Politic Quiz 6- Chapters 11, 12 and 13

It is created through state interactions, customs, and conventions.

5. How is international law created?

precise

A new 300-page treaty on banning the practice of whaling is most likely to be:

imprecise.

A new international treaty that only says that states are required to reduce international pollution, but does not specify how or by how much, is best described as:

It will undermine totalitarian states, encourage political representation, and perhaps bring peace.

According to Franklin Roosevelt and some modern international relations scholars, why would promoting human rights be in the interest of the United States

States transitioning to democracy

According to the "lock in" argument, which states are most likely to sign and ratify international human rights agreements?

bilateral negotiations.

All of the following are important ongoing innovations in international human rights EXCEPT

accused has already been tried and found innocent by the courts of his or her own country.

All of the following are within the jurisdiction of the ICC EXCEPT of the:

transnational advocacy networks can force countries to sign human rights agreements.

Countries sign human rights agreements for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

customary international law; normal international law

Crimes against humanity went from being ________ to being ________ with the adoption of the Rome Statute.

is often developed over time as acceptable practices evolve.

Customary international law is different from normal international law in that it:

how much control is given to third parties.

Delegation in international law refers to:

customary international law.

Diplomatic immunity started as:

nonderogable

During times of war states can suspend numerous human rights, but they CANNOT suspend ________ rights.

Firms were initially given allowances for greenhouse gas emissions that they could sell or buy depending on their own efficiency.

How did Europe's Emissions Trading Scheme work?

They took progressively firmer stances against it.

How did states and international actors react to apartheid?

The system divided up and distributed a pollution allowance to individual firms that were contaminating clean air.

How did the Emissions Trading Scheme in Europe privatize a public good?

It is a body of rules that regulate behavior.

How is international law different from other forms of international institutions?

One of the sides eventually won the conflict.

How were the Rwandan genocide and civil war concluded?

low obligation.

If a state can ignore a set of international laws without any international repercussions, it suggests that the set of international laws are:

high obligation.

If a state had to change its domestic laws to avoid being charged with crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court, the state might suggest that those particular international laws are:

freedom from genocide.

In addition to the UDHR, the first international treaty to protect human rights covered

NGOs, working through TANs, have played a key role in educating the public about human rights, and the public has been persuaded to accept human rights.

In what way has the public been socialized to identify with universal human rights?

economic and human rights

International agreements about ________ issues are most likely to have enforcement provisions.

believe to be appropriate for other countries to do.

International norms are what countries:

how legally bound states are to an international rule.

Obligation refers to:

States must ratify the treaty.

Once an international treaty is negotiated, what step must states take for it to impose a constraint on state behavior?

legal obligations.

Precision in international law is concerned with the specificity of:

do not understand the implications of their human rights agreements.

States violate international human rights law for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that governments:

appropriate treatment of civilians and captured soldiers during times of war.

The Geneva Conventions address:

try individuals accused of committing serious human rights abuses.

The ICC is a court established to:

state sovereignty.

The International Criminal Court fundamentally violates:

international law.

The International Criminal Court's (ICC's) role and existence indicates that concepts about crimes against humanity are enshrined in:

did not take effect unless the government passed laws stating as such.

The United States declared the provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) to be "not self-executing." This means the provisions:

a common standard of achievement for all peoples.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights can best be described as:

Governments carry out some abuses of human rights in private, making it difficult to find evidence of abuses.

The definition for what counts as a human rights violation has expanded over time.

norm

The international standard of "Responsibility to Protect" is best described as an international

individual incentives and collective incentives are at odds.

The tragedy of the commons refers to a situation where:

Rights that all individuals have, regardless of the country in which they live

What are human rights?

When public goods are bundled with private goods.

What are joint products?

The powers and processes by which primary rules are made and changed

What are secondary rules?

It cannot act if a national judicial authority has already genuinely investigated or prosecuted the case.

What does it mean for the International Criminal Court (ICC) to be a court of last resort?

Relative power

What is NOT a factor in determining the difference between hard and soft law?

A good that is nonexcludable but rival in consumption

What is a common-pool resource?

Soft law is easier to achieve and offers flexibility when the future is uncertain.

What is an advantage to the adoption of soft law?

The UDHR, the ICCPR, and the ICESCR.

What is the International Bill of Rights?

They encouraged nonwhaling states to join the International Whaling Commission (IWC) and to vote for the ban.

What role did environmental groups play in getting a ban on commercial whaling enacted?

The policy of the South African government to segregate races and perpetuate inequality

What was apartheid?

stayed the same; decreased

Whereas we used to think that the rate of global human rights violations had ________ in the past 35 years, recent scholarship has indicated that it has ________.

China

Which country is currently the largest source of carbon emissions?

States can legitimately intervene in the internal affairs of another state that is failing to protect its citizens from widespread human rights abuses.

Which of the following best describes The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) norm?

The idea that people are by nature free and equal and possess certain basic rights

Which of the following best describes the concept of natural rights developed by English philosopher John Locke?

Global climate change

Which of the following environmental problems has seen the least progress made by international communities?

Carbon dioxide

Which of the following greenhouse gases is primarily responsible for our current concerns about global warming?

The United States and Canada are each other's largest trading partners, and together they stopped the problem of acid rain.

Which of the following illustrates the effects of linkage on environmental problems?

High delegation

Which of the following is a characteristic of hard law?

The obligations of the law are vague or unclear.

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of a soft law?

The Grand Banks fishery off the coast of North America

Which of the following is an example of a common-pool resource?

Fishing in a lake

Which of the following is an example of a good whose consumption is rival?

DuPont could earn profits from a ban on CFCs that would also reduce ozone depletion.

Which of the following is an example of a joint product?

Soldiers should not kill or injure an enemy who surrenders.

Which of the following is an example of a principle in the Geneva Conventions?

The United States saw sufficient benefits to justify banning CFCs unilaterally.

Which of the following is an example of a privileged group with respect to resolving environmental problems?

United States placing approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans in internment camps following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the start of World War II

Which of the following is an example of a rights violation due to a national security threat from domestic groups?

A person with a same-sex partner filed a petition with the European Court of Human Rights alleging that her government had violated her rights.

Which of the following is an example of individual petition?

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

Which of the following is an example of international law?

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade dispute settlement body permitting national vetoes of decisions

Which of the following is an example of low delegation in international law?

Poland had to agree to end the use of the death penalty in order to join the European Union.

Which of the following is an example of states using linkage to get other states to sign international human rights treaties?

A new government setting up a truth and reconciliation committee

Which of the following is an example of transitional justice?

Only sovereign states can bind themselves to the World Trade Organization.

Which of the following would be an example of a secondary rule in the World Trade Organization?

The new democratic government of Brazil ratifying the ICCPR with the hope that the next government will also comply with its provisions

Which of the following would be an example of using a human rights agreement to "lock in" new institutions?

Multiparty dictatorships are most likely to violate rights because the political opposition is active and the dictator uses repression to suppress them.

Which of these regimes is MOST likely to use violence against its citizens?

The negotiation over hard international human rights law got caught in the Cold War politics of the United States and Soviet Union.

Why did states write two separate treaties when translating the UDHR into hard international law protecting human rights?

Democracies have not thought it necessary to sign agreements because they already protect their citizens' rights.

Why have democracies been LESS likely to sign international human rights agreements?

Governments carry out some abuses of human rights in private, making it difficult to find evidence of abuses.

Why is it difficult to measure human rights abuses?

There is disagreement about what constitutes a human right.

Why is the effort to promote human rights uneven?

There are few CFC-producing countries, but nearly all industrialized and industrializing countries emit greenhouse gases.

Why is the problem of ozone depletion different from the problem of global warming?

Human rights violations occur within states and they rarely affect the material welfare of other countries.

Why is there disagreement among states over when and how human rights should be protected?

Economic sanctions on states that violate human rights also reduce the incomes of exporters in the sanctioning state.

Why might it be costly for states to enforce human rights laws?

The whale population was declining rapidly, and states were unable to reduce their catches sufficiently.

Why was a ban on commercial whaling enacted?

The pollution affected relatively few states, making cooperation easier.

Why was the problem of acid rain more easily resolved than other issues?