Poli Sci Exam #4

The first test of the Brown v. Board of Education decision occurred in

Arkansas

desegregation

The ending of authorized segregation, or separation by race.

What term do we use to describe censorship before publication?

prior restraint

agenda setting

stage in which problems get defined as political issues

According to Homeland Security, there were 37.5 million foreign-born people living in the United States in 2007. Approximately what percentage of those people were here illegally?

31%

Gideon v. Wainwright concerns which amendment of the U.S. Constitution?

6th amendment

Which amendment was used by the Supreme Court to justify an unenumerated right of privacy?

9th amendment

poll tax

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote

racism

Belief that one race is superior to another

Which Supreme Court case overturned the separate-but-equal doctrine?

Brown v. Board of Education

Which case was used by the Supreme Court to protect the emotive and cognitive elements of speech?

Cohen v. California

Appropriations Committees

Committees of Congress that decide which of the programs passed by the authorization committees will actually be funded

How is de facto segregation different from de jure segregation?

De facto segregation is voluntary, and de jure is government enforced

Which of the following were not a result President Johnson's efforts to end discrimination?

Education Act of 1967

Which law prohibited sex discrimination in federally aided education programs?

Education Amendments Act of 1972

Which of the following cases extended the Sixth Amendment provision for a right to counsel to the states?

Gideon v. Wainwright

set-asides

Government contracting funds which are earmarked for particular kinds of firms, such as small businesses, minority-owned firms, women-owned firms, and the like.

In 2000, Justice O'Connor sided with a coalition of liberal justices to strike down?

Nebraska law that banned partial birth abortion

What Court decision upheld separate-but-equal facilities for African Americans and whites?

Plessy v. Ferguson

The Second Amendment

Right to keep and bear arms

black codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

clear and present danger test

Supreme Court has distinguished between speech as the advocacy of ideas, which is protected by the 1st Amendment, and speech as incitement, which is not protected

Which of the following upholds the idea that "undifferentiated fear of apprehension of disturbance is not enough to overcome the right to freedom of expression"?

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent County School District

One of the main founders of the NAACP was

W. E. B. Du Bois

free-expression clauses

accompanies the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment

What did Roe v. Wade settle for the nation as a whole?

allowed abortions during the first three months of pregnancy

policy evaluation

analysis of a public policy so as to determine how well it is working

The Supreme Court appealed to what element of the Constitution to support the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

commerce clause

authorization committees

committees of Congress that can authorize spending in their particular areas of responsibility

separate-but-equal doctrine

concept that providing separate but equivalent facilities for blacks and whites satisfies the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment

equality of outcome

concept that society must insure that people are equal, and governments must design policies to redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality is actually achieved

The Equal Rights Amendment

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Which of the following was not a success of the black nationalist movement?

created more affirmative action programs

ex post facto laws

declares an action to be criminal after it has been performed

invidious discrimination

discrimination against persons or groups that works to their harm and is based on animosity

Which clause has erected "a wall of separation between church and state"?

establishment clause

good faith exception

evidence seized on the basis of a mistakenly issued search warrant can be introduced at trial if the mistake was made in good faith, that is, if all parties involved had reason at the time to believe that the warrant was proper

Which of the following is the term to declare an action to be criminal after it has been performed?

ex post facto law

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

failed constitutional amendment introduced by the National Women's Party in 1923, declaring that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex"

What entity was the Bill of Rights supposed to limit?

federal government

establishment clause

forbids government establishment of religion

policy formulation

formal policy proposals are developed and adopted

Civil Liberties

freedoms guaranteed to individuals

Which of the following is an example of a redistribution policy?

funding Medicaid with income tax, paying interest on national debt with the tax on capital gains, tax reduction for businesses, while increasing the estate tax, paying for our children's education with a tax on espresso sales; all of the above

Johnson v. Santa Clara County reinforced the idea that what factor could be used in promotion decisions?

gender

public policy

general plan of action adopted by government to solve a social problem, counter a threat, or pursue an objective

prior restraint

government censorship of information before it is published or broadcast

regulation

government intervention in the workings of a business market to promote some socially desired goal

distributive policies

government policies designed to confer a benefit on a particular institution or group

de jure segregation

government-imposed segregation

Nineteenth Amendment

granted women the right to vote in 1920

The 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act does not guarantee access to

housing

Which of the following is not one of the elements people tend to disagree about?

how effective the policy should be

equality of opportunity

idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life

Which of the following was not a result of the civil rights movement?

immediate end to de facto and de jure segregation of school

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 accomplish?

improved voter registration among minority groups

fragmentation

in policymaking, the phenomenon of attacking a single problem in different and sometimes competing ways

feedback

information received by policymakers about the effectiveness of public policy

strict scrutiny

law or policy must be justified by a "compelling governmental interest," as well as being the least restrictive means for achieving that interest

bills of attainder

law that pronounces an individual guilty of a crime without a trial

A method used to keep African Americans from voting was

literacy tests

civil rights movement

mass mobilization during the 1960s that sought to gain equality of rights and opportunities for blacks in the South and to a lesser extent in the North, mainly through nonviolent unconventional means of participation

What do all government policies have in common?

means by which certain goals are pursued in specific situations

Which of the following is another term for civil liberties?

negative rights

What aspect of the Court's decision on religion was emphasized in Agostini v. Felton?

neutrality

protectionism

notion that women must be protected from life's cruelties; until the 1970s, the basis for laws affecting women's civil rights

obligation of contracts

obligation of the parties to a contract to carry out its terms

According to Justice Felix Frankfurter, what has the history of liberty been?

observance of procedural safeguards

nonprofit organization

organizations that are not part of government or business and cannot distribute profits to shareholders or anyone else

issue definition

our conception of a problem at hand

Before the Fourteenth Amendment was passed and applied to the states, the Constitution still barred both state and national governments from?

passing ex post facto laws

public figures

people who assume roles of prominence in society or thrust themselves to the forefront of public controversy

The free-exercise clause of the First Amendment?

permits all beliefs but allows for limitation of antisocial religious practices

What did the founding fathers mean for citizens to do with "the right of the people peaceably to assemble"?

petition the government

redistributional policies

policies that take government resources, such as tax funds, from one sector of society and transfer them to another

Which of the following is one of the more common methods of discrimination that includes forcing poor blacks to pay $1 or $2 in order to vote?

poll tax

If people possess rights, what do governments possess?

powers

civil rights

powers or privileges guaranteed to individuals and protected from arbitrary/random removal at the hands of government or individuals

free-exercise clause

prevents government from interfering with the exercise of religion

implementation

process of putting specific policies into operation

What do bills of attainder accomplish?

pronounced an individual guilty of a crime without a trial being held

What term describes the notion that women must be sheltered from life's harsh realities and was used as the basis of the traditional laws, which defined women as second-class citizens?

protectionism

Which of the following did not advance the equality of women?

protective legislation

boycott

refusal to do business with a firm, individual, or nation as an expression of disapproval or as a means of coercion

Our government needs the doctrine of strict scrutiny to?

represent a compelling state interest if religious practice is restricted

de facto segregation

segregation that is not the result of government influence

Numerous frustrated Native Americans acted out against the U.S. government and took matters into their own hands after decades of inaction. Which of the following was the result of Native American frustration and anger toward the U.S. government?

seizure of Alcatraz Island

racial segregation

separation from society because of race

issue network

shared-knowledge group consisting of representatives of various interests involved in some particular aspect of public policy

United States v. Virginia introduced what standard to cases of gender discrimination?

skeptical scrutiny

The history of civil rights has primarily been a search for?

social and economic equality

fighting words

speech that is not protected by the 1st Amendment because it inflicts injury or tends to incite an immediate disturbance of the peace

Miranda warnings

statements concerning rights that police are required to make to a person before he or she is subjected to in-custody questioning.

exclusionary rule

term to declare an action to be criminal after it has been performed

sexism

the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other

Bill of Rights originally imposed limits on?

the national government

Why did the Supreme Court reverse the decision in Brandenburg v. Ohio?

there was no evidence of real danger

Which of the following is true about the Court's ruling in Grove City College v. Bell?

was the target of the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988

civil disobedience

willful but nonviolent breach of laws that are regarded as unjust

The strike led by Cesar Chavez against California growers in 1965

won better working conditions for immigrant workers, won better pay for immigrant workers, instituted a national boycott, won better housing for immigrant workers; all the above