Political Science Exam 1
Which constitutional amendment gave women the right to vote?
19th
de jure discrimination
discrimination arising from or supported by the law
Freedom of expression
the right of individual Americans to communicate ideas of their choosing
The secondment protects
the right of the people to keep and bear arms
civil rights
the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.
In what year did the Supreme Court rule that forced busing violated students rights?
2007
In 1976 what court case established new guidelines by which the death penalty could be reinstated?
Gregg v. Georgia
Espionage Act
1917 act gave the government new ways to combat spying
Korematsu v. US
1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans
As of September 2019, Texas had --- specialty courts.
184
What percentage ___ of black children live in poverty compared to ___ percentage of white children
35% and 12%
Inmates serving life sentences for capital crimes must serve at least --- years before being considered.
40
First Amendment
5 freedoms: speech, press, religion, assembly, petition
Which amendment has to do with bail and cruel punishment
8th amendment
Affirmative Action
A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities
USA Patriot Act
Antiterrorism law that allowed the government certain rights to help chase and capture terrorists
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
Approved busing and redrawing district lines as ways of integrating public schools
What groups have historically packed equality in the United States?
Asian Americans, Women, and Catholics
Bill of Rights protects a number of civil liberties including freedom of...
Assembly, Press, and Speech
double jeopardy
Being tried twice for the same crime
In 1964 how did the federal government respond to demands for equal rights for African Americans?
Civil Rights Act which gives all people equal access to public accommodations
Right to fair trial, freedom of religion and freedom of speech are all..
Civil liberties
Equal access to the opportunities society provides is an example of
Civil rights
What is a type of freedom of expression not protected by the First Amendment?
Commercial speech and Obscene forms of sexual expressions
Burrell v. Hobby Lobby
Companies that are "closely held" -> Hobby lobby doesn't need to provide workers with contraceptives.
Hamadan v. Rumsfeld
Court ruled that detainees were entitled to trial by a court that upholds rights "which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples"
Asian Americans emphasize ___ as a means of achieving upward mobility
Education
The right to appeal after conviction is guaranteed in the Constitution. T or F?
False
Crime has increased less in Texas than in the country as a whole, over the past few decades. T or F?
False it has decreased
Most repeat offenders had committed violent crimes for their first offense T or F?
False most had committed nonviolent crimes for their first offense
Right of individual Americans to hold and communicate thoughts of their choosing
Freedom of expression or speech
What are some examples of civil liberties
Freedom of speech and the press
The death penalty in the U.S. was effectively suspended in 19 72, when the Supreme Court in --------------- found many state laws applied it in an arbitrary or discriminatory fashion.
Furman v. Georgia
Act of Toleration
Gave members of Protestant sects the right to worship freely and publicly.
Indian Civil Rights Act
Guaranteed Indians the rights granted to other citizens in the Bill of Rights while at the same time recognizing the legitimacy of tribal laws
Supreme Court ruled that detainees are protected by the U.S Uniform Code of Military Justice and by the Geneva Convention
Hamadan v. Rumsfeld
Navajo and Pueblo
Native languages spoken at home
Proponents argue what about the death penalty?
It deters crime, restores justice, provides retribution, and costs less than imprisonment for life
Opponents argue what about the death penalty?
It does little to deter crime and is "cruel and unusal punishment." The government has no moral right to deprive life; the cases cost more to prosecute; and innocent people may be put to death.
Which group is typically more productive of individual rights?
Judges
Policy's principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion is from the..
Lemon test
What are the top 10 states with the highest incarnation rates per 100,000 residents?
Louisana, Oklahoma, Mississippi, Arkansas, Arizona, Texas, Missouri, Kentucky, Georgia, and Alabama
The Sedition Act of 1798
Made it a crime to print newspaper stories critical of the president or other top national official
What are some examples of current policy issues for Native Americans?
Obtaining economic self sufficiency, preserving their culture and languages, and preventing casinos
New York Times Co v. United States
Prior restraint is unconstitutional without a compelling argument for the restriction
Equal Pay Act of 1963
Prohibits wage discrimination on the basis of sex in salary and wages
Fourth Amendment
Protects against unreasonable search and seizures without a warrant or probable cause. No arrest without belief you committed a crime
What are the three R's?
Recidivism, Rehabilitation, and Reform
Redlining
Refusing to grant mortgage loans in certain neighborhoods, typically those with large black populations
In 1980, conditions in Texas prisons were found to constitute "cruel and unusual punishment," violating the U.S. Constitution in what case
Ruiz v. Estelle
What was the first ever Supreme Court free-expression ruling?
Schenck v. United States
The Supreme Court has ruled that prisoners should generally appeal their cases first in...
State courts
Lau v. Nichols
Students must be taught in a language they understand
Schenck v. United States
Supreme Court upheld the conviction of defendant leaflets urging draft-age men to refuse induction into the military service
What state is currently the leading state in number of death sentences handed out and the number of prisoners executed?
Texas
What was challenged by Lawrence v. Texas
Texas sodomy laws
The Supreme Court decision on Schenck v. United States established which principle?
The federal government can restrict free expression but it does have unlimited authority to do so.
Grisworld vs Connecticut
The right to privacy
What is the propose of the 5th and 14th amendment?
They provide that no person can be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process by law
Lemon Test
Three-part test created by the Supreme Court for examining the constitutionality of religious establishment issues.
Abolitionist movement helped women suffrage become active on a large scale T or F?
True
African Americans are disproportionately imprisoned in the criminal justice system. T or F?
True
Asian Americans are the nations fastest growing ethnic group T or F?
True
At the federal level and sometimes the state level, defendants have a right to a jury trial to be heard by an "impartial jury. T or F?
True
Freedom of expression is the most basic of democratic rights but like all rights it is not unlimited T or F?
True
Government interference is allowed when the exercise of religious beliefs conflicts with otherwise valid law. T or F?
True
Most single-parent families are headed by women, and about one in three live below the poverty line. T or F?
True
Offenders likely to return to criminal activity did so within 3 years of release. T or F?
True
The Fourth Amendment protects against arbitrary police action T or F?
True
The majority of immigrants are from Mexico and the Caribbean islands T or F?
True
The governor can grant a reprieve which is a....
a 30-day temporary stay of execution).
Trail of Broken Treaties
a caravan that journeyed from California to Washington, D.C., to protest federal policy.
Plain view exception
admission if found in plain sight.
inevitable discovery exception
admission if other evidence would have led to the same discovery.
Good faith exception
admission if police believed they were following proper procedures.
Constitutional guarantees that protect citizens from arbitrary government action is known as
civil liberties
Equal Rights Amendment
constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender
Exclusionary rule
evidence obtained in violation of the defendant's rights cannot be used
The First Amendment provides for freedom of ——— -
expression
pro bono publico means
for the public good
What type of legislation was used to respond to a number of reforms?
funding for treatment and diversion facilities, including mental illness and substance abuse programs, educational programs, and increased funding to probation departments.
Establishment Clause
government cannot establish a religion must remain neutral
Texas's prison system indicated the prison population was growing because of
increases in the state's population, rising crime, and recidivism.
Clear and Present Danger
law should not punish speech unless there was a clear and present danger of producing harmful actions
Due process refers to
legal protections that have been established to preserve the rights of individuals
In 2005 the Texas legislature provided a third option for capital offenses...
life without parole
Intentionally denying or hiding evidence, encouraging witnesses to lie, or using their office to intimidate witnesses are all examples of what?
misconduct
When prosecutors fail to follow procedure, it is referred to as
misconduct
One way to reduce the prison population is to increase the number of individuals on...
parole
The Supreme Court has ruled that the right of free assembly takes...
precedence over the mere possibility that the exercise of the right might have undesirable consequences
Procedural Due Process
procedures that authorities must follow before a person can lawfully be punished for an offense
Fifth Amendment
prohibits government from forcing individuals to testify against themselves.
Sixth Amendment
right to a speedy and open trial, public trial, right to an attorney
Columbia v. Heller
right to possess a firearm for self-defense within the home
de facto segregation
segregation by unwritten custom or tradition
Civil Liberties
specific individual rights, such as the right to a fair trial, that are constitutionally protected against infringement by government
Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the _____ test
strict scrutiny
What amendments contribute to ensuring criminal due process?
the Sixth Amendment, the Fifth Amendment, the Eight Amendment, the Fourth Amendment
recidivism
the act of repeating an offense
Slander
the action or crime of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person's reputation.
Miranada v. Arizona
the court ruled that police must inform suspects that they have the right to remain silent, that anything they say may be used against them and they have a right to a lawyer before they question them
The Supreme Court has recently employed the Eight Amendment to ban what?
the death penalty for the mentally ill, the death penalty for juveniles, and life sentences without parole for juveniles
Libel
the publishing of statements that damage a person's reputation
What are comparable worth policies?
those that give women and men equal hourly pay for jobs that require similar training and education
USA Patriot Act was passed in order to
to combat terrorism
What was the intention of the Plessy v Ferguson ruling?
to maintain segregation while claiming equality
Riley v. California
warrantless search and seizure of digital contents of a cell phone during an arrest is unconstitutional
In 1892 Congress suspended Asian immigration to the United States on the grounds that Asians are....
were an inferior people
Title IX of Education Act of 1972
which prohibits sex discrimination in education