POL 230 Final

Chicago Boys

Implemented by Pinochet regime in 1973. Radically changed economy, moved towards realistic exchange rates, returned land holdings. Banned liberties, unions, outlawed some parties, Universities purged. 1k-3k killed

Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

newly industrialized countries

Refers to countries that are building up their industries and infrastructure. These countries are generally shifting from an agricultural to an industrial economy.

State-Led Industrialization

Russia began industrialization even later than Germany followed still a third path to industrialization because it could not use the slow capitalist path and it did not have the banking system already in place in Germany. Its state-led approach involved the heavy centralized guidance of the state in directing the nation in a direct path towards development, and this method achieved its goal very quickly because by 1950, Russia was a modern military power with a strong industrial base.

Jefferey Sachs/ "Government, Geography, and Growth: The True Drivers of Economic Development."

Sachs basically critiques Acemoglu and Robinson: - states that their hypothesis (Governments that effectively protect citizens' rights and properly represent their people are able to develop economically. ) does not dive deep enough, it is too simplistic. - Claims that Acemoglu and Robinson ignore natural resources, geopolitics, and technological discoveries. - naive of Acemoglu and Robinson to assume that democracy and development go hand in hand. - Brings up that there is too much of a reliance on the idea that those in power depend on internal resources when most of the resources for development are external. - Critiques Acemoglu and Robinson's idea that dictators are always tied to a lack of economic development within a country. Argues that dictators can be agents of economic progress. Examples: South Korea's authoritarian rule which eventually led to economic reform, Prussia's authoritarian government creating economic reform after being taken over by Napoleon.

Government

Set of people who run the state or have the authority to act on behalf of the state at a particular point in time. Usually the means thru which state power is exercised

Regime

Set of rules, norms, or institutions that determine how the government is constituted, how it's organized, and how major decisions are made (democracy, parliamentary regime, constitutions)

Collapsed State

There is no state authority, but rather anarchy, multi-actor civil war, or fragmentation into various autonomous regional (often warlord-led) areas. a state that has proven incapable of providing its citizens with either economic development or even peace and security

Duverger's Law

The principle that in a democracy with single-member districts and plurality voting, like the United States, only two parties' candidates will have a realistic chance of winning political office.

performance legitimacy

argues that economic performance makes them a legitimate ruler

Insitutionalized party system

one in which the parties have deep roots in society- older parties, develop relatively stable platforms 7 electorates ex//Republicans and Democrats

Landed Elite

pre-capitalist upper class that have labor repressive agriculture employed labor-repressive agriculture violent conflict is the only way to destroy landed elite

Economic statism

promotes the view that the state has a major, necessary and legitimate role in directing the economy, either directly through state-owned enterprises and other types of machinery of government, or indirectly through economic planning.

Vladmir Putin

replaced Yeltsin, elected president in 2000, launched reforms to boost the growth and budget revenues

Soweto Uprising (1976)

students protested a new law requiring Afrikaans in all public schools, the government responded with violence but protests continued to spread

Capital Mobility

the ability of an investor to move his or her money across borders and invest where profits are highest and costs are lowest

State

Existence that uses coercion and the threat of force to rule in a given territory

District Magnitude

The number of representatives elected from a particular constituency

Political egalitarianism

members of a society are of equal standing in terms of political power or influence.

Ministry of International Trade and Industry

A Japanese government agency that identifies and ranks national commercial pursuits and guides the distribution of national resources to meet these goals

Eva Bellin/ "The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective."

- Trying to answer why countries in North Africa and middle east aren't democracies - Commanding heights of economy are in the hands of the government - Issues are poverty, inequality, illiterate people - Elite and middleclass people don't champion democracy - Looks at culture: claims that Islam is inhospitable to democracy. - Can't place Islam as a culture. - No single factor can determine democracy because it's a cross sectional observation Inability to fulfill the prerequisites for democracy What makes coercive apparatus? - Linked directly to public health - Transition to democracy hasn't been because of a strong society but because of a weak state - international support = important to the continuation of it Influenced Africa where international aid was contingent on democracy being implemented - More institutionalized the security apparatus is then the harder it would be to make change - Robustness of the coercive apparatus = will to repress reform initiatives - Four things that play a role in the robustness apparatus: - Fiscal health - Successful maintenance of international support networks - Will to reform initiatives pg. (144-145) - Degree to the amount of popular mobilization that it might receive Officers of the state don't see themselves as a part of the state Bellin - Codependency between state and patrimonial coercive apparatus

Inchoate party system

- weak- poorly oragnized- candidates & parties are personalistic rather than programmatic- party system recreated every single election Ex// Russia

Rostow Stages of Development: W.W. Rostow: The Stages of Economic Growth (5)

A model of economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least-developed to most-developed countries. Traditional society: Limited technology and industry Hierarchical social structure, limited social mobility, and political centralization 2.Preconditions for takeoff: Technological progress and systematic commerce applications Exogenous push and political construction of centralized national state 3. Takeoff: Interval "when old blocks and resistances to steady growth are finally overcome:" emergence of a political class interested in economic modernization and growth Industry expands, agriculture commercializes, savings and investment grows 4.Drive to maturity: Sustained if fluctuating progress Economy broadens, diversifies (new sectors), and opens up to world markets The Age of High Mass Consumption Predominance of durable goods and services; people enjoy technological progress and economic security 5. Age of High Mass Consumption Social and political decision to direct more national resources towards the welfare state

Dynastic Monarchy

A monarchy is a form of government in which sovereignty is embodied in a single individual, and a dynastic monarchy is one in which sovereignty is passed down hereditarily. The Davidic monarchy is a biblical example of a dynastic monarchy. a type of monarchy in which the monarch is selected by leading members of the royal family and is accountable to them

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

Feudal System

A political and social system based on the granting of land in exchange for loyalty, military assistance, and other services

Competitive Authoritarianism

A regime that is democratic in appearance but authoritarian in nature. A civilian regime in which democratic institutions exist in form but not in substance, because the electoral, legislative, judicial, media, and other institutions are so heavily skewed in favor of current power holders. a form of government or regime that allows some political competition but not enough to qualify as fully democratic

Arab Spring

A series of popular revolts in several countries in the Middle East and North Africa that sought an end to authoritarian, often Western-supported regimes.

Collective Action Problem

A situation in which the members of a group would benefit by working together to produce some outcome, but each individual is better off refusing to cooperate and reaping benefits from those who do the work.

Modernization Theory

A version of market-oriented development theory that argues that low-income societies develop economically only if they give up their traditional ways and adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and cultural values that emphasize savings and productive investment.

Social Contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Total War

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.

Washington Consensus

An array of policy recommendations generally advocated by developed-country economists and policy makers starting in the 1980s, including trade liberalization, privatization, openness to foreign investment, and restrictive monetary and fiscal policies.

proportional representation

An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote.

Revolutionary Regimes

Emerge out of sustained, ideological, and violent struggle from below; mass mobilization and changing social order

Market-led industrialization

England, the first nation to modernize took a market-led approach, which was a slow process over the course of several centuries, to develop.

clientelist political party

Exchange of goods and services for political support, often involving an implicit or explicit quid-pro-quo. involves an asymmetric relationship between groups of political actors described as patrons, brokers, and clients.

Samuel P. Huntington "Democracy's Third Wave."

Arguments made within the literature: - Mussolini started the reverse wave of democratization Reasons for democracy to continue on with a wave: Legitimacy of authoritarian societies because obvious evidence of democratic government working. Economic growth of 60sCorrelation of western Christianity and democracy - Democracy = big identifier for European countries Due to ethnic consolidation, establishing democracy is difficult because it won't be given to minority groups "democracy is often a hidden agenda on part of the us. They move like what they are, imperialists."Snowballing effect on people wanting democracy - Snowballing = not. A strong enough reason Causes for reversion in democracy Weakness of democratic values amongst elite groups. Severe economic setbacks - Social and political polarization Determination of conservative middle/upper class No law and order Intervention/conquest Reverse snowballing --> overthrow of democratic governments If democratic regimes don't act right then they are not viewed right - If a democratic government shifts to authoritarianism, it causes reverse snowballing Certain forms of authoritarianism that was fine in the past doesn't work now... looking at oligarchies. Challenges Home grown marxist leninist perspectives Difficulty with democracy is that it wasn't there before. - Culture: Democracy created in Europe with white men -No argument on whether Confucianism aid oppressive or not. In practice, confucian work is undemocratic - Western democracies not as focused on approval Islam Is Islam a viable option for democracy Argues Intersection between islam and a country = not good. No distinction between religion an grouped Muslims are the fault of the collapse of the Lebanese government? Classic theories of development and democratization: Puzzling "third wave" cases Third and fourth wave theories of democratization: elite bargaining, new social actors, organizational capacity and international factors

Lerner, Daniel/The Passing of Traditional Society

Basics steps to theory explained in the paper... - Urbanization: provides condition for "take-off" because cities require literate population - Literacy: urbanization draws many people together -> demand for impersonal communication increases demand for literacy and media; education is most important element of modernization - Mass media participation: once people can read, they demand information - Participant society: rising media participation increases participation in all sectors of the social system -> growing political participation with democracy as the "crowning institution of the participant society" (p. 64)

Settler Colonies

Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America.

Indira Gandhi

Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first prime minister. She was also prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977.

Dahl's requirements for democracy

Formulate preferences - Freedom to form and join organizations -Freedom of expression -Right to vote -Right of political leaders to compete for support -Alternative sources of information Signify preferences -Freedom to form and join organizations -Freedom of expression -Right to vote -Eligibility for public office -Right of political leaders to compete for support -Alternative sources of information -Free and fair elections Have preferences weighted equally in conduct of government -Freedom to form and join organizations -Freedom of expression -Right to vote -Eligibility for public office -Right of political leaders to compete for support and votes

Francis Fukuyama, "The Imperatives of State-Building."

Fukuyama argues that state-building is crucial, and that state strength is even more important than state scope. So how do we get a strong state? State-building—the creation of new governmental institutions and the strengthening of existing ones—is a crucial global issue. Weak or failed states are at the root of many of the world's most serious problems, from poverty and AIDS, to drug trafficking and terrorism, to the failure of democracies. While we know much about state-building, there is much that we do not know, particularly about transferring strong institutions to developing countries. We know how to transfer resources, people, and technology, but well-functioning public institutions require habits of mind and operate in complex ways that resist being moved. This is an area on which much more thought, attention, and research must be focused.

Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way, Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War

General Idea of Levitsky and Way: Low linkage with the west --> leads to high strength of the organization at hand --> which eventually leads to stable authoritarianism. . Low linkage with the west --> can lead to low strength --> which then leads to the democratization or unstable authoritarianism. High linkage with the west --> will lead to democratization no matter the strength of the country's government

Jeffrey Herbst, States and Power in Africa

Geography -A hard problem for state-builders is the low density population in Africa -Successful European development is characterized by links between the cities( core political areas) and the surrounding areas Understanding African Politics -Very different relationship in Africa w/cities and hinterland -Current states were created well before cities reached their maturity -Europeans after colonizing Africa created many urban areas, but they were designed to service the needs of the colonizers The Extension of Power in Africa State consolidation is characterized by three ideas 1) assessment of costs of expansion by individual leaders ***African and European leaders have different costs; difference between consolidation and conquest 2) nature of buffer mechanisms established by the state ***The traditional view is that African boundaries are a weakness bc they original colonial demarcation didnt take into account political, sociological, economic, or ethnic factors ***BUT boundaries are an asset to a leader 3) the nature of the regional state system ***African leaders created their own system to deal with their own pecularities -Cooperation, rather than conflict in Europe, had stronger influence Herbst also agrees that lack of war hindered state development in Africa. The main challenge of state building in SSA is how to project power over harsh geography and low population densities. Colonial legacy has led to states with arbitrary boundaries, misplaced capitals for rule, and the international community/natural resources create no incentives to invest in a strong state with the capability to extract and the legitimacy perceived by its citizens.

Relative Backwardness

Gerschenkron is one of the leading scholars of the effects of relative backwardness. Relative backwardness, or having less technology than other countries, puts greater pressure on countries to develop quickly and invest in heavy technology. Such countries do not have enough decentralized capital to do so and thus often rely on state or bank led economies, as seen in Germany and Russia. There is the advantage of being able to use other countries' more advanced technologies when one is relatively backward. Late Developers face different opportunities/constraints - greater pressure to develop quickly - ability to borrow technology from early industrializers Late Developers likely to follow different path to industrialization - more rapid/emphasis on heavy industry - Bank or State-led, rather than market-led - likely to be accompanied by illiberal ideologies

Government as protection racket

Government officials may demand bribes to look the other way or extort something of value from citizens or corporations in the form of a kickback. It need not always be money.

Elisabeth Wood, "An Insurgent Path to Democracy: Popular Mobilization, Economic Interests and Regime Transition in South Africa and El Salvador."

In El Salvador and South Africa, mobilization by the economically and socially marginalized impelled the transition to democracy, forcing the initial liberalization of the regime and eventually laying the political and economic foundations for democratizing compromise. These cases thus provide an opportunity to analyze one mechanism by which mobilization "from below" impels some regime transitions. In this insurgent path to democracy, sustained mobilization by poor and working-class people transformed key interests of economic elites, leading to pressure on the state to compromise with the insurgents, thereby strengthening regime moderates over hard-liners with the result that negotiated transitions to democracy followed. The dramatis personae of these transitions were not contending elite factions, as in most Latin American and southern European transitions, but representatives of distinct classes whose conflict of economic interest propelled the conflict and whose economic interdependence contributed to the structural basis of its democratizing resolution.

Robert Dahl's Polyarchy

In the USA, it is defined as a pluralist democracy in which various political interest groups promoting their own interests create a balance of opposing interests that prevent any group from dominating the political system. Assumes the competition is fair and equal, middle and upper classes however are most represented. Dahl's purpose of Polyarchy is to determine conditions favor or impede a transformation into a political regime in which opponents of the government can openly and legally organize into political parties in order to oppose the government in free and fair elections. Dahl assumes that a key characteristic of democracy is the continuing responsiveness of the government to demands from its citizens. Since it is almost impossible for a government to be responsive to all of its citizens, Dahl calls our everyday conception of democracy "Polyarchy." Dahl next mades the distinction between Public Contestation and Inclusiveness. In a democracy, public contestation is the amount of elections held. Inclusiveness is the proportion of the population entitled to vote or participate in the public contests. Democratization is made up of as least two dimensions: Liberalization (public contestation) and Inclusiveness (the right to participate).

Ashutosh Varshney, "India Defies the Odds: Why Democracy Survives."

India is a poor country that's not economically developed but is still a democracy, refuting modernization theory. Many of India's leaders have chosen democracy over development many times . Democratic theory holds that poverty, widespread illiteracy, and a deeply hierarchical social structure are inhospitable conditions for the functioning of democracy. Yet except for 18 months in 1975-77, India has maintained its democratic institutions ever since it became independent of Britain in 1947. When Prime Minister Indira Gandhi suspended democracy in June 1975 and declared a state of emergency, it seemed that India was finally starting down the path that most of the world's poorer democracies had already traveled. Yet democracy returned 18 months later, and emergency rule proved to be a conjunctural aberration rather than an emerging structural trend.

Inclusive Institutions

Institutions where a plurality of groups are included in the process of governing and the economy. Economic: Law and order, secure property rights, markets and state support for markets Political: pluralist institutions with broad participations; strong rule of law; political centralizations tend to produce sustained economic growth - encourage investment, harness power of markets, and generate broad-based political and economic participation

Chalmers Johnson/ Political Institutions and Economic Performance

Looks at the political institutions in Asian Countries and how that has influenced the economic growth of said countries. - The Japanese Economy/ Politics: Has an absolutist government as well as a capitalist economy. The Japanese state has a single party authoritarian state and it has been like that for 30 years. However, it has been argued that this authoritarian state is the reason behind Japan's ability to be a succesful government since they are able to control how money is spent. It was thought of as anomaly due to the irregularity of a lack of a free market. - Taiwan and Korea are classified as harder states in the readings. Development in South Korea was very much guided by the state. Point out of this reading that institutions in East Asia proved significant since bureaucracies were organized and although political parties were authoritarian, countries still managed to grow.

Endogenous democratization

Modernization theory (Development leads to Democracy)

Barrington Moore/Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy

No bourgeoisie no democracy. He believed that the stronger the middle class (bourgeoisie) was, the stronger the democracy is. He also talks about democratic development. He said that the development of a balance to avoid too strong a crown or too independent a landed aristocracy. In Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Barrington Moore seeks to explain the developmental trajectories that transform agrarian societies into modern industrial ones. Leveraging a neo-marxist approach focused on the emergence of social classes and inter-class coalitions, Moore argues that there are three historical routes from agrarianism to the modern industrial world. In the capitalist democratic route, exemplified by England, France, and the United States, the peasantry was politically impotent or had been eradicated alltogether, a strong bourgeoisie was present, and the aristocracy allied itself with the bourgeoisie or failed to oppose its democratizing efforts. In the capitalist reactionary route, exemplified by Germany and Japan, the peasantry posed a threat to the interests of both the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy, which consequently formed a conservative alliance against the peasantry; this alliance bolstered an autonomous, occasionally authoritarian state capable of being co-opted by a fascist leader in a revolution from above. Finally, in the communist route, exemplified by China and Russia, the bourgeoisie failed to emerge and the the peasantry was strong and independent enough from the aristocracy to spur a radical revolution from below against the centralized agrarian bureaucracy. India is an awkward outlier, having subscribed to none of the foregoing paths.

landed aristocracy

Nobles who owned land

Developmental State

Organizational complexes in which expert and coherent bureaucratic agencies collaborate with organized private sectors to spur national economic transformation Dev State will only emerge if leaders face extraordinary constrained political environments

Civil Society

Organizations outside of the state that help people define and advance their own interests

Labor Repressive Agriculture

Peasants work on the land because they have to, not because they agree to. This concept is tied to slavery, serfdom, indentured servitude, etc. Barrington Moore notes Japan's use of labor repressive agriculture to generate the necessary capital for modernization

Linkage

Policy of improving relations with the Soviet Union and China in hopes of persuading them to cut back their aid to North Vietnam

Weber, Max/Protestant work ethic

Social theorist who argued for the prominent role of religion in changing society; contended that individualism/work ethic and other character traits associated with early Protestantism were especially compatible with capitalism and aided its spread; defined 3 dimensions of social stratification (wealth, power, prestige); social identification takes priority over class (against Marx) - Before the protestant reformation, money was perceived as something that was dirty. However, after the reformation this concept changed. - Ascetic: Self denying & austerely self disciplining - under ascetic practice of protestant religion, it was argued that the spontaneous enjoyment of goods was wrong while also freed acquisition of goods from inhibition of traditionalist ethics. - Calvanists: a sector of the protestant church where the acquisition of goods were deemed as blessing from God.

Rentier States

States that derive a significant portion of their revenues from rent (such as renting land to oil companies)

Dan Slater, Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia

Talks about the third wave of democracy and how it's been a faint ripple. Slater also argues that violent internal contention can make the state as surely as international welfare. He also talks about protection pacts. Public authorities used protection pacts, public authorities can enjoy extraordinary success in their efforts to reguland and command vulnerable subjects, meaning that elites enjoy an opportunity to combine elements into a whole. PP also provides the strongest basis for authoritarian regimes to extract resources from elites as well as organize their most powerful allies. Slater also clarifies the type of violence necessary for a strong state without international war. When elites experience a credible threat from below, they will band together in protection pacts and strengthen the state, an authoritarian Leviathan.

Riksdag

The Riksdag is the national legislature and the supreme decision-making body of Sweden.

Third Wave

The Third wave began in 1974 (Carnation Revolution, Portugal) and included the historic democratic transitions in Latin America in the 1980s, Asia Pacific countries and regions (Philippines, South Korea, and Taiwan) from 1986 to 1988, Eastern Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and sub-Saharan Africa beginning in 1989. The expansion of democracy in some regions was stunning. In Latin America only Colombia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela were democratic by 1978 and only Cuba and Haiti remained authoritarian by 1995, when the wave had swept across twenty countries.[8]

Core vs. Periphery

The core and the periphery are terms often used by dependency theorists to describe the behavior of rich and poor nations, respectively, in a global capitalist environment.

Core

The core nations are Western economic powers such as the United States and Western Europe.

Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi

The modernization theory from Lipset states that democracies may be more likely to emerge as countries develop economically. Przeworski is critical of the modernization theory, saying that democracies survive better in they're established in rich countries, but they're fragile in poor democracies. Przeworski basically states that the modernization theory, no one tries to bring democracy into it and that democratization is an outcome of actions, not conditions.

Charles Tilly, "War Making and State Making as Organized Crime"

Tilly was observing how exactly we get state strength in the first place. He determine that's strong states occur by waging war, because war makes and states causes war. There were 4 activities for states which were (war making, state making, protection, and extraction). When a state was at war, the people in that state would pay for the war (tax dollars), resulting in money for education, protection etc...Tilly argues that war makes the state and the state makes war. This implies that states that did not experience war will have weak states Tilly also describes a key development in the protection racket as being the slow and gradual establishment of the line between legitimate and illegitimate violence. Through a number of developments over several hundred years, the state accorded to itself a monopoly of violence. That meant that local leaders, responsible for enforcing the peace ever since ancient times, were eclipsed by the greater presence of officials directly answerable to the state. It also eventually saw the emergence of what we know as police forces. he argued that the emerging nation state established itself by acting, essentially, as a racketeer (in terms of the interrelated activities of war-making, state-making, protection, and resource extraction via plunder, taxes, etc.): Governments' provision of protection, by this standard, often qualifies as racketeering. To the extent that the threats against which a given government protects its citizens are imaginary or are consequences of its own activities, the government has organized a protection racket. Since governments themselves commonly simulate, stimulate, or even fabricate threats of external war and since the repressive and extractive activities of governments often constitute the largest current threats to the livelihoods of their own citizens, many governments operate in essentially the same ways as racketeers."

Boris Yeltsin

Was the first President of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 1999. The Yeltsin era was a traumatic period in Russian history—a period marked by widespread corruption, economic collapse, and enormous political and social problems. In June 1991 Yeltsin came to power on a wave of high expectations. On June 12 Yeltsin was elected president of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic with 57% of the vote, becoming the first popularly elected president in Russian history. But Yeltsin never recovered his popularity after endorsing radical economic reforms in early 1992 which were widely blamed for devastating the living standards of most of the Russian population. By the time he left office, Yeltsin was a deeply unpopular figure in Russia, with an approval rating as low as two percent by some estimates.

Protestant Ethic

Weber's term to describe the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by thrift and hard work. Difference in economic outcomes between Catholics and Protestants. Most successful business leaders/skilled laborers are Protestants

Independent Variable

What causes Y

Dependent Variable

What is to be explained

Is CCP rule fragile or resilient? By Minxin Pei

While China works under authoritarian gov. there are some sacrifices that have to be made - An authoritarian regime that is more focused on natural research is needed - They are able to stabilize their autocracies by providing high welfare shares - First theory focuses on the political economy --> authoritarian orgs able to survive for a longer time because they can provide low taxes and high welfare spending - Suppression of the opposition is also very important - Regime institutionalization = process where important norms and rules are established - Collapse of some authoritarian regimes teach to - Hard to measure resilience due to its subjectivity - Not necessarily good policy but survival tactics are employed - Authoritarian regimes that perform better economically survive longer - Autocracies are inherently exclusionary but an effective strategy would be utilizing the elites; however, it is more difficult to keep up with the elites based on how fast modernization makes them - Process of using the elite known as political cooptation Pei - Economic performance/rents - Refined repression - Political cooptation •

Acemoglu and Robinson

Why Nations Fail - literature looks at the importance of political and economic systems in a country. An organized institution plays an important role in the economic success of a country. One of the initial comparisons within the text was looking at the town, Nogales. There was Nogales, Arizona and Nogales, Mexico. The income per person in Mexico was much lower due to the corruption within the government, lack of social security nets and much more. Purpose: Governments that effectively protect citizens' rights and properly represent their people are able to develop economically.

Democratic Backsliding

a gradual decline in the quality of democracy. This decline is caused by the state-led weakening of political institutions that sustain the democratic system Deterioriation in qualities associated within democratic governance

Monopsony

a market structure in which there is only a single buyer of a good, service, or resource

Export-Oriented Industrialization

a mercantilist strategy for economic growth in which a country seeks out technologies and develops industries focused specifically on the export market a trade and economic policy aiming to speed up the industrialization process of a country by exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage.

Political Pacts

agreements between political groups that guarantee some share of power and ensure that core values are not endangered

spurious correlation

an apparent but false relationship between two (or more) variables that is caused by some other variable

market-led development

an approach to economic management in which the state aims to control economic behavior as little as possible

Import Substitution Industrialization

an economic system that attempts to strengthen a country's industrial power by restricting foreign imports. promote domestic production of previous imported goods to foster industrialization

Free Riding

benefiting from a public good while avoiding the costs of contributing to it enjoying the benefits of some good or action while letting others bear the costs

Method of Agreement

compares and contrasts cases with different attributes but shared outcomes, seeking the one attribute these cases share in common to attribute causality

Method of Difference

compares and contrasts cases with the same attributes but different outcomes, and determines causality by finding an attribute that is present when an outcome occurs but that is absent in similar cases when the outcome does not occur

Extractive Institutions

designed to extract incomes and wealth from one subset of society to benefit a different subset Economic: Lack of law and order; insecure property rights; ineffective markets Political: Concentration of power; no rule of law tend to produce stagnation and poverty

Polyarchy

have high liberalization and high inclusiveness. Examples include the United States and other advanced western countries with universal suffrage and low limitations on running for public office. a form of government in which power is invested in multiple people. It takes the form of neither a dictatorship nor a democracy. This form of government was first implemented in the United States and France and was gradually adopted by many other countries. According to Dahl, the fundamental democratic principle is "the continuing responsiveness of the government to the preferences of its citizens, considered as political equals" with unimpaired opportunities.A polyarchy is a state that has certain procedures that are necessary conditions for following the democratic principle.

Dependency Theory

holds that economic events in history have encouraged developing countries to depend upon the support of more advanced nations. This dependence prevents developing nations from fully creating institutions and infrastructure necessary for their full transition into industrial nations. Capitalism as an international theory Challenges: Overlooked that sometimes international influence can be good Proponents of Dependency Theory argue that rather than aiding in the development process of Third World nations, developed nations are, in fact, hindering them from industrializing. Andre Gunder Frank, have concluded that developing nations may need to break away from their economic ties with the core nations in order to avoid exploitation and unsuccessful industrialization.

Predatory View of the State

holds that states that exercise an effective control over the use of violence are in a position to threaten the security of citizens. This makes it possible for them to exploit the citizens that, according to the social contract view of the state, they have a duty to protect.

State Capacity

the ability of the state to achieve its objectives, especially the abilities to control violence, effectively tax the population, and maintain well-functioning institutions and the rule of law The knowledge, personnel, and institutions that the government requires to effectively implement policies.

State Autonomy

the ability of the state to define goals that are independent of social groups, classes, and societies State autonomy is the ability of a country or region to engage in capitalist ventures, independent of checks or controls by an external party.

Plurality Representation

the candidate that receives the most votes wins and the other candidate gets nothing,

East Asian Tigers

the economies of Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea, which maintained high growth rates and rapid export-led industrialization between the early 1960s and 1990 allowing them to converge with the technological leaders in high-income countries

Path Dependency

the idea that certain possibilities are made more or less likely because of the historical path taken

African National Congress (ANC)

the main organization that opposed apartheid and pushed for majority rule in South Africa; later a political party

Periphery

the periphery are the developing nations which are taken advantage of by the core. According to the theory of dependent development, countries do not develop in a vacuum, and as a result, the nations of the periphery do not have the luxury of developing in the same market-led approach taken by England.

Conditionality

the requirements imposed on prospective borrowers by the IMF or other lending institutions that emphasize economic growth over welfare considerations the use of conditions attached to the provision of benefits such as a loan, debt relief or bilateral aid.

Endogenous institutions

they are chosen by members of the polity

Closed hegemonies

traditional monarchy (france before french revolution) have low liberalization and low inclusiveness. An example is an unelected monarchy.

Protection Pacts

type of treaty or military alliance in which the signatories promise to support each other militarily and to defend each other.

Limited War

war fought to achieve only specific goals