POLE Midterm

As compared to individuals of middle- and upper-socioeconomic status, individuals of low-socioeconomic status often have less power to influence a community's institutions. True or False

False

Children of authoritarian parents tend to be self-reliant and have high self-esteem. True or False

False

In 1954, Leta Hollingworth developed the concept of programmed learning, which involved reinforcing the student after a series of steps until the student reached a learning goal. True or False

False

Most experts agree that genetics (rather than environment) determines a child's intelligence. True or False

False

Researchers have found that it takes English-language learners approximately three years to develop speaking and reading proficiency, and most bilingual programs last this long. True or False

False (it takes much longer)

According to Erikson's life-span development theory, developmental stages occur in a standard sequence at particular times in a person's life. True or False

True

Bronfenbrenner's theory has been instrumental in bringing to attention the importance of looking at children's lives in more than one setting. True or False

True

Parents and teachers can enhance the development of a child's intelligence by exposing the child to an enriching environment. True or False

True

Research shows that two-generation intervention, which provides services for both parents and children in poverty, improved parents' sense of well-being and children's school performance. Selected: True or False

True

The decision to place a student in a class for students who are mentally retarded should not be based on the results of a single group intelligence test. True or False

True

Which of the following individuals is known for his research of helping students become self-regulatory learners? a. Barry Zimmerman b. E. L. Thorndike c. Albert Bandura d. David Premack

a. Barry Zimmerman

Which of the following best describes the educational philosophy of constructivism? a. Individuals actively build knowledge and understanding. b. Individuals retain new information most effectively through repetition. c. Individuals have a tendency to adopt the biases of their teachers. d. Individuals learn best when they work independently rather than in large groups.

a. Individuals actively build knowledge and understanding.

Which of the following does not characterize the direct instruction approach? a. Peer collaboration b. Maximization of student time on academic tasks c. Teacher direction and control d. High teacher expectations for student progress

a. Peer collaboration

According to the textbook, of the following strategies for decreasing undesirable behaviors, which strategy should be tried last? a. Present aversive stimuli (punishment) b. Terminate positive reinforcement (extinction) c. Use differential reinforcement d. Remove desirable stimuli

a. Present aversive stimuli (punishment)

During the period of development known as "adolescence," a child typically does which of the following? a. Pursues independence b. Learns to identify letters of the alphabet c. Begins to interact with individuals beyond the family d. Masters the fundamental skills of writing

a. Pursues independence

The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes is which of the following? a. Self-efficacy b. Self-reinforcement c. Self-regulation d. Self-esteem

a. Self-efficacy

Which of the following items is an example of instructional technology? a. Software program to provide assistance in spelling b. Alternative computer keyboards c. Hearing aid d. Voice-operated computer

a. Software program to provide assistance in spelling

Which of the following is the first stage of development, as proposed by Erikson? a. Trust versus mistrust b. Integrity versus despair c. Autonomy versus shame and doubt d. Identity versus identity confusion

a. Trust versus mistrust

According to Piaget, a concept or structure that exists in a person's mind to arrange and interpret information is called: a. a schema b. accommodation. c. equilibration d. assimilation.

a. a schema

According to Piaget, this occurs when a child adjusts to the new knowledge. a. Learning to solve math problems b. Accommodation c. Thinking logically and abstractly d. Assimilation

b. Accommodation

Which of the following individuals is one of the main architects of social cognitive theory? a. David Premack b. Albert Bandura c. E. L. Thorndike d. Barry Zimmerman

b. Albert Bandura

Which of the following statements best describes William Stern's (1912) concept of intelligence quotient (IQ)? a. Comparison of a person's mental age with the scores on a standardized exam b. Comparison of a person's mental age with his or her own chronological age c. Comparison of a person's mental age with the mental age of other individuals of the same chronological age d. Comparison of a person's chronological age with the chronological age of other individuals with the same mental age

b. Comparison of a person's mental age with his or her own chronological age

Mr. Gonzalez spends time reading about other cultures and ethnicities. He sets high expectations for his students and works to communicate effectively with families from all backgrounds. Which of the following best describes what Mr. Gonzalez demonstrates in his classroom? a. Cultural bias b. Cultural competence c. Subject matter competence d. Classroom management skills

b. Cultural competence

The approach to learning described as social cognitive emphasizes which of the following? a. How reflection and motivation leads to new knowledge and understanding b. How behavior, environment, and other factors influence learning c. How children understand new information based on information they learned previously d. How a child processes information through attention, memory, and thinking

b. How behavior, environment, and other factors influence learning

According to Erikson's life-span development theory, the primary risk during the elementary years is that an individual might develop a sense of which of the following? a. Loneliness and isolation b. Inferiority, unproductiveness, and incompetence c. Guilt and anxiety d. Regret, despair, and sorrow

b. Inferiority, unproductiveness, and incompetence

Which of the following aspects of the person factor has Bandura emphasized in recent years? a. Beliefs b. Self-Efficacy c. Self-Control d. Intelligence

b. Self-Efficacy

A student with a deep learning style is best described as which of the following? a. A student who learns only what needs to be learned for an exam or assignment b. A student who lacks self-confidence and speaks quietly when asked to answer aloud c. A student who connects ideas and fits information into a larger framework d. A student who answers questions quickly and accurately

c. A student who connects ideas and fits information into a larger framework

According to Erikson's stages of development, at approximately what age does a person undergo the stage of identity versus identity confusion? a. The second year b. The first year c. Adolescence d. Ages 6 to puberty

c. Adolescence

Researchers have found that self-regulatory learners also often have which of the following traits? a. Have difficulty cooperating with peers b. Prefer a lot of guidance and feedback c. Are high achieving d. Are dishonest

c. Are high achieving

Mrs. Tell, a third-grade teacher, is using a taxonomy that is comprised of cognitive skills that include remembering, comprehending, synthesizing, and evaluating. Who created the taxonomy that Mrs. Tell is using? a. E. L. Thorndike b. John Dewey c. Benjamin Bloom d. William James

c. Benjamin Bloom

According to Darling-Hammond and Bransford (2005), many effective teachers use what type of instructional approach? a. Constructivism b. Direct instruction c. Both a constructivist and a direct instruction approach d. Behaviorism

c. Both a constructivist and a direct instruction approach

Barry Zimmerman is well known for his work in which of the following areas? a. Explaining how students can cognitively transform their experiences b. Showing teachers the benefits of partial reinforcement c. Helping students become high self-regulatory learners d. Developing the 3 to 1 mentoring program for ethnic minority males

c. Helping students become high self-regulatory learners

Which of the following statements best describes Robert J. Sternberg's (1986) triarchic theory of intelligence? a. Intelligence is derived from nature, nurture, and a combination of the two. b. A person's level of intelligence changes at the end of three critical periods: infancy, early childhood, and adolescence c. Intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical d. Intelligence is a composite of three abilities: writing, mathematics, and spatial

c. Intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical.

During the period of development known as "early childhood," a child typically does which of the following? a. Pursues independence and seeks identity b. Masters the fundamental skills of writing c. Learns to identify letters of the alphabet d. Contemplates career choices

c. Learns to identify letters of the alphabet

A student who is extraverted would most accurately be described as which of the following? a. Calm, secure, and self-satisfied b. Careful, organized, and disciplined c. Sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate d. Imaginative, interested in variety, and independent

c. Sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate

Bronfenbrenner's theory provides one of the few theoretical frameworks for systematically examining how which of the following influences a child's education? a. Inherited traits b. Biological factors c. Social context d. Cognitive factors

c. Social context

Binet's 1905 scale was developed for which of the following purposes? a. To assist high school students in selecting career options b. To determine whether students should be promoted to the next-highest grade level c. To identify children who were unable to learn in regular school classrooms d. To evaluate the effectiveness of various teaching methods

c. To identify children who were unable to learn in regular school classrooms

Which of the following questions addresses the cognitive domain of moral development? a. Does the student empathize with someone in a particular situation? b. How does the student behave when interacting with others? c. Why does the student agree or disagree with a certain rule? d. How does a student feel about an issue?

c. Why does the student agree or disagree with a certain rule?

A(n) ___________ program allows a gifted child to move ahead at his or her own pace. a. curriculum compacting b. mainstreaming c. acceleration d. inclusion

c. acceleration

A(n) ___________ program for gifted children is one that provides learning opportunities not usually present in the standard curriculum. a. curriculum compacting b. acceleration c. enrichment program d. mainstreaming

c. enrichment program

Regular classroom teachers who work with children with disabilities should a. avoid talking to the children's parents about the disabilities. b. ask special education teachers to develop and carry out the children's IEPs. c. seek out training, support, and information about different types of disabilities d. remember that children with disabilities will not be able to learn conventional subject matter.

c. seek out training, support, and information about different types of disabilities

A child who is an introvert would most likely do which of the following? a. Criticize other people without attempting to understand their points of view b. Be sociable and affectionate c. Gather extensive amounts of information before taking action d. Enjoy spending time alone

d. Enjoy spending time alone

A(n) __________is a written statement that details a program specifically tailored for the child with a disability. The plan should be (1) related to the child's learning capacity, (2) specially constructed to meet the child's individual needs and not merely a copy of what is offered to other children, and (3) designed to provide educational benefits. a. collaborative consultation b. Public Law 94-142 c. IDEA d. IEP

d. IEP

Bandura's reciprocal determinism model consists of all of the following main factors except which one? a. Person b. Environment c. Behavior d. Intelligence

d. Intelligence

Cultural traits include all of the following except: a. Traditions b. Behavior patterns c. Beliefs d. Intelligence quotients

d. Intelligence quotients

Which of the following statements best describes shaping? a. It is a form of punishment, intended to decrease an undesired response. b. It is a cue, given just before a desired response, to increase the likelihood of the desired response. c. It is a form of positive reinforcement, presented after the desired response is observed. d. It is a strategy of setting increasingly more difficult goals for the student, all directed toward attaining a target behavior.

d. It is a strategy of setting increasingly more difficult goals for the student, all directed toward attaining a target behavior.

Which of the following statements best describes heteronomous morality, as proposed by Piaget's theory on moral development? a. Justice and rules are not necessary when morality has become internalized b. Justice and rules are developed by people and must be modified to fit each new situation. c. Justice and rules are changeable properties because people's interpretations frequently differ d. Justice and rules are unchangeable properties of the world

d. Justice and rules are unchangeable properties of the world

Who was the first individual to use the term "gifted" to describe students who scored exceptionally high on intelligence tests, and what year was this term first published by this researcher? a. John Dewey, 1962 b. Mamie Clark, 1939 c. William James, 1951 d. Leta Hollingworth, 1916

d. Leta Hollingworth, 1916

The Bobo doll study shows that children can learn aggression in which of the following ways? a. Through role-playing b. Through reading c. Through direct experience d. Through observation

d. Through observation

Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order, more efficiently functioning cognitive system is called: a. assimilation. b. equilibration c. accommodation. d. organization

d. organization