights

Teachers have the right to withhold information unrelated to employment. Pregnant teachers cannot be required to take maternity leave. Teachers cannot be fired for behavior that does not interfere with teaching effectiveness. Teachers have freedom of speech. Teachers can be sued and found liable for negligence. Teachers have the right to freely associate on and off school hours with whomever they choose. Teachers can be suspended or dismissed for not doing their jobs, but such administrative actions must include due process.

Curriculum Planning

Teachers must plan the scope and sequence for a series of units of study, align the curriculum to the district and state standards, and then plan the assessment to measure students' progress.

Tiered Instruction

Teachers offer the same core content to everyone but provide varying levels of support depending on the student's needs.

William Glasser's "Choice/Control Theory"

Teachers should focus on the student's BEHAVIOR and not the student when resolving classroom conflict (usually through class meetings). Students who have a say in the rules, curriculum, and environment take greater ownership of their learning. It creates a safe space to learn and promotes intrinsic motivation to learn and behave.

Discovery Learning

Teaching methods that enable students to discover information by themselves or in groups. Students construct an understanding on their own.

Age-Equivalent Scores

Test score indicating the age level of students to whom a test taker performed most similarly.

Grade- Equivalent Scores

Test scores indicating the grade level and month of students performance to whom a test taker performed most similarly.

ESEA

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act; a 1965 federal program that responded to inequity in schools for the economically disadvantaged. Related to the "War on Poverty," it created a wide range of programs, including early childhood. It has evolved over the years introducing programs such as Title I, Reading First, and No Child Left Behind.

Massachusetts Laws of Education, 1642 and 1647

The Law of 1642 placed responsibility on parents to teach children basic literacy skills so that they could abide laws and for instilling the principles of religion and capital laws. The Law of 1647 was established to combat parental negligence in educating children as described in the Law of 1642. Towns of 50 or more families were required to hire a schoolmaster to teach children to read and write.

Compulsory Education

The Massachusetts Compulsory Attendance Act of 1852 required children 8-12 to attend school for at least three months each year or pay a fine of twenty dollars. In 1873 the age was lowered 8-12 and the required attendance increased to 20 weeks per year. By 1918, a compulsory attendance law had been enacted in every state.

Oregon School Case/Pierce vs. Society of Sisters of 1925

The Oregon law mandating that all children 8-16 attend public school was deemed unconstitutional. Students can be required to attend public or private schools.

Colonial Period, 1600-1776

The Puritan Influence. Latin Grammar School. Establishment of Harvard College. Hornbooks. New England Primer.

Adult Education

The Smith-Lever Act of 1914 created cooperative extensions through the Land Grant University, which offered adult education in agriculture, home economics, and rural energy. The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 created the first Adult Basic Education program.

Authoritative Teaching

The classroom includes a sense of self-determination, choices for students, caring, acceptance, and respect. However, meaningful rules are still enforced equitably and consistently.

McGuffey Readers

The first readers were published in 1836 and were "leveled" for students in various grades. These texts had great influence on public education and upheld the values, beliefs, and way of life for Americans during that time. 60 million copies had been sold by 1879.

Latin Grammar School

The first was Roxbury Latin School founded in 1635. Designed for boys in the upper class, it prepared them to become leaders in the church, state, or judicial system. It directly prepared these boys for their Harvard entrance exam.

Normal School

The first was established in MA in 1839 to train teachers for common schools.

Scope

The material or skill to be taught.

Formative Assessment

The process of collecting, synthesizing, and interpreting, information for the purpose of improving student learning while instruction is taking place: Assessment for improvement during the course, not grading Used to modify instruction.

Attribution

The process of explaining people's behavior, including our own.

Acculturation

The process of learning and adopting the customs and values of another culture.

Divergent Thinking

The process of mentally taking a single idea and expanding it in several directions.

Critical Thinking Processes

The pursuit of knowledge that: 1. Asks appropriate questions 2. Collects relevant information 3. Fosters thinking that enables people to make large informed decisions vs low level thinking.

Intellectual Freedom

The right to freedom and expression of thought. This issue can arise when parents feel an assigned reading book or a film is not appropriate for their children.

Land Ordinance of 1785

The separation of church and state was evident in American education by 1785. This helped to establish a way to fund public education. The sixteenth township was reserved for the maintenance of public schools.

Procedural Knowledge

The set of steps and procedures on HOW to do something.

Standard Error of Measurement

The standard deviation of test scores one would have obtained from a single student who took the same test multiple times.

Due process

The student's and parents' rights to information and informed consent before the student is evaluated, labeled, or placed and the right to an impartial due process hearing if they disagree with the school's decisions; parents' and children's rights to participate and benefit from education are protected

Guided Practice

The teacher guides and assists students as they learn how and when to apply the strategy, practice done with frequent and immediate teacher assistance.

Closing of the Lesson

The teacher is a facilitator of student talk and thinking. The teacher might ask students what the key points of the lesson were or to respond to a prompt. Also, teachers can develop conditional knowledge and promote transfer in the closing by helping students know when and how they might use the learned information in a new setting.

Curriculum Compacting

The teacher uses the key content and reduces the activities and examples so that an advanced student can demonstrate their understanding and move on.

Language and Dialect Differences

These are sources of enrichment. Always respect an ESL student's decision to listen and not speak. Similar teaching techniques can be used with language or dialect differences.

First Amendment Rights

These include: free exercise of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, the right to peaceably assemble, and the right to make a complaint against the government without fear of reprisal. These issues can arise when students peaceably walk out of class to protest a school rule or concern over viewpoints expressed in a student newsletter.

Behavior-Modification Techniques

These techniques decrease or increase a particular behavior or reaction. Relies on the concept of conditioning (either classical or operant). Techniques include: 1. Positive or negative reinforcement. 2. Presentation or removal punishment. 3. Flooding. 4. Systematic desensitization. 5. Aversion therapy. 6. Extinction.

Promoting Risk-Taking in the Classroom

This encourages students to ask questions and provide responses even if they are incorrect. Teachers need to re-frame "silly" questions and incorrect responses as a positive step towards achieving deeper understanding and the learning goal.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

This provided land in the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley for settlement. It stated that morality, religion, and knowledge were necessary for a strong government. The federal government began to create a public school system offered to all children.

How to Probe for Student Understanding

This recognizes, appreciates, and values the student's input. How do you know? Can you tell me more? Please explain your thinking. Convince us of your strategy or argument. Why did you make this conclusion?

Age-Equivalent Scoring

This type of scoring allows one to compare student performance to typical students in that same age group.

Experiential and Virtual Instruction

Ties information to an anchor. Students use concrete applications of the content (the anchor) to connect what they are learning to a concrete experience. Simulations: immersing students in the content.

Communication with Guardians

Too often, school personnel only contact parents when there is a problem, therefore, teachers need to establish frequent, listening, and positive communication.

Classical and Operant Conditioning

Type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. Learning in which a neutral stimulus can be used to elicit a response that is usually a natural response to a stimulus.

Goals 2000: The National Education Goals

Under Clinton and George W. Bush administrations, the key goals to be established by 2000 were: All students will start school ready to learn. High school graduation rates will meet or exceed 90%. Students will leave grades 4, 8, and 12 having demonstrated competency in challenging curricula in English, mathematics, foreign language, civics, history, economics, geography, and art. Teachers will have access to high-quality professional development. Students in the US will be first in the world in science and mathematics. Every adult in the US will be literate and possess the knowledge and skills to be a good citizen. Schools will be free of drugs and violence. Schools will promote partnerships to increase parental involvement in education.

Intrapersonal

Understanding one's own thoughts, moods, and needs. Having a good sense of self.

UDL

Universal Design for Learning

New England Primer

Used by students starting in 1690 with over five million copies of the book sold. It combined alphabet study with Bible verses.

Aptitude Test

Used to predict a student's ability to learn a skill or accomplish something with further education and training.

Essentialist Schooling Movement

Values teacher-centered instruction and a subject-oriented curriculum. Places importance on achievement test results.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's concept that refers to the range of tasks that are too difficult for an individual to master alone can be mastered with the guidance or assistance of adults or more-skilled peers

Ability

What one has learned over a period of time from both school and non-school sources; one's general capability for performing tasks.

A Nation at Risk

Written in 1983, the government stated that American education, specifically secondary schools, were falling behind the rest of the world. It suggested that those in the current education program and the teaching force were not all highly academically qualified to teach their content areas.

Cognitive Domain

a collection of educational outcomes and learning objectives that focus on a student's knowledge and abilities requires memory, thinking, and reasoning processes

Grade-Equivalent Scores

a norm-referenced growth scale score that tells the grade placement at which a raw score is average reported as a decimal fraction Ex 3.4- the whole number refers to a grade level and the decimal refers to a month of the school year within that grade level

Percentile

a norm-referenced score that tells the percentage of persons in a norm group scoring lower than particular raw score

Median Score Method

a procedure for combining several component grades into a composite report card grade all scores are converted to the same scale, usually a rubric or grade scale the median mark is used as the composite grade

Informal Assessment

a procedure for obtaining information that can be used to make judgements about children's learning behavior and characteristics or programs using means other than standardized instruments

Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium

adopting a common set of tests

vertical scale score

allows educators to measure student progress across subjects or grades.

Extrinsic Rewards

an award that is tangible or physically given to you for accomplishing something. It is a tangible recognition of ones endeavor.

Schema

both the category of knowledge as well as the process of acquiring that knowledge. useful in organizing and interpreting information As experiences happen and new information is presented, new _________ are developed and old _____________ are changed or modified.

Curriculum based measurement

common form of progress monitoring; it involves direct and frequent samples of performance from the students' curriculum; the frequent assessment of a student's progress in learning the objectives that makes up the actual curriculum in which the student is participating.

Critical Friends Group

communities consist of 5-12 members who commit to improving their practice through collaborative learning and structured interactions (protocols), and meet at least once a month for about two hours. Many general PLCs (Professional learning community) focus on standards, with the goal of students performing well on standardized tests. Educators may come home from conferences and workshops excited about creating PLCs, but quickly realize they weren't given all the tools to accomplish the goals they espouse.

Adaptive behavior

consists of social intelligence and practical intelligence

Adolescent moral development

develop abstract thinking, typically become idealistic, highly valuing fairness in human interaction. -graduate from self-centeredness to more consideration of other's feeings and rights. - teachers can provide scenarios whereby students explore concepts of justice, equity and fairness.

horizontal scale score

educators can compare student cohorts (age and grade groups) taking the same subject or grade assessment in different years

Affective domain

emotional attitudes that one can develop and apply with respect to the self and others

Raw Score

the number of points you assign to a student's performance on an assessment points may be assigned based on each task, or points awarded on separate parts of the assessment

Americans with Disabilities Act- (ADA) 1990

ensures the right of individuals with disabilities to nondiscriminatory treatment in other aspects of their lives; it provides protections of civil rights in the specific areas of employment, transportation, public accommodations, state and local government, and telecommunications

achievement tests

evaluate learning a student has achieved and can demonstrate

Cognitive Theory

ex. Piaget the individual seeks to establish and maintain equilibrium or balance to keep things the same. when problems happen the individual must adapt to restore equilibrium.

Analytic scoring

separately evaluates and scores discrete writing features ex. concise concept expression, creativity, grammar, punctuation etc. -disadvantages -it is time consuming for teachers - negative feedback can be counter-productive to student development

Psychomotor/Physical Domain

focus on motor skills and perceptual processes ranges from reflexes to skilled motions Includes the ability to communicate through motion (dancing, miming)

Self-determination

having control over one's life, not having to rely on others for making choices about one's quality of life; develops over one's lifespan

Response to intervention

in determining whether a child has a specific learning disability, states may rely on a process that determines whether the child responds to scientific, research-based intervention as a part of the evaluation

LD

learning Disability

Learning as Experience

learning by doing

Rosa's Law

mandated that "intellectual disability" replace "mental retardation" in many areas of federal government

Action research

process of reflective classroom inquiry performed by the teacher.

Psychomotor domain

represent physical skills that one can learn and apply

cognitive domain

represents mental skills ex. facts, information ideas, and concepts that one can learn, understand and apply.

Jerome Bruner

similar to Piaget, also believes in constructivism - by interacting with environment children actively construct their learning, knowledge and realities - scaffolding - learning is not only remembering existing cultural ideas and actions but inventing your own GOAL: to produce autonomous learners

Aptitude test

standardized test measures potential rather than accomplishment. - measure student interest and ability for certain subject areas and domains -not specifically IQ or cognitive levels

Norm-referenced tests

standardized tests that provide pre-established norms for student scores on given tests.

Reciprocal determinism -Bandura

states that individual and environment mutually influence each other

SWOT

strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats

Advanced Organizer

teaching technique that is introduced before learning begins and is designed to help students link their prior knowledge to current lesson's content

diagnostic test

test to identify an individual's specific areas of weakness and strength

Self-Efficacy

the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes

Reciprocal Determinism

the theory set forth by psychologist Albert Bandura that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment. Bandura accepts the possibility of an individual's behavior being conditioned through the use of consequences

Curriculum Webbing

tool used to help teachers relate and plan for all areas and development using a central theme.