POLS 1113 Ch 5-8
As a result of the efforts of AIPAC (American Israel Public Affairs Committee), U.S. aid to Israel in 2007 totaled
$2.5 billion.
In 2008, how much did the finance, real estate, and insurance sector spend on federal lobbying efforts?
$460 million
Private companies, nonprofit organizations, and government agencies that receive federal government contracts worth at least _____ are required by law to have an affirmative action plan.
$50,000
Name four key Democratic positions today.
...
Name four key Republican positions today.
...
The Constitution imposes responsibilities, or civil rights, upon what groups?
...
Today, political parties are accessible to
...
What factor do scholars identify as supportive of the current two-party system?
...
What legal case was the first to argue that the Fourteenth Amendment's protections also applied to women?
...
Most polling organizations rarely poll more than _____ respondents.
1,500
Men are about _____ more likely to favor the death penalty than women.
10 percent
Today, what percentage of U.S. workers belongs to unions?
12%
What year did Congress pass the Missouri Compromise, which sought to regulate slavery in the western territories?
1820
What year saw Congress pass the Fugitive Slave Act, an attempt to stall or prevent the secession of the southern slave states from the Union?
1850
What year saw the Literary Digest conduct the first straw poll in the United States?
1916
What year saw the Nineteenth Amendment added to the Constitution?
1919
What year were women granted the right to vote in the United States?
1920
What decade do political scientists argue first cemented the ideological differences between today's Democrats and Republicans?
1930s
What year saw the Supreme Court ban southern states from formally excluding African Americans from primary voting?
1944
Which was the only presidential election in which the Gallup poll erred badly?
1948 Truman‐Dewey
What year saw Rosa Parks challenge the constitutionality of Jim Crow laws in Alabama?
1955
Since _____ , the first through twelfth grade student poll has correctly predicted the outcome of every presidential election.
1956
When did the second wave of the women's movement begin?
1960s
Since _____ , a majority of women have voted for the Democratic Party.
1980
What year saw the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act, which enhances the federal prohibition of discrimination against people with disabilities?
1990
For much of its existence, the United States has had a _____ system.
2 party
Since _____ , poll data has indicated a slight rebound in the level of public trust in government.
2009
What year included the Supreme Court decision of Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, which drastically altered the political landscape by allowing corporate and union election financing?
2010
How old was Martin Luther King Jr. when he took the leadership of the civil rights movement in Montgomery, Alabama?
27
How many "faces," or spheres of operation, do American political parties have?
3
According to one study, what percentage of young adults aged 18-29 live in cellular-only households?
33 percent
Generally, political parties have _____ concerns
4
According to data collected by the National Association of Elected and Appointed Officials, the number of Latinos elected to public office has grown by almost _____ in the last decade.
40%
The public's trust in government's ability to handle international problems reached its low point in 2007, when only _____ of respondents expressed favorable attitudes toward American foreign policy.
51%
From 1932 to 1968, the Democrats dominated the
5th party system
The impact of the civil rights movement can be seen in places like Mississippi, where voter registration rates for African Americans have increased from _____ in 1965 to _____ in 2008.
7, 28
What percentage of Americans belongs to voluntary groups or associations?
80%
What interest group has over 35 million members?
AARP
What group is the largest agricultural interest group today?
AFBF
Which Native American movement, formed in 1968, pursued aggressive tactics in an attempt to gain full legal equality?
AIM
Whose defeat in the federal election of 1804 marked the end of the Federalist Party?
Adams
No matter how religious they are, _____ are likely to identify themselves as Democrats.
African Americans
Another name for the Civil Rights Act of 1872, which made it a federal crime to deprive individuals of their rights, is the
Anti-KKK-Act
Sixty percent of all _____ are registered Democrats.
Asian Americans
Laws passed immediately after the Civil War by southern states that limited the rights of "freedmen", or former slaves, were known as
Black Codes.
What Supreme Court decision ended the federal government's support for separate but equal practices in the southern states?
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka
In 2010, which religious interest group advocated the construction of an Islamic center at the site of the World Trade Center?
CAIR
What country of origin does the largest percentage of Asian Americans derive from?
China
Which recent president's election had the smallest gender gap, with woman voters only favoring him by 4 percent over his opponent?
Clinton
Which four states allow same-sex couples to marry?
Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, and Vermont
Which 1971 Court decision established Latinos as a legally-recognized minority group in the United States?
Corpus Christ Schools vs. Cisneros
Over the last several decades, political scientists have agreed that the power of political parties has
Declined
Whites, African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans hold _____ political views.
Different
What African American writer, scholar, and social activist is considered the father of social science?
Du Bois
Who testified before Congress in 2002 about the need for music education in schools?
Elmo
Attacks against individuals are considered hate crimes under most state law based on all the following biases EXCEPT
Gender-identity or sexual orientation
Who founded the American Institute of Public Opinion in 1935?
George Gallup
What is the largest minority group in the United States?
Hispanics
Who is the leader of the Teamsters Union?
Hoffa
During the era of the Second Party System, which political party rose to power?
Jacksonian Democrats or Whig party
Which founding father, as founder of the Anti-Federalists, instigated the process of direct communication with voters?
Jefferson
Which U.S. president was the first to define and use the term affirmative action?
Kennedy
Who chaired the Commission on the Status of Women between 1961 and 1963?
Kennedy
Which 1967 case determined unconstitutional state laws barring interracial marriage?
Loving v. Virginia
Who created the concept of rational choice theory?
Mancur Olson
In what city was Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated in 1968, setting off riots in more than 100 cities?
Memphis, TN
What regions tend to favor the Democrats?
Northeast
Which region has the largest Catholic and Jewish populations compared to other regions in the United States?
Northeast
In most states, party identifiers are typically measured by
Party registration
Which group is recognized as the national Catholic peace movement?
Pax Christi USA
What Court ruling created the separate but equal doctrine, which upheld state laws that mandated racial separation in schools and all public accommodations?
Plessy vs. Ferguson
An organization of ideologically similar people that nominates and elects its members to office is known as a
Political party
Which presidential election first revealed the existence of the gender gap?
Reagan-Carter
Which presidential election destroyed the credibility of straw polls?
Roosevelt-Landon
Which 1857 Supreme Court decision set the stage for the Civil War by mobilizing the abolitionist movement?
Scott vs. Sandford
In 1848, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the first meeting of the U.S. women's rights movement at
Seneca Falls, NY
What region of the United States is most Protestant compared to other regions?
South
What regions favor the Republicans?
South
Which civil rights leaders urged a more aggressive approach as an alternative to Martin Luther King Jr.'s nonviolent tactics?
Stokely Carmichael and Malcolm X
Which constitutional amendments were passed in the aftermath of the Civil War, and codified the victory of the North?
Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth
Who was the first African American to sit on the U.S. Supreme Court?
Thurgood Marshall
_____, part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, establishes a standard of equality in employment opportunity, and establishes a body of law that regulates legal employment practices.
Title VII
What is arguably the most important role of political parties in the American political system?
To promote civic responsibility among elected officials and give voters an important "check" on those elected officials.
Which American President coined the term lobbyist?
Ulysses S. Grant
What university's affirmative action-based admissions policies were challenged in Grutter v. Bollinger in 2003?
Univ. of Michigan
What civil rights legislation banned discriminatory voter registration practices, and mandated federal intervention in any county with less than 50 percent of those eligible registered to vote?
VRA
What region has the largest population of people without a religious affiliation?
West
Among whites, African Americans, Native Americans and Latinos which youth cohort is the most involved in community activities?
african americans
Which group(s) is/are most likely to vote for Democrats?
african americans, women, minorities
Name four new technologies which are being used by political parties to reach and motivate supporters.
all of the above
What are the positive aspects of interest groups' political activity?
all of the above
What measure(s) do lobbyists employ to gain access to policymakers?
all of the above
What would be the feature(s) which would be characteristic of political parties?
all of the above
Which party rose to dominance for several elections after 1860?
anti-slave republicans
Once elected into office, the party in government exerts _____ power.
appointed
Between 1810 and 1850, how many people managed to escape slavery via the Underground Railroad?
around 100,000
Today, where are people more likely to socialize with their friends than in previous generations?
at restaurants
Divided government occurs when
branches of government are controlled by different political parties
What occupations would be represented by industry specific organizations?
business executive and industry executuive
What interest group would be an example of an umbrella organization?
business roundtable
Which group is often used by interest groups to testify before Congress as a means of raising public awareness?
celebrities
What technologies are voters increasingly relying upon for political information and knowledge?
cell phones and internet
The practice of using public outreach to build favorable public opinion of an organization or company is known as
climate control
Ralph Nader is best known for his involvement with _____ groups.
consumer interest
With respect to real political power, which group(s) is/are the most important component(s) of a party organization?
county and local
Since 1968, political scientists have argued that _____ is a notable feature of the new party politics.
dealing
Media attention on political parties tends to highlight their
differences in issues
Critics of affirmative action argue that it
discriminates against caucasians
What two groups are likely to be members of professional associations?
doctors and lawyers
Many people over 50 join the AARP (American Association of Retired Persons) as a result of which incentive?
economic incentive
Since 2008, what issue has been identified by respondents as the "most important problem" facing the country?
economy
When interest groups engage in indirect strategies to support candidates supportive of their agendas, it is known as
electioneering
What role is undertaken by the majority party in legislatures at all levels?
elects legislators, make committee assignments, hold majority on committees
What pieces of legislation provided women equal protection under the law?
equal pay act, title 7, title 9
Which branch of the federal government consistently scores higher in levels of public trust than others?
executive
_____ are frequently sponsored by news organizations, who use them to help predict outcomes of gubernatorial, congressional, and presidential elections and provide information about why voters voted the way they did.
exit poll
Which factors have social scientists argued exert the strongest influence on political socialization?
family, school, churches, media, peers, leaders
For the purposes of stratified sampling, how many sampling regions are there in the United States?
four
How many times was Franklin D. Roosevelt elected president?
four times
The problem of someone deriving a benefit from the actions of others is known as the
free rider problem
What peer group(s) influence(s) political socialization?
friends, neighbors, co-workers, peers
Generally speaking, Americans have a _____ impression of interest groups.
generally negative
What issue would be central focus of the National Rifle Association?
government controls on gun ownership
What event is a strong example of generational effect on the oldest living Americans?
great depression
What would be the most recent example of an issue advocacy party?
green party
Which priorities are women likely to favor more than men?
healthcare
Sex-based discrimination cases are subject to which legal treatment test?
heightened scrutiny test
Today, which standard must be passed for an affirmative action policy for women to be declared constitutional?
heightened scrutiny test
Public opinion and _____ are inextricably linked because _____ is the prism through which people view all political issues.
ideology
In elections, PAC funding shapes electoral outcomes by tending to favor which type of candidate?
incumbents
The interaction of mutual interests involving interest groups, government officials, and members of Congress is known as the
iron triangle.
When lobbyists employ former members of government, they are creating
issue network
When are children in the United States first exposed to socialization by being encouraged to believe in democracy and express patriotism?
kindergarten
Which organizations are now able to bypass PACs and use financial resources to directly purchase federal campaign advertisements?
labor unions and corporations
Among whites, African Americans, Native Americans and Latinos which youth cohort is the most likely to have been involved in political protests?
latinos
Name five of the key principles of the Tea Party supporters.
less government, fiscal responsibility, lower taxes, states rights, national security
For a range of reasons, children from working-class families are _____ to have been socialized to participate in interest groups.
less likely
What types of discrimination, based on the rational basis test, have the courts been willing to allow?
minimum ages and retirement ages
Which religious interest organization was founded by Jerry Falwell in the 1970s?
moral majority
Studies indicate that children whose parents participate in civic life are _____ to do so themselves.
more likely
One recent study indicated that college students are _____ to join a politically motivated interest group than their peers who do not attend college.
more than twice as likely
Among whites, African Americans, Native Americans and Latinos which youth cohort is the most politically engaged?
native americans
The formal party apparatus is known as the
party orginizations
During the era of political machines, party leaders used _____ as a device to reward political supporters.
patronage
Separate entities formed by interest groups whose specific goal is to raise and spend money to influence election outcomes are known as
political action committees (PAC)
The process by which individuals acquire their opinions is called
political socialization.
What political leader plays a prominent role in shaping Americans' views?
president
Which party backed the presidential campaign of Theodore Roosevelt in 1912?
progresive
Which voting system rewards political parties with a number of seats equal to the percentage of the vote it receives?
proportional representation system
The recent decline in trust in the institution of the presidency is closely related to
public perceptions of American's economic health
Belief in a group's cause is an example of which type of incentive?
purposive
A poll that provides campaigns with information on strengths and weaknesses and attempts to skew public opinion about a candidate is a
push poll
Colleges and universities use affirmative action policies to ensure a student body that is diverse in
race, color, economic status, and place of origin.
Which inherent characteristic(s) is/are currently protected from discrimination under the Constitution?
race, color, sex, religion, and national origin
In recent years, what has been the most important role of the national party chair?
raise funds
Because it is impossible to measure everyone's opinions, pollsters frequently rely on
random sampling.
What term is used by political scientists to describe a shift in party allegiances or electoral support?
realignment
In 2004, the Christian Coalition concentrated on what activities?
registering voters, got-out-the-vote campain
What influence do first-generation political activists identify as significant in motivating them to become involved in civic activity?
school, the media, friends, and public policies
What aspect of racial discrimination became the primary target of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) in its first decades of existence?
separate but equal
What types of things influence and decide an interest groups political effectiveness?
size, cohesion, demographics, intensity
Which issue dominated party politics in the 1850s?
slavery
Which groups have usually composed the base of the Republican Party?
small business owners, very religious, upper-middle class
Relationships that improve our individual lives by giving us social connections to solve common problems are forms of
social capital
Which type of incentives for joining interest groups is closely linked to Robert Putnam's idea of social capital?
solidarity incentives
People's party identification _____ their voting preferences.
sometimes does not match
Which test is applied by the courts in cases related to suspect classifications?
strict scrutiny test
Which tests do the courts apply to determine when unequal treatment is legal?
strict scrutiny, heightened scrutiny, ordinary scrutiny
What is a major priority for the Republican Party today?
stronger governmental roles in regulating traditional moral values
Which grassroots movement has formed across America since 2009?
tea party
What outcome resulted from most of the 370 treaties entered into between Native American tribes and the federal government between 1778 and 1870?
the federal government reneged on it promises and tribes recieved no land
According to elite theorists, a ruling class of wealthy, educated individuals wields most of the power in which institutions?
top universities, major corporations, media outlets, and the military
A poll that measures changes in public opinion over the course of days, weeks, or months by repeatedly asking respondents the same questions and measuring changes in opinion is known as
tracking poll
Which organizations are identified by political scientists as assuming the roles formerly performed by political parties?
types of media
In what age group are women LEAST likely to vote than men?
under 25
Public polls and voting behavior indicate that men and women have _____ views on many issues.
very different
How do men's and women's opinions differ on the issue of abortion?
very little
What rights were granted to women as a result of the Declaration of Sentiments being signed in 1848?
voting
What social group(s) is/are likely to be over represented in interest groups?
wealthy, white, upper-middle class, educated
What is an important regional difference in political outlook in the United States?
where you live
Research appears to indicate that _____ tend to particularly favor the Republican Party.
white Protestants
What tactics was/were used in southern states during the Jim Crow era to deny African Americans their voting rights?
white primary, literacy test,poll tax,grandfather clause
Among whites, African Americans, Native Americans and Latinos which youth cohort is LEAST likely to have engaged in political protests?
whites
Which group(s) is/are most likely to vote for Republicans?
whites, men, college educated
Which groups are more warmly received by political parties today than in the past?
women, minorities, students