POLS 160 AS AM

According to Kim (2007), why is a majority party strategy unfavorable to the empowerment prospect of Asian Americans? Do you agree to his theory of the racial logic of politics? What advice would you give for the political empowerment of Asian Americans?

"The 2-party competition systematically drives path elites to draw upon and reproduce a historically overdetermined discursive representation of Asians as irreducibly illiberal, with enduring attachments to powerful foreign countries and powers"(Kim 2007, p.28). Asian Americans "cannot successfully advance their political interests by working within the party system. Moreover, their efforts to incorporate themselves into one or the other majority party coalition paradoxically push both parties to strategically ostracize Asian Americans.."

Mee Moua

(Mee Moua's election to the MN Senate) -Smart usage of new and traditional media for disseminating campaign messages tailored to the community. -Culturally attuned, intensive, and direct voter contacts through existing social networks- either associational, neighborhood, family, or clan based -Intergeneration voter outreach - recruit younger (1.5 gen) volunteer sto go door to door contacting directly with the elderly and help get them to vote (for fill out absentee ballot)

Why are media stereotyping by race and gender called "controlling images" by Espiritu?

Media stereotypes of Asians and other US minorities are "controlling images" for they "naturalize racism, sexism, and poverty by branding subordinate groups as alternatively inferior, threatening, or praiseworthy" through the objectification of the Asian American men and women. -Race based stereotypes: yellow peril, forever foreigner, model minority

Michelle Wu

Michelle Wu is an American lawyer and politician serving as the mayor of Boston, Massachusetts since 2021. She is a member of the Democratic Party. The daughter of Taiwanese immigrants, she was the first Asian American woman to serve on the Boston City Council

Nikkei for Civil Rights and Redress (NCRR, 2000-)

NCRR, 1980 -> it arguably played a most critical role in redress movement by -Pressure JACL to support repartition early on, -Pushing for and helping solicit individual testimony in CWRIC hearings -Lobbying Congress for passage of HR 442 -Organizing "Day of Remembrance Activities"

Global Alliance for Historical Truth (GAHT, 1994-)

Strength of opposing coalition (Japanese govt, GAHT, Japanese business, local politicians)Universalism in strategy (gender justice, human rights)

school-to-prison-to-deportation pipeline

many immigrants would go down this pipeline but the nonprofit organization PrYsm mobilized queer Southeast Asian youth, families and allies in order to prevent this pipeline.

toggling

minority candidates use different media(mainstream v. ethnic), language(broad v. narrow cast, issue position), and style(symbols, sociocultural cues) to both mobilize their base to vote as a bloc and to attract crossover votes. EX: Gary Locke used toggling. He represented a "model minority" and hard-working American, and was considered an American immigrant success story. He appealed to values of moderate, middle-class voters; strong support for education and welfare reform. He was well connected with local and national Asian community organization network and ethnic media.

PrYSM (2001- )

mobilizes queer Southeast Asian youth, families, and allied in Providence, RI to build grassroots organizations and organize collectively for social justice by breaking down the school-to-prison-to-deportation pipeline

Korean American Civic Engagement (KACE, 1996- )

one of the memorials as symbols of resistance and transnational solidarity for women's rights.

liberal consensus

post World War II international ambitions to combine free market and social policies.

HiTek Video (1999)

series of protests in 1999 by Vietnamese Americans in Little Saigon, Orange County, California in response to Trần Văn Trường's display of the flag of communist Vietnam and a picture of Ho Chi Minhin the window of Hi-Tek Video, a video store that he owned. Occurring amidst the backdrop of the restoration of relations between the two countries and a background of continuous anti-communist activities, some violent, undertaken through the past two decades, it has been considered the largest such protest in the history of Little Saigon.

ethnoburbs

small and medium-sized cities located in the suburbs whose population and economy have been transformed in recent decades by transpacific capital and immigration EX: cities in SoCal and SF Bay are (near) majority Asian

intersectionality

the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.

HBT (2010- )

to restructure intergenerational relationships to homeland politics, rethink hegemonic narratives and create anti colonialism liberation and radical Vietnam politics.

dual-track

use deracialized language for nonethnic voters; use racial mobilization for ethnic voters

social voting

voting together with friends, neighbors, and others in the social networks

Despite incidences of Asian-Black conflicts, Afro-Asian solidarity is also part of our history. How so? Illustrate with evidence from four US wars in Asia and two Asian women bridge-builders.

-"Philippine-American war (1899-1902):African American as "buffalo soldiers"; some like David Fagan crossed over to the Filipino side. -WWII (1940-45) : aspiring to achieve beyond "Double V" to "Double D" by taking a pro-Japan/Japanese Am stance -Korean War (1950-53) Black Veterans become anti-racist and anti-imperialist activists in Civil Rights and Black Power Movements. -Vietnam War (1955-1975)- anti war protests against US imperialism and racism created a common ground. -Grace Lee Boggs (1915-2015) and Yuri Kochiyama (1921-2014)

Grace Lee Boggs

-1915-2015 -politically active before the Asian American movement acquired its name -supported Black struggles

Yuri Kochiyama

-1921-2014 -politically active before the Asian American movement acquired its name -supported Black struggles -based in Harlem, NY who was with Malcolm X when he was assassinated and vowed to carry on his cause.

What is cultural activism? What are some past and recent examples of Asian American resistance against media misrepresentation and underrepresentation of the community?

-Cultural activism: Mash up of artistic expression and activism. -Meant to create social justice and political change by acting outside of structured organizing. Examples of Prior AA Cultural Activism -to (re)construct their own identity Asian American cultural workers and their works mentioned by Espiritu include - John Okada (No-No Boy)Carlos Bulosan (America is in the heart)Frank Chin (Chickencoop Chinaman)Angry Asian Girl good example. -Activists for Asian American women's issues often found the need to choose between a cultural nationalist and a feminist/assimilationist agenda. The former neglects the issue of gender, the latter overlooks the issue of race.

Fisher v. U of Texas (2013, 2016)

-2013: Abigail N. Fisher, a Caucasian female, applied for undergraduate admission to the University of Texas in 2008. Fisher was not in the top ten percent of her class, so she competed for admission with other non-top ten percent in-state applicants. The University of Texas denied Fisher's application. Fisher filed suit against the university and other related defendants, claiming that the University of Texas' use of race as a consideration in admission decisions was in violation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. -Decision: 7-1 majority. The Supreme Court held that, in affirming the lower court's decision, the Court of Appeals did not hold the University's admission policies to a standard of strict scrutiny, so the judgment was incorrect. -2016: On June 23, 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court ("Court"), in a 4-3 decision in Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin ("Fisher"), held that the race-conscious admissions program used by the University of Texas at Austin ("UT") was lawful under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment - Over 160 Asian Americans and Pacific Islander organizations filed Amicus Briefs in support of affirmative action in the Fisher II (2016) case. -Race-conscious policy can stay only after passing the strict legal scrutiny test.

What is and is not affirmative action? Why are Asian Americans at the center of the new wave of debate (or lawsuit) on college admissions? Can it be considered a new wave of the Asian American movement for social change? Why or why not?

-Affirmative action is a set of federal policies, programs, and measures that aims to repair damage from race - (and gender) based discrimination in the past. Affirmative action is NOT -not about racial quota (outlawed in Bakke v. University of California of 1978). -cannot be just about race and race can only be considered as part of the factors (decided in 2 UMich cases in 2003 and upheld in Fish v. University of Texas 2013 and 2016)-- race-conscious policy can stay only after passing the strict legal scrutiny test. -not about "negative action" or unfavorable treatment against whites or Asian Americans based solely on racial concerns that aim to serve the interests of undeserving minorities -Many recent (Chinese) immigrants see affirmative action as part of a long history of discrimination against Asians in this country. -They seem to think of this policy only as a roadblock to gain access to top Ivy League campuses. And they have been organized by Edward Blum and his SFFA since 2014. -Asian Americans want to be represented but also don't want quota system where they are not getting in bc of a percentage. -Benefits other races like Blacks and Hispanics. -AA at center of debate because of case made against Harvard.

To what extent have Asian Americans participated as voters in recent US elections? Why don't (more) Asian Americans vote? What are the continuing barriers to their voting rights at the dawn of the 21th century?

-Among voting-age Asians, just two-thirds (68%) are citizens; only two-fifths (39%) are registered to vote -Only ⅓ of adult Asian Americans voted. But over 8 in 10 Asians who were registered turned out to vote. Barriers: -Process of becoming naturalized -Knowledge of the need to get pre-registered by self. -Inadequate bilingual language assistance -Biases in enforcing voter id requirements and other voting suppression issues - Need for immigrant adult re-socialization of the US process and voluntary culture -Lack of political recruitment and contact by mainstream parties and groups.

In what sense are Asian Americans the racial mascot in the current debate on affirmative action, according to Poon and Segoshi (2018)? What are the arguments made by organizational elites on both the left and right side of politics on the topic?

-Asian Americans have become a racial mascot in the attempt to overturn affirmative action. Opponents have stereotypes Asian Americans as hard working and highly achieving on their pwn merits, while also casting Asian Americans as primary victims of racism and differential treatment. -Omitted from mentioning is the internal diversity among Asian Americans and their being direct beneficiaries from the policy for diversity, equity, and inclusion. -Opponents adopted color-blind ideology and treating Asians as the "new Jews" and model minority. -Proponents adopted ethically inclusive, racially egalitarian, and class diverse understanding of the AAPI population.

loyalty v. assimilation paradigm

-Assimilation paradigm: Wang focuses on Chinese in the U.S. Assimilation reinforces of all Americans are an equal chance in assimilating into the melting pot Justified racial discrimination in the U.S -Loyalty paradigm: domination is also exterritorial- could be formal or informal. "Loyalty paradigm which overseas governments could use to pressure their 'émigrés' to focus their political efforts on supporting their native country"

In your view, how should Asian Americans situate themselves in the affirmative action debate, especially regarding getting access to elite higher education?

-Be well informed - Affirmative Action is still current federal policy and most of the beneficiaries are still whites. -Resist being caught in the left right crossfire by refusing to be the wedge (used by the right to attack campus diversity. -Emphasizing diversity within Asians and the need for equal protection of disadvantaged groups and individuals. -Resist perpetuating white privilege by building allies with disenfranchised in every community including poor whites and women of color -Contribute to the debate on finding the best means or balance to address our nation's needs for diversity and equality.

Are Asian students the new Blacks or the racial spoiler, according to Kim (2018)? What solution does she propose to replace racial identification in college admissions?

-Both sides of the affirmative action debate see Asians as victims. -"It means articulating a... sociometry that conceptualizes the differentiated, unequal statuses of groups caught together in the racial net of anti-Blackness and White Supremacy" (p.239).

Can Asian Americans make an impact on US elections—at the national, state, and local levels? Where and how can Asian candidates do better? Any special advice for candidates who are refugees or from refugee communities?

-Can do better in small and medium-sized cities that are majority or plurality Asian, with friendly election systems, strong community orgs, and ethnic media. -Despite being numerically small as a group, Asian American voters can swing the outcome of an election If they turned out to vote If they voted together as a bloc If the elections are tight and the results may be decided by a small number of votes -Refugees: Smart usage of new and traditional media for disseminating campaign messages tailored to the community. Culturally attuned, intensive, and direct voter contacts through existing social networks- either associational, neighborhood, family, or clan-based

What are some facts about Asian American students that challenge the model minority myth?

-Currently, more Asian students are enrolled in 2-year than in 4-year colleges and many do not come from privileged backgrounds. -Despite the overall success image, some subgroups are underrepresented in colleges and they suffer from the "halo effect" of not needing assistance. -Asian Americans are not automatically included in affirmative action programs, even if they are currently protected at the federal level. -Asian American students' attitude toward affirmative action is impacted by beliefs about anti-Asian racism and fairness of meritocracy. -Ending Affirmative action will only benefit a few, elite Asians while hurting the access to diverse education for All Asians.

Gary Locke

-Got elected as first Asian Am governor in a mainland state (Washington). -Did not directly use deracialization but clever use of toggling -An American immigrant success story - the Chinese/Asian American version -A model minority hard working American -Appealed to values of moderate, middle class voters, strong support for education, welfare reform.

Justice for Peter Liang (2014)

-Gurley and his girlfriend entered the seventh-floor stairwell, fourteen steps below them. Liang fired his weapon; the shot ricocheted off a wall and fatally struck Gurley in the chest. A jury convicted Liang of manslaughter, which a court later reduced to criminally negligent homicide. -On February 10, 2015, Liang was indicted by a grand jury (seven men and five women) for manslaughter, assault, and other criminal charges (five counts total) -The conviction galvanized the Chinese community in New York City and across the United States. Many felt that Liang (an Asian American) was being used as a scapegoat; Chinese Americans organized rallies in major cities via WeChat, Facebook, Twitter, and email. -On March 28, 2016, prosecuting Brooklyn District Attorney Kenneth P. Thompson recommended to Kings County Supreme Court Judge Danny Chun that Liang serve only house arrest and community service for his sentence. -On April 19, 2016, Justice Chun sentenced Liang to five years probation and 800 hours community service after downgrading his manslaughter conviction to criminally negligent homicide.

What is the relationship between Asian Americans and the major political parties? How do voters and voting-age adults differ in this? Why do Asians tend to vote Democratic?

-In 2016 (as before), Asians identified more with the Democratic than Republican Party, but the majority of adult Asians identified with neither or nonpartisanship ranks by ethnic group. -In 2022 (as before), more Asians identified as Democrats than Republicans but the majority of adult Asians belong to neither. -"Asian voters swung left more than any other voters of color"-NYT Why have Asians voted Democratic? -Favorable party image--Democrats are viewed as caring more for minorities than Republicans. -Greater party outreach--higher share of registered voters reported being contacted by Democratic than Republican parties. -Social voting--voting together with friends and neighbors and others in the social network. -Issue concerns--for Hmong voters, economic and social concerns and personal contacts are major factors. (For Viet. voters, family values, and anti-communism count more.)

Asian Americans voters played a decisive role in Georgia's most recent US Senate races. What are some of the reasons behind Asians' record turnout?

-In GA, 62% (or more than 18.5k) of the 30k APPI registered voters voted in Nov.2020, which nearly doubled the rate in 2016. -Asians were 3% of GA voters and 55% voted fro Biden in 2020. - In Jan. 2021 US Senator runoff elections, Asian voters contributed to the margins of victory for Democratic candidates. Ingredients for the Record Increase in turnout -targeted voter outreach (in-language phone banking, text banking, and mailer program that covered 20 states and 13 different languages) -heavy investment in intergenerational organizing -early grassroots engagement through local census operations -increased partisan outreach -efforts to combat misinformation about voting

SFFA v. Harvard U (2019)

-In Sept.2016, Harvard U. was ordered by the US District Court to turn over admission data in the SFFA v. Harvard case filed on behalf of Asian American students. -The lower courts did not find Harvard to harbor racial bias in both 2019 and 2020. -Organized by Edward Blum

How do Asian Americans think of affirmative action (in higher education)? What explains their differences in opinion on this issue?

-In reality, most Asian American voters support Affirmative Action; even if their support is weaker than Black and Latinos, but stronger than white voters. -At least 2/3 of registered Asian American voters have been for affirmative action between 2014-2002; True with 3 in 5 Chinese Americans registered voters in 2022. -In 2022, the majority of Asian American registered voters favor affirmative action in higher education. Differences: -Many recent (Chinese Immigrants) see affirmative action as part of a long history of discrimination against Asians in the country. -They also only think of college admissions as a problem of gaining access to top IVY league campuses. -Asian American students' attitude toward Affirmative Action is impacted by beliefs about Anti-Asian racism and fairness of meritocracy.

Stop AAPI Hate (2020-)

-In response to the alarming escalation in xenophobia and bigotry resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, AAPI Equity Alliance (AAPI Equity), Chinese for Affirmative Action (CAA), and the Asian American Studies Department of San Francisco State University launched the Stop AAPI Hate coalition on March 19, 2020. -The coalition tracks and responds to incidents of hate, violence, harassment, discrimination, shunning, and child bullying against Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in the United States. -Our mission is to advance equity, justice, and power by dismantling systemic racism and building a multiracial movement to end anti-Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) hate.

1.5 generation

-Individuals who immigrated to the United States as a child or an adolescent. -Volunteered to go door-to-door in Meeo Moua's campaign and helped the older generation Hmongs to understand the ballot in order for them to vote.

middleman minority thesis

-Korean (also Chinese and South Asian American) small business/family shop owners are situated in the U.S. urban economic order between white corporate owners and impoverished nonwhite (Latino/Black) customer -Korean merchants are considered both perpetrators and scapegoats in this economic order. -Korean Am. were caught in the middle between Black and white conflicts over the political, economic, and justice systems. -Korean-Black relations were aggravated by media stereotyping and cultural misunderstanding between the two minority groups.

Justice for Vicha (2021-)

-On January 28th, 2021, Vicha was on one of his daily walks in the Anza Vista neighborhood when he was attacked by a male teenager. He was found on the ground by the neighbor who called the health care professionals and promptly brought to San Francisco General Hospital. Vicha never regained consciousness and died from a brain hemorrhage two days later. -Vicha's passing shows that Anti-Asian racism is deadly. Anti-Asian racism and Anti-Asian hate have become a very serious danger to all Asians, particularly in San Francisco -Believed to be a racist hate crime done by an African American young man.

What are the major types and effects of media stereotyping of Asian Americans?

-Race based stereotypes - yellow peril, forever foreigner, model minority. Effects: - It collapses gender and sexuality with race, ethnicity, class, and nativity. -It provides ideological justification for making discriminatory public policies. -It affects US race relations and international relations -It affects self-identity of minorities (through the process of psychosocial dominance) and interpersonal relations (such as choice of marriage partners) -Stereotypes of Asian Americans are often one-dimensional, conflicting images (hyper masculine/fem, exotic/asexual, heater/homosexual, benign/evil) and always he racial "other" cannot be characterized as either black or white.

What is Sa-I-Gu? How and why did Korean Americans get involved in the LA Riots of 1992?

-Refers to the first day of LA riots, which erupted after the nonguilty verdict of Rodney King beating trial of four white LAPD members in 1992. -Literally in Korean 4-2-9 or April 29 -The riots/uprising followed Black protests of injustice in the killings of Latasha Harlins and Lee Arthur Mitchell and others by Korean American merchants in 1991. Why did Koreans get involved? -Large numbers of middle-class Korean families migrated to LA in the 1980s, mostly for children's education and religious reasons. -They operated small shops in Koreatown, which is next to to South-Central LA, the site of the Riots. -Tensions because of KorAm economic tensions. -Some tensions attributed to Middleman Minority Thesis. -Korean Merchants were targeted and suffered the most damage in the nation's first multiracial riots.

What is "political education" as discussed in Fu (2022)? What does it aim to achieve, through what means, and who can benefit? What are some of the key principles and examples of practices?

-Seven key factors of political education: horizontal learning, process-oriented education, collective wisdom, lived experience, relevant education, authentic dialogue, and critical thinking -Embodied through liberating curriculum and learning, political education aims to transform ordinary people into change agents by helping them see and understand "complex systems of oppression in everyday terms." It has been used by grassroots organizations as a tool mobilize, education, and organize local people for social change. How political education has been practiced by 3 Southeast Asian Grassroots Orgs -PrYsm -Hai Ba Trung -Adhikaar

Sherry Chen

-Sherry Chen is an American hydrologist who worked in the National Weather Service office in Wilmington, Ohio. She was accused of spying and arrested in October 2014. In March 2015, federal prosecutors dropped all charges against her without explanation before the trial began. -She was fired from her job in 2016. -She then filed a case of discrimination due to racial profiling for her termination, loss of income and retirement benefits. -A judge ruled in her favor, citing her firing as grossly unjust, in 2018. -On Nov. 10, 2022, in a historic settlement involving Chinese American scientists, the US Department of Commerce agreed to pay her 1.8 million dollars over the next 10 years.

CA Prop. 209 (1996)

-The state shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting. -Affirmative Action was banned in California by Prop. 209 in 1996, after UC Regents decided in 1995 to end considerations of "race, religion, gender, color, ethnicity, or national origin" in admissions, hiring, and business decisions. -In a historic reversal, UC Regents voted in 2020 to support efforts to end the ban. -However, CA voters rejected Prop.16 that aimed to repeal Prop.209 in Nov. 2020

Economic Espionage Act of 2009

-This law has two major provisions:Anyone found guilty of stealing trade secrets from a U.S. corporation with the intention of benefiting a foreign government or agent may be fined up to $500,000 and imprisoned for up to 15 years.Anyone found guilty of stealing trade secrets under other circumstances may be fined up to $250,000 and imprisoned for up to 10 years. -Chinese/Asian American were disproportionately charged under the EEA, received much longer sentences and were significantly more likely to be innocent than defendants of other races after 2009. -Between 2009-2015, over half of individuals charged under the EEA of 2009 were of Chinese heritage.

India Lobby

-USINPAC (US India Political Action Committee 2002-) -India Caucus in US Houe (1993-) and Senate (2004-) -India Abroad (a weekly published in NYC since 1970)

Does engagement with homeland politics undermine or strengthen the interest and participation of immigrants in host society politics? What do our authors such as Mishra (2009), Collet (2018), and McCarthy and Hasunuma (2018) say about this?

-When used to unite an ethnic population, using engagement with homeland politics is useful to mobilize and connect to these voting blocs. But as Collet points out, they need to be selectively disseminated. -Mishra: The Indian government has practiced selective mobilization of the economic elites in the diaspora (who are sympathetic to the ruling party) and it has rewarded these overseas compatriots with citizenship perks back home. -South Asian American civic rights groups activated after 9/11 were not involved in the nuclear deal campaign, in part because the nationalistic cause is incompatible with their missions to promote equality and social justice -This mobilization bias by the homeland government has resulted in a divided ethnic community in the US and neglect of the disadvantaged. -Collet: Toggling - minority candidates use different media, language, and style to both mobilize their base to vote as a bloc and to attract crossover voters. -Immigrants' continued engagement with home country politics is not necessarily in conflict with their incorporation into the US system. -The relationship varies depending on personal factors; it also depends on the specific homeland situation and the US political context. -Mccarthy and Hasunuma: success in the building of CW memorials on public land depends on the size of the Korean American population and the strength of both supporting and opposing coalitions, and the employment of universalism in strategy.

According to Wong (2017), why could multiply disadvantaged communities such as Hmong Americans vote more than other Asians?

-Wong (2017) argues that Hmong Americans considered voting as a social act which embedded in one's social network. -Individuals in immigrant/refugee communities voted in response to voter education and mobilization efforts by community/clan-based organizations and groups linked to political parties and candidate campaigns. -These efforts help raise political interest and compensate for their disadvantage in socioeconomic resources.

According to Wang, what is the "theory of dual domination"? Can the theory extend beyond the Chinese immigrant community (e.g., how did it play out among Vietnamese Americans in Little Saig

-being subjected to the expectations of the "assimilation paradigm" adopted by the US government and the "loyalty paradigm" adopted by the government in the Asian homeland. -Asian immigrants are vulnerable to the extraterritorial domination by governments in Asia that demand continuing loyalty of emigrants and maintain tight control of their overseas compatriots even if they reside outside of the boundaries of the ethnic homeland and have adopted citizenship of the host country. Vietnamese Americans in Little Saigon -Ex. of transnational activism over homeland issues can be found in every community but more prominently among Korean, Filipino, Taiwanese, Vietnamese and South Asian -Vietnam born refugees in Little Saigon (Westminister CA) called to protest the hanging of a portrait of Ho Chi Ming, a Communist leader from North Vietnam by a Vietnamese storeowner in 1999. It lasted for 52 days.

Washington Coalition for Comfort Women Issues (WCCW, 1992-)

-founded in December 1992 in Washington, DC, to advocate for the rights of wartime victims and their lawful reparation. - Our mission is to contribute to the eradication and prevention of sex crimes against women by promoting public awareness and education

Jeremy Lin

-the first Taiwanese American in the NBA -"Being an Asian American doesn't mean we don't experience poverty and racism...Being a 9 year NBA veteran doesn't protect me from being called "coronavirus" on the court."

How are racial and gender stereotypes created and maintained by the popular media? What are the major factors?

1. racial ideology (ways of coding and rationalizing racial hierarchy in order to maintain status quo of white dominance) 2. entertainment industry production codes (e.g. no interracial romance) and their commercial interests 3.social norms (what is socially acceptable) 4. political events (such as foreign wars, social unrest) 5.Anti-Asian sentiment and fear of the "yellow peril" -Asian American manhood is often constructed by images that are sinister oriental sexless Asian sidekick -Asian American womanhood is often constructed as cunning Dragon Lady or servile Lotus Blossom Baby.

Asian Americans have been severely under-represented outside of Hawaii, why so? Discuss reasons why relatively few Asians have been in public office.

According to Lai, their scarcity can be due to three factors within the community: 1. Heterogeneity in ethnic origin, political view, and economic status 2. Two-tiered challenge in building intra- and inter ethnic or pan-Asian coalitions across Asian ethnic groups. 3. Small and spatially dispersed population -Other factors: -Historical exclusion (no role model) -Racial image (cultural bias as silent or foreign minority) -Political Structure (district size, gerrymandered district lines, two party system, winner-take-all) -Candidate quality; lack of incumbency -Lack of voting participation -Traditional culture (anti-political)

Buffalo Soldiers

African American soldiers in the Philippine-American War who crossed over to the Filipino side.

In the age of #Blacks Lives Matter and the pandemic of anti-Asian hate, what challenges and opportunities are there for Asians to form coalitions with Blacks and other communities of color?

Afro-Asian solidarity cannot be the same as in the past.In the post-civil rights and post-racial era, Afro-Asian solidarity has been challenged by the dual movement to both include Asians as the model minority and exclude Blacks and other "bad" people of color from US mainstream society and polity.

Gordon Mar

American politician from San Francisco. He has been a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors since 2019, representing District 4.

"Angry Asian Men" blog

Angry Asian Man is an Internet blog founded in 2001 by Phil Yu. The blog focuses on Asian American news, media, and politics.

"Angry Little Asian Girl"

Angry Little Asian Girl was a story written to show the stereotypes that are thought of for immigrants specifically, Asian Americans.Major impact in society.

To what extent can Asian Americans support Black Lives Matter and for what reasons? Why are some Asians reluctant to support the movement for racial justice for Black Americans? How has Asian American public opinion on Black Lives Matter changed between 2016 and 2021?

Asian Americans support for Black Lives Matter depends on their beliefs in the group's ability to access racial power.Those who believe in full access to racial power are less likely to support BLM, while those who believe that we can never fully gain access to racial power are more likely to identify with other minorities who share the same fate. Racial power: A belief that what happens generally to [own racial/ethnic/other minority] group in this country will have something to do with what happens in one's personal life.

extraterritorial domination

Asian immigrants are vulnerable to the extraterritorial domination by governments in Asia that demand continuing loyalty of emigrants and maintain tight control their overseas compatriots even if they reside outside of the countries of the ethnic homeland and have adopted citizenship of the host country.

According to Filler and Lien (2016), what are the unique barriers and opportunities for APA women in their campaigns and elections?

Barriers: -Many did not have career plans to enter politics. -Few had mentors to show them how to conduct lobbying, networking, and build coalitions. -Did not run for office until children were grown; often sparked by a local issue as concerned parents/residents. Opportunities: -Benefit from positive stereotyping of being competent, capable, honest and non-threatening -Many had extensive experience of involvement in community affairs by serving on local committees and PTAs. -They also accrued political capital through leadership training as appointees and legislative staff. -Higher percentage of women than men were involved in PTA/O, women's, civil rights and election organizations. -More women than men were socialized in political/immigrant families.

How does KYCC compare (and contrast) to KIWA in its organizational structure, leadership style, ideology, and capacity to build cross-racial coalitions?

Both are nonprofit, 1.5/2nd generation organizations active in community (re)building efforts and cross ethnic coalition politics.Newer orgs are considered as:Lacking political legitimacy, having weaker connection to immigrant community.Having stronger connection to the mainstream, received most of rebuilding funding.Are more heterogeneous in ideological orientation service provisions, organization structures, and political representation. KYCC is the older, bigger, more establishment one. More money, more hierarchical, centrist and liberal. KIWA is newer, more about social justice and advocacy, not as much money, bottom up leadership, resist the influence of the elite.

Comfort Women Action for Redress and Education (CARE)

CARE (formerly known as the KAFC) is a community organization that focuses on advocacy and education regarding the "comfort women," meaning the girls and women coerced into institutionalized sexual slavery and human trafficking perpetrated by the Japanese military during the first half of the twentieth century.

Asian Donorgate

Controversies controlling money donated to the 1996 Clinton-Gore reelection campaign made by Asian-born individuals (and raised by John Huang, DNC's VC for Finance) who were mostly naturalized American citizens of Chinese descent. Upon receiving GOP's accusation of communist China's connection to the money, the DNC quickly returned the money from Asian-named donors whose sources deemed suspect, it also shared information of Asian American donors with the FBI to check their citizenships and income status. DOJ eventually found Huang guilty of one count of violation unrelated to the donations.

David Ryu

David E. Ryu is an American politician, who served as the Los Angeles City Councilman for District 4 from 2015 to 2020. He is the first Korean-American to hold a council seat in Los Angeles, California, and the first Asian-American to serve on Los Angeles City Council Leadership.

Wen Ho Lee

Dr. Lee, a Taiwan-born nuclear scientist and naturalized American, after he was fired for suspected theft of classified data for China and before he was arrested and charged with 59 counts of espionage and put under solitary confinement for 9 months. In the end, the federal judge apologized for the cruel and severe punishment, after finding him guilty o only 1 count of mishandling data.

In what ways can ties to the ethnic homeland in Asia a liability for Asian American political participation and in what ways can it be an asset?

Ex. of Asian homeland being a political asset -immigrants from Asia and their human, social, and transpacific capital are the major sources of growth for the community overseas. -concerns over US foreign policies toward homeland government and the welfare of the people in Asia may trigger immigrants and their US-born children's interest and participation in US politics as voters, campaign leaders, and donors. -Concern over human rights and democratization in Asia may trigger social movement participation in the US. Theorizing Asian homeland being a liability to AA empowerment -T. Kim's theory of racial logic of politics predicts the mistreatment of Asians in party politics because of their perceived foreign connections (ex. Wen Ho Lee) -In addition to Tom Kim's Theory of racial logic of politics, Asian Americans being tied to an "enemy" homeland in Asia can be a liability to Asian Americans' political empowerment according to Ling-Chi Wang's theory of dual domination -the structure of dual domination: being subjected to the expectations of the "assimilation paradigm" adopted by the US government and the "loyalty paradigm" by the government in the Asian homeland. When it's a liability use: Deracialization When it's an asset use: Toggling

KIWA (1992-)

KIWA, 1992. Provides advocacy, newer, smaller, financially weaker, adopt social justice politics, loose bottom-up leadership, progressive, politically active through direct action, resists ethnic and corporate elite.

KYCC (1975-)

KYCC, 1975, provided social services, older, bigger, financially stronger, adopt mainstream liberalism, hierarchical top down leadership, ideological diverse, politically "neutral and passive", befriend ethnic and corporate elite.

Jay Chen

JAY CHEN IS A LIEUTENANT COMMANDER IN THE U.S. NAVAL RESERVES, TRUSTEE FOR MT. SAN ANTONIO COMMUNITY COLLEGE, AND A SMALL BUSINESS OWNER. He's running for Congress in California's 45th Congressional district because Washington is broken. As our community struggles to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, career politicians are more interested in serving themselves and their partisan agenda rather than serving the people who elected them.

Students for Fair Admissions (SFFA)

Led by Edward Blum. Nonprofit membership group of more than 20,000 students, parents, and others who believe that racial classifications and preferences in college admissions are unfair, unnecessary, and unconstitutional. SFFA vs Harvard U.

How did Korean Americans respond to Sa-I-Gu? What was the main of tension/cleavage within the community in the post-riots era?

How did Korean Americans respond to SA-I-Gu?To Korean Americans, it is equivalent of WWII internment for Japanese Americans.They protested government neglect and demanded reparations via the grassroots and mainstream political network.Sa-I-Gu created a community identity change from being Korean to Korean American.It also created intergenerational leadership change with the US raised 1/5 and 2nd generation replacing the 1st generation and women taking a more central role in community organizing. Korean Americans relations were aggravated by media stereotyping and cultural misunderstanding between the two minority groups.Racial tensions were kept high by persistent poverty among black and Latinos. Continuous arrival of new immigrants, and presence of transnational capital and anti-black bias among (Asian Immigrants)The Middleman Minority Thesis: Korean (and Chinese and South Asian American) small business/ family shop owners are situated in the US urban economic order between the white corporate owners and the impoverished non white (latino/black) customers Korean merchants are considered both perpetrators and scapegoats in this economic order.

Why was the passage of the 2006 India-US Civil Nuclear Deal another example of the improbable success story for Asian Americans? How have Asian Indian Americans contributed to the success? Who were left out in the process and why?

Negative factors in passing the act on a 30-year issue involving India's ability to be trusted to develop its nuclear power for peaceful uses of nuclear energy. -small, diverse, and dispersed immigrant community -unfavorable issue of nuclear proliferation -history of estranged US-India relations -weak executive (unpopular President Bush) How did Asian Indian Americans help in achieve success? -India Lobby which includes: -USINPAC (US India Political Action Committee 2002-) -India Caucus in US House (1993-) and Senate (2004-) -India Abroad (a weekly published in NYC since 1970) -Highly educated and skilled community in the US diaspora -Rise of the 2nd generation leaders(including Rep. Bobby Jindal, R-LA, 2005-08) Who was left out? -South Asian American civic rights groups activated after 9/11 were not involved in the nuclear deal campaign, in part because the nationalistic cause is incompatible with their missions to promote equality and social justice -This mobilization bias by the homeland government has resulted in a divided ethnic community in the US and neglect of the disadvantaged.

Nithya Raman

Nithya V. Raman is an American urban planner, activist, and politician serving as the Los Angeles City Councilmember for the 4th District since 2020. Raman, a member of the Democratic Party and the Democratic Socialists of America, defeated incumbent Councilmember David Ryu in 2020.

Asian American Coalition for Education (AACE, 2015-)

Non-political, non-profit national organization, the proven leader in fighting for Asian-American children's equal education rights.Began in 2014 when AACE founders decided to unite Asian-American communities to fight against Ivy League schools' discriminatory admissions practices.

What factors explain Gary Locke's success in his 1996 run for the Governor of WA? How useful are they to explain Mee Moua's 2002 run for a seat in the MN State Senate?

Not deracialization but clever use of toggling An American immigrant success story: the Chinese/Asian American version. - A model minority hard working American - Appealed to values of moderate, middle class voters, strong support for education, welfare reform. Mee Moua: Smart usage of new and traditional media for disseminating campaign messages tailored to the community. Culturally attuned, intensive, and direct voter contacts through existing social networks - either associational, neighborhood, family, or clan based. Intergeneration voter outreach - recruit younger (1.5 gen) volunteer sto go door to door

SAALT (2001- )

South Asian Americans Leading Together (SAALT) -advocacy for South Asian Americans.

HR 121 (2007)

Pushed by Rep. Mike Honda, US Congress passed HR 121 in 2007 to demand an apology from Japanese government and erect memorials in the US for these women.

"China Initiative" of 2018

The China Initiative was a Trump-era national security program designed to focus resources on prosecuting economic espionage and trade secret theft by Chinese government agents. The program, initiated in 2018, quickly gained infamy for dubious investigations and abusive prosecutions

Korean American Forum of California (KAFC, 2007-)

The KAFC is a advocation group who's formation was influenced heavily by HR 121 in which the US government demanded an official apology from Japan to the comfort women of the 30s and 40s. The KAFC works with survivors and aims to educate the public on the historical issues of the comfort women.

racial logic of politics

Thomas Kim's theory of racial logic of politics predicts the mistreatment of Asians in party politics because of their perceived foreign connections. The idea is that Asian Americans are tied to an "enemy" homeland in Asia which can be a liability to AA.

With whom should Asian American form coalitions or alliances? What options do they have? What dilemmas do they face in choosing coalition partners?

Three Forms of Group based coalitions building among Asian Americans: Intra-ethnic → across factions within an ethnic group(example: Taiwanese and mainlanders among the Chinese) Inter-ethnic → between Filipinos and the Vietnamese Inter-racial → between Koreans and Blacks Dilemmas: -In Hawaii, Asians are accused of practicing settler Colonialism against the Native people. -Should Asian Americans support Hawaiian sovereignty movement? Even if it means they will need to give back control of land, water, and other resources. - Should Asian Americans form coalitions with whites? Even if it may mean neglect of ethnic interest and perpetuation of white supremacy. -Should Asian Americans form coalitions with nonwhites? Even if it may mean privileging working class issues at the expense of addressing.

Tony Lam

Tony Lâm (born 1936) is a politician from California. In 1992, he won a seat on the Westminster City Council, becoming the first Vietnamese-born person to be elected into a political office in the United States.

USINPAC (2002-)

USINPAC was founded to give voice to more than 4 million Indian Americans for the purpose of bringing about outcomes that matter at local, state and federal levels of government.

Van Tran

Van Thai Tran (Vietnamese: Trần Thái Văn; born October 19, 1964) is a Vietnamese American attorney and politician in California, formerly serving as a Republican member of the California State Assembly, representing portions of Orange County.

Comfort Women Justice Coalition (CWJC, 2015- )

We are proud members of the "Comfort Women" Justice Coalition, a grassroots, multi-ethnic and multi-national group of individuals and organizations that are part of the global "Comfort Women" Justice Movement.

Who are "Comfort Women"? Why is it necessary and important to campaign for their redress in the US? What factors influence the success or failure in the building of comfort women memorials on public lands?

Who -Colonized young Asian (mostly Korean) women and girls became sex slaves to Japanese soldiers both before and during the WWII Why was it necessary to address their redress in the US? -Pushed by Rep. Mike Honda, US Congress passed HR 121 in 2007 to demand an apology from Japanese government and erect memorials in the US for these women. -Issue of justice for "comfort women" continues to be controversial with an article written by a Harvard Law professors in February 2021 claiming the forced sex slavery was organized by Japan during WWII as a consenting, contractual process. Reasons for success in building memorials -Relative size and concentration of the Korean American population. -Strength of the supporting coalition (local politicians, community chairs, and organizations (ex. WCCW, KAFE/CARE, KACE, CWJC, NCCR) -Strength of the opposing coalition (Japanese government, GAHT, Japanese businesses, local politicians) denying atrocities ever happening -Employment of universalism in strategy (gender justice, human rights).

Xiaoxing Xi

a Chinese-born American physicist. He is the Laura H. Carnell Professor and former chair at the Physics Department of Temple University in Philadelphia. In May 2015, the United States Department of Justice arrested him on charges of having sent restricted American technology to China. All charges against him were dropped in September 2015.

critical discourse analysis

a qualitative analytical approach for critically describing, interpreting, and explaining the ways in which discourses construct, maintain, and legitimize social inequalities.

CA Prop. 16 (2020)

aimed to repeal Prop.209 in November 2020

Deracialization

assumes racially polarized voting and see candidate's race as a liability; avoid referencing one's race and race-specific issues, stress racially transcendent or common issues.

linked fate

describes the mechanism by which group consciousness leads to political cohesion among members of a social identity group.[

Adhikaar (2005- )

women led community and workers' center in NYC that provides direct services to the Nepali-speaking community and advocates for their temporary protection status. through storytelling, it organizes low-income workers and impacted community members to promote social justice