Population Health - Exam 1 Study Guide

Using the Kinship/Economics/Education/Political/Religious/Associations (KEEPRA) model for observing formal institutions in a community, the PHN recognizes that which of the following categories assesses the number or availability of recreational centers? A. Education B. Kinship C. Associations D. Economic

ANS: C. Associations Associations refer to the observation neighborhood associations, business associations, and recreational centers.

The nursing student is taught correctly that local health departments do not oversee A. The surveillance of disease B. Investigation of disease outbreaks C. Licensing of local hospitals D. Public sanitation and water supply

ANS: C. Licensing of local hospitals to contain it. C Hospitals are licensed by state and federal agencies, not local health departments.

The PHN recognizes that environmental science, epidemiology, biostatistics, biomedical sciences, and ____ form the foundational subjects of public health. A. Economics B. The humanities C. Social and behavioral sciences D. Anthropology

ANS: C. Social and behavioral sciences C Many branches of social and behavioral sciences are useful for analysis of public health issues.

A nurse could encourage prevention for a patient with diabetes by A. Having the patient try an experimental treatment B. Asking them to share their experiences with other people C. Having them take doses of the prescribed medicine on a PRN, or as needed, basis. D. Helping him or her to slow the progression of the disease and prevent secondary illnesses related to the disease, such as blindness

ANS: D. Helping him or her SLOW THE PROGRESSION and PREVENT secondary illnesses The most beneficial function the nurse could perform is to help the patient avoid additional illnesses by encouraging good health care through programs and practices.

A patient diagnosed with diabetes buys books, reads articles, talks with knowledgeable people, informs himself about what he can do to improve his health, and takes action. The PHN recognizes this method of adult learning as A. Pedagogy B. Andragogy C. Constructivism D. Humanism

ANS: D. Humanism Pedagogy is the correct use of teaching strategies to provide the best learning. Andragogy is the art and science of helping adults learn. Constructivism is a learning theory that includes reflecting on our own experiences and knowledge. Humanism is defined as self-directed learning through examining personal motivation and goals. It also includes the development of personal actions to fulfill one's personal motivation and goals.

A nurse is giving a lecture on communicable diseases and indicates that West Nile virus is spread by all of the following except: A. Poor sanitation conditions B. Insects C. Poor hygiene D. Tainted food

ANS: D. Tainted food

What is is mass casualty

An incident where the number of patients exceeds the amount of healthcare resources available. Typically this is more than 10 patients

A PHN has been sent to the site of a nuclear accident to assist in setting up long-term surveillance. The PHN will want to monitor cases of which of the following diseases? Select all that apply. A. Heart disease B. Leukemia C. Mental illness D. Thyroid disease E. Diabetes

B, C, D

An RN who promotes and protects the health of populations using knowledge from nursing, social, and public health sciences

Public health nurse

An external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together. creates this triangle

Epidemiologic

The strategic stockpile:

Includes large amounts of pharmaceutical and medical supplies

Avoidable gaps in health outcomes

Inequities

Disaster management:

Integration of emergency response plans throughout the phases of a disaster event

llustrates how PHNs can improve the health of the individuals, families, communities, and systems

Intervention wheel

Founder of modern epidemiology

Johnsnow

Triage Categories

MINIMAL Sick or injured, but expected to survive with or without care, sometimes referred to as "walking wounded". DELAYED Requires care that can be safely delayed without affecting probability of survival. IMMEDIATE Requires immediate care for a good probability of survival. EXPECTANT Alive, but with little or no chance of survival given current available resources. DECEASED A fatality with no intrinsic respiratory drive and no other signs of life.

A riverfront community builds a retaining wall to divert flood water away from the town. Which term describes this action.

Mitigation

Group that may or may not interact with each other but share at least one characteristic like age, gender, or health issue

Population

Level of prevention intervening before health effects occur

Primary

What are the C's of disaster response

communication coordination collaboration

A group who have common characteristics; can be defined by location, race, ethnicity, age, occupation, common bonds

community

Actions taken to reduce adverse health events or outcomes

Riskreduction

A mammograms is a type of

Screening

Screening is an example of what level of prevention

Secondary

A family survived a dangerous weather event, but now they are suffering through another part of environmental risk: stress, pain, and anxiety. The nurse recognizes that these are the: 1. Physical agents. 2. Mixed exposures. 3. Psychosocial factors. Copyright © 2020 F. A. Davis Company 4. Biological agents.

3

Tertiary Prevention level

A level that aims to reduce the effects of the disease once established in an individual

What is an indicator?

A number

What is START triage

A patient sorting process that stands for Simple Triage And Rapid Treatment and uses a limited assessment of the patient's ability to walk, respiratory status, hemodynamic status, and neurologic status.

A nurse is organizing a disaster drill for the hospital. Which factors should the nurse consider while organizing the drill? Select all that apply. A. They should be scheduled twice a year. B. The materials should be specific to the expected surge at that facility during a disaster. C. They should only involve a few key staff members. D. They should practice the organizational structure of the facility. E. In addition to the actual drill, the entire staff and volunteers should undergo a continuing education in-service.

A, B, D, E

A nurse has just been promoted to serve on the disaster preparedness committee of the hospital. The nurse's role during a disaster is to collect emergency information and distribute it to public health officials as required. What information should the nurse collect? Select all that apply. A. Staffing needs B. Supply inventory and shortages C. Name, social security number, and phone number of every employee responding to the disaster D. Budget needs of the hospital E. The number of patients who have already been treated and who still need care

A, B, E

Which of the following is the definition of health disparity? A. A difference in health outcomes B. An unequal and unjust difference in health outcomes C. A social factor that impacts health outcomes and contributes to disparity D. Access to health care for everyone without financial hardship

A. A difference in health outcomes

Illness caused by the transfer of disease organisms or toxins from food to humans

foodborne

efers to the human who can get the disease due to a variety of factors

host

The federal and state programs to investigate and clean up inactive hazardous waste sites

superfund

Ongoing, systematic collection, analysis,& interpretation of health data. Also involves timely dissemination of the data

surveillance

In general, nurses using the program planning model would begin by: A. Assessing the community B. Clarifying the health problem C. Understanding the underlying factors that contribute to the problem D. Developing an intervention

ANS: B. Clarifying the health problem The first step to program planning is clearly stating the health problem that will be addressed by the program.

A nurse is working at a hospital in Hawaii. A neighboring island has been evacuated due to a volcanic eruption. The hospital has been put on alert that they will be receiving injured people from the evacuated island. What types of injuries or illnesses should the nurse and other staff be prepared for? A. Burns B. Respiratory disease C. Severe lacerations or other traumatic injuries D. All of the above

D

The disaster continuum framework includes the following

1.Preparedness, mitigation, response, recovery, and evaluation

In many countries, which factors decrease infant mortality rate? A. Income B. Education level C. Neither 1 nor 2 D. Both 1 and 2

D. Both 1 and 2

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Health

Process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health

Health promotion

Nonmedical factors that influence health outcomes. Day to day conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, age

Social determinants

A factor, such as pathogen, chemical, radiation, whose presence, excessive presence, or absence may cause disease

agent

A PHN is performing a community assessment to better understand the underlying factors associated with the increase in the childhood obesity in the community. What social determinants of health should the PHN include in the assessment? SATA

- Location of primary health providers - Nutrition and P.E. classes in the public schools - Presence of sidewalks and green space within the community - Access to fresh produce

What is MASS triage

- Mass triage (Move Assess Sort Send): Divides patients into categories based on their ability to move

A maternal child nurse working in Southern Sudan is faced with lack of which main factors that contribute to the high infant mortality rate? SATA

- Physicians - Electricity - Equipment

2 nurses are in the process of developing a nurse-managed free clinic for persons experiencing homelessness. They want to tailor the services for those who are at greatest risk for experiencing homelessness, which includes: SATA

- Single men - African Americans - Persons diagnosed with a serious mental illness (SMI)

A nurse is organizing a round table presentation at a conference. The nurse asks the other participants for suggestions on actions that nurses can take to reduce health disparities in their country. Which of the following suggestions are known to be effective measures nurses can take that focus on the reduction of health disparities? SATA

- Support initiatives that increase P.E. classes and healthy school meals - Design and create research studies that address inequities and support vulnerable populations - Discuss social and health disparity info with coworkers to promote awareness - Act as advocates for patients, families, and communities in reducing inequities

When conducting a community survey in a larger urban community, 2 PHNs, Mark and Jane, know that there is great diversity based on socioeconomic status. They know it is important to determine which respondents do not meet the poverty threshold. They understand that this indicator reflects: SATA

- The Census Bureau adjusts it based on family size and other demographics - A lack of goods and services commonly taken for granted by mainstream society - The method for doing the calculations over the past 40 years has included increasing the percentage spent on food

A nurse is training for a new job at a community clinic after moving to Central CA, an area rich in agriculture and where a large number of migrant workers are employed. The nurse asks about specific social and health issues that the migrant worker population faces, and the nurse supervisor replies: SATA

- They have difficulty establishing residency in a single location, making them ineligible for government benefits - Most of them lack access to worker's compensation or disability insurance - Frequent travel and location changes make it difficult for them to establish continuity of care with a single provider - Language is often a barrier

A PHN is helping to manage a decrease in air quality due to emissions from a chemical plant. Which term best describes the source of the decrease in air quality? 1. Point source 2. Mobile source 3. Area source 4. Community Source

1

The nurse epidemiologist at a local health department receives a report that a number of children have elevated lead blood levels. She rules out a number of possible reasons and begins to focus on the local water supply because there had been a change in the water supply. She contacts the epidemiologists that worked on the Flint, Michigan, event. They recommended that she follow the steps they took in their investigation. Their investigation included examining these phases related to the exposure: 1. Prior to the switch, after the switch to the Flint River, after the boil advisory, and after the switch back to the original water source. 2. After the switch to the Flint River, after the boil advisory, after the switch back to the original water source, and after the public health alert. 3. Prior to the switch, after the switch to the Flint River, and after the switch back to the original water source. 4. Prior to the switch, after the boil advisory, and after the switch back to the original water source.

1

To aid a lower income family who is struggling with a pest problem in their home, a PHN recommends a program known as integrated pest management, which offers methods to deter pests. Some of these methods include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Copyright © 2020 F. A. Davis Company 1. Caulking and sealing cracks and holes in the home 2. Eating in one place 3. Getting rid of clutter 4. Storing food in sealed containers 5. Making sure the family is vaccinated

1, 2, 3, 4

The PHN understands that the toxicity of chemicals in children is more severe than that in older populations because of which of the following reasons? (Select all that apply.) 1. Children play in outdoor soil, which can be contaminated. 2. Children may ingest substances from unlabeled, repurposed food containers. 3. Children have faster rates of absorption of toxic substances. 4. In urban settings, children may not have adequate places to play. 5. Children have less developed immune systems.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

The public health nursing student learns that the need for environmental justice extends to disadvantaged populations, who, as a result of low income, age, health status, race, or other social indices of susceptibility, are at greatest risk of exposure to environmental hazards because of which of the following problems? (Select all that apply.) 1. Substandard housing 2. Lack of access to health care 3. Lack of nutritious food 4. Lack of safe places to play 5. Employment in risky jobs

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

What are the core public health functions?

1. Assessment 2. Policy Development 3. Assurance

The maternal-child nurse who is fluent in Spanish is working at the public health department located in a "sanctuary city". She is conducting a home visit with a young mother from Northern Triangle of Central America who arrived in the U.S. in 2017 and is now staying with her brother who is a U.S. citizen. The mother is very frightened and states that she fled her country because of the violence she and her children has experienced. She fears that they will not survive if they go back. The mother is eligible to apply for what status? 1. Asylee 2. Refugee 3. Immigrant 4. Permanent resident

1. Asylee

A nurse working in an urban nurse-managed health clinic located in a neighborhood with a high poverty rate notices that the patients she is seeing with type 2 diabetes are having difficulty controlling their A1C levels. She suspects that they may be having difficulty accessing their medications due to cost. What would be her first step in addressing the problem? 1. Conduct a focused assessment that includes a patient survey and an evaluation of factors associated with access to medication. 2. Counsel patients on how to obtain health insurance to help with the cost of pharmaceuticals. 3. Develop a patient education information pamphlet related to controlling A1C that is culturally relevant and addresses health literacy levels of the population. 4. Formulate a community diagnosis and enlist stakeholders to help increase assess to diabetic medications.

1. Conduct a focused assessment that includes a patient survey and an evaluation of factors

A nurse is caring for a young man who is squatting in an abandoned factory a mile away from the clinic. The nurse documents that he is experiencing what type of homelessness? 1. Primary 2. Secondary 3. Tertiary 4. He is not homeless because he has an indoor shelter in which to sleep.

1. Primary

During a lecture on health disparities, a student asks the instructor how communities with great access to health care can still have poor health outcomes. How should the instructor respond? 1. Social determinants of health determine how people respond to health threats and how they access preventative care. 2. The student is incorrect. Communities with good access to care have good health outcomes. 3. This phenomenon only occurs in communities where the quality of health care is poor. 4. Members of these communities only have access to primary-care providers, which reduces the quality of care they receive.

1. Social determinants of health determine how people respond to health threats and how they access preventative care.

What are the four parts of a community diagnosis

1. The problem 2. The population 3. What the problem is related to (characteristics of the population) 4. How the problem is demonstrated (indicators [statistics] of the problem).

What is the purpose of the National Incident Management System (NIMS)?

1.Develop a nationwide all-hazards approach to domestic incident management.

Which populations are at greatest risk for disruption after a disaster?

1.Single-parent families 2.Children 3.Substance abusers Those without a support system

A PHN is working with a team doing a community assessment. She has been tasked with evaluating the community's access to grocery stores, accessible transportation, outside activities, and the maintenance of its neighborhood buildings. The nurse is evaluating the: 1. Environmental stability. 2. Built environment. 3. Ecological approach. 4. Environmental health.

2

A PHN newly hired by a large urban hospital to run their employee health program decided to take a refresher course on how to do exposure risk assessments, which are used by policy makers and other regulators to evaluate the health effects from an environmental exposure. In these assessments, the final step in the process involves making a judgment about the risk of health problems to those who are exposed. The nurse learns that this is referred to as a(n): 1. Dose-response assessment. 2. Risk characterization. 3. Hazard identification. 4. Exposure assessment.

2

A nurse working the evening shift in the emergency department has been assigned a patient who arrived with a chief complaint of difficulty breathing after mixing household cleaning products. The nurse recognizes that this patient is suffering from exposure to which type of environmental hazard? 1. Biological 2. Mixed 3. Physical 4. Chemical

2

Access to potable water has increased globally over the past decade. The WHO predicts that by 2025 50% of the world's population will: 1. Have access to potable water. 2. Live in water stressed areas. 3. Be at risk for waterborne contaminates. 4. None of the above.

2

Particulate matter varies in size, and the size determines the site of the deposition in the respiratory system. This means: 1. The larger the particulate, the more hazardous it is. 2. The smaller the particulate, the more hazardous it is. 3. The size of the particulate is not important. 4. The lungs and dust masks can take care of the particulates.

2

While doing a physical assessment of an older adult, the nurse is concerned about the patient's history of work exposure to toxic chemicals over his lifetime. Based on reports, the levels of toxin were within normal limits, but the patient had worked in the plant for 50 years. What aspect of the exposure is she most worried about? 1. Half-life 2. Bioaccumulation 3. Latency period 4. Environmental exposure

2

A public health nurse (PHN) is starting a study of different populations in the community to see which groups have faced marginalization and to what degree. The PHN is looking for evidence that: 1. A group has been discriminated against based on their race or ethnicity. 2. A group has been treated as if they are not important or of little consequence to the rest of society. 3. A group has been labeled by society as possessing a particular characteristic that is not valued, leading to a loss of status. 4. A group has been assigned a negative or positive belief that is believed to apply to the entire group.

2. A group has been treated as if they are not important or of little consequence to the rest of society.

A nurse is studying the high infant mortality rate in a community with a mean household income below the poverty level within the larger community served by her hospital. She looks into the problem further and finds that the only prenatal care clinics available that accept Medicaid or offer a sliding scale payment system are not located within the community and require taking three different busses to get there. The lack of access to affordable prenatal care is an example of: 1. Health disparity. 2. Health inequity. 3. Health inequality. 4. Social justice.

2. Health inequity.

A nurse is assessing a young mother who lost her job. She has no way to support her family and has found herself living on the streets because she doesn't have any other family in the area. Which of the following should she do first? 1. Look at the broader picture and see if there are any opportunities for policy change. 2. Help her find shelter at the community shelter for women and children. 3. Provide her with information on resources to help her with financial support while she seeks a new job. 4. Ask her to come back in 6 months for a re-evaluation.

2. Help her find shelter at the community shelter for women and children.

A nurse is performing an assessment of a very economically diverse community and realizes that while comparing income to health outcomes, the nurse must be careful to: 1. Compare only the outcomes of the richest community members to the outcomes of the poorest community members. 2. Recognize that income and outcomes exist on a scale and look across the entire spectrum. 3. Evaluate only the poorest health outcomes and where they land on the income spectrum. 4. Evaluate only the poorest community members and their health outcomes.

2. Recognize that income and outcomes exist on a scale and look across the entire spectrum.

A nursing instructor is holding a lecture on environmental health and explaining that gene environment interaction: 1. Can directly cause diabetes, pulmonary disease, and breast cancer. 2. Can change the expression of a genetic trait and alter physical aspects. 3. Can have either a protective influence or increase risk for many diseases. 4. Does not demonstrate any noticeable effect from the environment.

3

A nursing instructor is giving a lecture on environmental sustainability. The instructor explains that this is a critical issue to the global environment and an important emerging public health issue. Some of the issues addressed within environmental sustainability include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) 1. Preventing environmental exposure 2. Maintaining the funding for research and development for alternative energy 3. The rates in which renewable resources are harvested 4. The rates of depletion of nonrenewable resources 5. The creation of pollution that can continue for an indefinite period of time

3, 4, 5

Which of the following programs was specifically designed to work toward optimal health for all Americans? 1. Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Health (REACH) 2. Universal Health Care 3. Healthy People 4. Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ)

3. Healthy People

A nurse is working at a primary care clinic on the Mexican-Californian border. The nurse frequently takes care of refugee families when they first arrive in the United States. When meeting with a new family, the nurse makes sure to inform them that they are eligible for which of the following services? 1. Medicaid 2. Free health insurance for 1 year 3. Housing and food support 4. Free English classes

3. Housing and food support

A nurse is looking at reasons why members of a community are more likely to die from heart disease. The nurse finds several studies that suggest that social factors, such as ____, are more important than behavioral choices. 1. Smoking 2. High-fat or high-sugar diets 3. Poverty 4. Lack of exercise

3. Poverty

A PHN knows that the ambient air standard, which is the highest level of a pollutant in a specific place over a specific period of time that is not hazardous for humans, is most influenced by: 1. Wind patterns. 2. Weather conditions. 3. Population in the area. 4. The surrounding built environment.

4

John, the nurse manager in a large urban emergency department, was alerted to a number of patients who had come in with a possible exposure to a toxic substance. He begins with the epidemiological triangle to help understand: 1. How the environment brings an agent and host together. 2. How the environment plays a role in the health of individuals, families, and communities. 3. The role of water, air, and waste in environmental health. 4. Both A and B

4

The PHN realizes that the mere presence of an agent, even if it is known to have toxic properties, does not necessarily mean there is a risk to health. Whether or not there is an adverse response to a toxin is primarily influenced by all but which of the following: 1. Its inherent toxicity, that is, ability to cause harm to humans 2. Whether it enters the body and reaches susceptible organs 3. The amount that is present 4. The route of exposure

4

The employee health nurse working for a large urban construction company examines the Air Quality Index (AQI) daily to determine if there are any risks for workers. Today the AQI measures 120 for the city. This means that for employees she will need to: 1. Take no action, because the air quality is good. 2. Take action to inform the employees that the air quality is acceptable, but for some pollutants there may be health concerns. 3. Take action to inform the employees the air quality is hazardous for everyone in the community. 4. Take action to inform employees that air quality is unhealthy for sensitive groups.

4

The health effects of the 2018 Camp Fire on the firefighters and residents of the area demonstrate the relationship between environmental health and personal health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the definition of environmental health, the factors external to a person, and related factors that impact behaviors that are addressed in environmental health include all but which of the following? 1. Physical 2. Chemical 3. Biological 4. Governmental

4

A nurse is reviewing the disaster preparedness cycle with other nurses in the hospital. The nurse explains that the following steps must occur. Place them in the correct order (1-4): _____ 1. Recovery _____ 2. Preparedness _____ 3. Mitigation _____ 4. Response

4, 1, 2, 3

A nurse received funding to start a mobile health unit to serve the health needs of the homeless population. In addition to a having a good understanding of noncommunicable diseases, what other specialty areas would be helpful in caring for this population? 1. Treatment of substance use disorders 2. Treatment of communicable diseases 3. Treatment of mental health disorders 4. All of the above

4. All of the above

A nurse is working with a group of refugees who recently arrived in the United States after suffering conflict-related violence in their country. The nurse knows that they should be assessed for: 1. Communicable diseases. 2. Injuries related to torture or sexual assault. 3. Mental illness such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 4. All of the above.

4. All of the above.

A community nurse-managed clinic has seen an increase in the number of patients who have immigrated to the U.S. from Central America who are experiencing poorer outcomes than other patients. A nurse working in the clinic decides to take a multiple determinants of vulnerability approach to help understand possible underlying factors for this population. Using that approach, she would take into account all but which of the following as primary factors? 1. Stigma 2. Racism 3. Discrimination 4. Health literacy

4. Health literacy

A nurse is working in a community center and notices a high rate of obesity in its members. The nurse suspects that poor access to fresh fruits and vegetables may be partially responsible. What should the nurse do first when formulating a plan? A. Assess the social determinants in the community. B. Implement a plan to increase access to fresh produce. C. Outline the steps needed to address the disparity. D. Formulate a community diagnosis.

A. Assess the social determinants in the community.

A nurse is teaching an in-service for new nurses on the importance of cultural sensitivity when caring for patients. Which of the following statements is incorrect? A. Ethnic diversity of health-care staff plays little role in the reduction of health-care inequalities. B. Translators should always be used when a patient does not speak English as a primary language. C. Nurses and other health-care workers may often display discriminatory behavior without realizing it. D. Nurses must always work as patient advocates to make sure that the patient is receiving culturally sensitive care.

A. Ethnic diversity of health-care staff plays little role in the reduction of health-care inequalities.

A nurse is working with the state department of health. Weather forecasters are anticipating that several communities will be impacted by a severe hurricane that will likely decimate the coastline of their community. They order a voluntary evacuation for several communities, in particular those that are likely to be most severely impacted. Which of the following statements is incorrect? A. Use of the Emergency Alert System by broadcasters during an emergency is voluntary. B. They should consider mandatory evacuations if residents chose to not evacuate as suggested. C. There should be a legal plan in place to deal with residents who are not complying with instructions. D. A shelter should be established to help vulnerable residents and people who are not able to find somewhere to stay.

A. In times of a disaster or emergency, the emergency alert system must be utilized by broadcasting companies to disseminate emergency information to residents.

A nurse is working at a high school that is serving as a community shelter during a hurricane. In the surge after the storm, the basement starts filling with floodwaters and then the power shuts off. As a result, the nurse contacts the local coast guard to assist in relocating people in the shelter to an unaffected elementary school across town. This is an example of: A. Mitigation B. Preparedness C. Triage D. Recovery

A. Mitigation

During a lecture on health disparities, a student asks the instructor how communities with great access to health care can still have poor health outcomes. How should the instructor respond? A. Social determinants of health determine how people respond to health threats and how they access preventative care. B. The student is incorrect. Communities with good access to care have good health outcomes. C. This phenomenon only occurs in communities where the quality of health care is poor. D. Members of these communities only have access to primary-care providers, which reduces the quality of care they receive.

A. Social determinants of health determine how people respond to health threats and how they

A nurse is working very closely with a community after a small plane crashed into an apartment complex and killed many of its residents. Now that the crash site has been cleaned and the community is starting to return to normal, what is the priority for this community? A. Screen for and manage depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. B. Establishing an emergency management plan. C. Hold a community debriefing about what happened. D. Encourage residents to get back to their regular routines as soon as possible.

A. The mental health affects after a traumatic event can be devastating for individuals and communities. It is important to implement interventions that can assist community members in getting help for depression, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress disorder.

A research nurse is looking for funding to study health disparities in a community—an ethnically and economically diverse inner city neighborhood. The nurse is trying to apply evidence from controlled studies to see how they correlate in the real world. What type of study is the nurse designing? A. Translational B. Causation C. Correlation D. Observational

A. Translational

A nurse is attending a training session on disaster management and is surprised to learn that: A. True emergency preparedness and disaster management is a continuous cycle and has no beginning or end. B. There are four major phases of a disaster life cycle. C. There are three stages of the disaster preparedness framework. D. Emergency preparedness and disaster management must only occur at the local level

A. True emergency preparedness and disaster management is a continuous cycle and has no beginning or end.

As a clinician in a patient care unit during a MCI, it is important to:

A.Review all of my patients to determine who may go home or be transferred

Mass Casualty Triage is:

A.The assignment of response priority based on level of injury and available resources

A public health nurse (PHN) conducts a community health assessment to identify the needs of a population. For example, the PHN might gather data to provide the rationale for a pediatric clinic in a low income area. He or she would take into account the sociodemographics of the community, as well as the: A. Preventive health concerns B. Need for medical facilities C. Collaboration of the community D. Lifestyle concerns

ANS: A Preventive health concerns Preventative health concerns would drive the need for the community assessment. In the example, the prevalence of childhood illnesses might indicate a need for a clinic.

A PHN recognizes that which of the following are types of cohort studies? Select all that apply. A. Prospective B. Retrospective C. Historical D. Longitudinal E. Statistical

ANS: A, B, C, D

A PHN is evaluating the effectiveness of a health intervention program for children by looking at the program characteristics. According to Lisbeth Scherer's criteria, the nurse will be looking for which of the following? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. A. Whether the program is meeting all the needs of the children B. Whether the program continues to reach out to the families in neighborhoods C. Whether the program stays true to its goals D. Whether the staff and managers are able to support the mission of the program E. Whether the program is able to attract grant money

ANS: A, B, C, D 1 This is correct. The program is effective according to Scherer's criteria if it perseveres in its mission and sees children in the context of their families. 2 This is correct. The program is effective according to Scherer's criteria if it deals with families as parts of neighborhoods. 3 This is correct. The program is effective according to Scherer's criteria if it has a long-term, preventative orientation and a clear mission. 4 This is correct. The program is effective according to Scherer's criteria if it is managed by competent people with good skills and staffed by well-trained individuals. 5 This is incorrect. The program characteristics pertain to the human factor of a health program and not the financial aspects.

A nursing student learns that an outbreak investigation could be used in which of the following situations? Select all that apply. A. High numbers of hip injuries at a local nursing home B. Gastroenteritis illness investigations at a community daycare C. Food borne illnesses resulting from salmonella at a restaurant D. Employees with elevated levels of asbestosis E. A community with an unexpectedly high number of infants with elevated blood lead levels

ANS: A, B, C, D, E

When considering the outcomes of a planned intervention, a nurse should measure which of the following types of outcomes? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. A. Short-term B. Medium-term C. Changes in knowledge, skills, or behavior D. Long-term E. Unexpected or unintended outcomes

ANS: A, B, C, E 1 This is correct. Short-term outcomes provide good feedback and direction for the program. 2 This is correct. Medium-term outcomes determine whether a program is beneficial. 3 This is correct. Changes in knowledge, skills, and behavior are indicators as to whether a program is working. 4 This is incorrect. Long-term refers to the impact of a program rather than the outcomes. 5 This is correct. Unexpected or unintended outcomes, although perhaps not part of the program's goal, will be an important part of the evaluation.

If a PHN had the capabilities required in the domains of the PHN Core Competencies, he or she would be able to do which of the following? Select all that apply. A. Develop policy for handling a local quarantine. B. Understand the dietary restrictions of new immigrants. C. Create a financial plan for a clinic and manage the budget. D. Function as a medical doctor at a clinic if there is none. E. Work with corporations to create an emergency response program to bioterrorism.

ANS: A, B, C, E 1. Policy development/program planning is an essential skill for a PHN. 2. In order to reach a population that might not receive adequate health care, cultural competency and communication skills are needed to overcome any barriers. 3. Financial and management skills are needed to maintain the sustainability of programs. 4. PHNs have basic public health science to assist in the welfare of the public but are limited by their professional constraints. 5. One of the new challenges PHNs face is preparing the public for sudden, catastrophic health events, such as bioterrorism.

When screening for, monitoring, and diagnosing disease, a health-care provider always evaluates a measurement tool for which of the following attributes? Select all that apply. A. Reliability B. Validity C. Functionality D. Sensitivity E. Specificity

ANS: A, B, D, E

When analyzing evidence-based practice (EBP) literature to see if the information should be used in planning a program, a nurse should look at which of the following? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. A. Quantitative and qualitative data from studies B. Analysis to see if the program is thriving C. Economic indicators to see if the program is financially stable D. Indicators of real outcomes and behavior change E. Indicators of outside factors that might change the program

ANS: A, B, D, E 1 This is correct. Quantitative and qualitative data from studies will help the nurse to know whether the research is solid enough information on which to build a program. 2 This is correct. The nurse should analyze the data to see if the program is still thriving and being used. 3 This is incorrect. The economic indicators are not a part of evidence-based practice. 4 This is correct. Indicators of real outcomes and behavior change are essential factors as to whether a program should be replicated elsewhere. 5 This is correct. Indicators of outside factors that might impact the program, positively or negatively, are important to consider. These factors can help the nurse determine if a program is a good fit for the community.

Globalization, which is a new challenge for public health, includes which of the following problems? Select all that apply. A. Greater disparities between rich and poor B. Environmental degradation C. Greater need for newer technology D. Greater distribution of tobacco and alcohol E. Emergence or re-emergence of communicable diseases

ANS: A, B, D, E 1. The problem is that for the growing number of poor people, there is less access to adequate health care, clean drinking water, and nutritious food. This creates even greater health disparities between rich and poor. 2. With increased urbanization and pollution, the human body ingests an increased amount of toxic chemicals. 3. In public health, better strategies for managing health care and current resources are needed more than newer technology. 4. The widespread availability of tobacco and alcohol increases the abuse of these substances and the problems that accompany it. 5. Some of the diseases that have emerged or re-emerged as a result of globalization are HIV, AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome, hepatitis, malaria, diphtheria, cholera, and Ebola. There is a need for planning for these possible pandemics using limited resources.

The regulatory activities of public health nursing include which of the following? Select all that apply. A. Interpreting public health laws, regulations, and policies B. Monitoring regulated entities such as nursing homes C. Writing new regulations for health care and legislating them D. Taking part in health policy debates E. Educating the public

ANS: A, B, D, E 1. This is one of the regulatory activities of public health nursing and also includes identifying and implementing public health laws, regulations, and policies. 2. This is one of the regulatory activities of public health nursing and also includes inspecting these entities. 3. PHNs can help develop laws but not enact them. 4. PHNs can participate in discussions about health care and bring valuable input. 5. An important part of regulation is making sure the public understands the laws.

A PHN wants to conduct an assessment in the community and intends to start by collecting data through the use of a survey. The PHN recognizes that the advantages of a health indicator survey that measures health-related quality of life (HRQoL) include which of the following? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. A. HRQoL is a multidimensional construct that relates to a person's perception of the impact their physical and emotional health has on their quality of life. B. HRQoL is an indicator of how much health insurance will pay if you are in the hospital. C. Including HRQoL items on a survey will provide information on the health of the community that the secondary data does not provide. D. HRQoL ascertains if an intervention is needed. E. HRQoL contains information that is quantitative rather than qualitative in nature.

ANS: A, C, D 1 This is correct. HRQoL is as assessment of how a population perceives their quality of life as it pertains to their health. 2 This is incorrect. HRQoL is not an indicator of health insurance. 3 This is correct. HRQoL gives insight on other public health aspects of the community outside of secondary data. 4 This is correct. HRQoL alerts public health officials to potential problems. 5 This is incorrect. HRQoL contains data that is qualitative rather than quantitative in nature.

A nursing student is studying preventable causes of death. In 2004, what were the three leading causes of preventable death? Select all that apply. A. Tobacco use B. Drowning C. Alcohol use D. Falls E. Improper diet and physical inactivity

ANS: A, C, E

A community assessment team found that the problem with their surveys of older adults was that there was not enough information on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for those over the age of 65 who were not living in a health-care facility. The best approach to assess this population is to do surveys: A. By personal interview B. By mail C. By telephone D. Online

ANS: A. By personal interview Doing personal interviews has many advantages, such as flexibility, being able to probe for specific answers, being able to observe nonverbal behavior, being able to control the physical environment, and being able to use more complex questions.

A PHN goes to a factory to find out why employees are missing so many work days. What type of assessment would be the most appropriate in this case? A. Setting-specific assessment B. Health impact assessment C. Problem or health issue-based assessment D. Population-focused assessment

ANS: A. Setting-specific assessment A setting-specific assessment treats the setting as the community, takes into account the population that is located in the setting, and looks for factors that are relevant to the setting.

When a PHN is working on a community diagnosis for an industrial town with a high incidence of a normally water-borne illness, the nurse researches the characteristics of the problem. This part of a community diagnosis looks at A. What the problem is related to B. The assessment C. The population D. How the problem is demonstrated

ANS: A. What the problem is related to The characteristics of a population are what factors the problem is related to.

A control or "no disease" group is needed for study of oral cancer. The nurses conducting the study decide to use a group of patients with skin cancer because these patients are at the same facility, and the likelihood of developing oral cancer with skin cancer is low. However, this variable could still cause the disease being studied, as well as potential limitations in the study. This variable would be called a(n): A. Confounder B. Right censoring C. Case-control D. Odds ratio

ANS: A. Confounder Confounders are variables that could make it difficult to establish a clear causal link unless adjustments are made for their effects. Right censoring is subject attrition or discontinued participation in a study. The case-control study design allows the epidemiologist to compare the rate of disease in those exposed to a risk factor to the rate in those who were not exposed to a risk factor. The odds ratio is defined as the odds of someone among the exposed having a disease or condition compared with the odds of someone among those who were not exposed having the disease or condition.

Population attributable risk (PAR) is based on the assumption that the risk factor is removed from the entire population being targeted. It also can be used to calculate the cost benefit and the ____ of a prevention program. A. Cost effectiveness B. Necessity C. Population ecology D. Percent of repeat participants

ANS: A. Cost effectiveness PAR can be used as a measurement of the cost benefit and cost effectiveness of a prevention program, which is based on the strength of the risk factor and the prevalence of the risk factor in a population.

A school cafeteria is planning menus for the school year. They must follow the 2012 national law that calls for school lunch programs to: A. Have larger portions of fruits and vegetables, less sodium, and no trans fats B. Have more protein and fewer carbohydrates C. Offer 2% milk and low fat dairy products D. Places a cap on lunch calories at 900, for all grades

ANS: A. Have larger portions of fruits and vegetables, less sodium, and no trans fats

With aging, there is an increase in noncommunicable (chronic) illness. The PHN recognizes that an example of a noncommunicable illness is A. Heart disease B. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) C. Hepatitis D. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

ANS: A. Heart disease Heart disease cannot be transmitted between humans, so it is a noncommunicable disease.

A public health official reports that the weekly influenza rate for a city in Oregon is 12.5%. This rate does not take into account smoking status, so it is a(n): A. Independent rate B. Mortality rate C. Dependent rate D. Morbidity rate

ANS: A. Independent rate An independent rate is a statistical rate that is considered apart from other statistics. Mortality refers to the number of deaths within a given population. A dependent rate is a statistical rate that is considered with other statistics. Morbidity refers to the number or proportion of individuals experiencing a similar disability, illness, or disease.

A nursing student is listening to a lecture on poor health outcomes. Based on research by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), the instructor says that less knowledge of chronic disease management, performance of fewer health promotion activities, low usage of the health-care system, and less use of preventative services are due to: A. Low health literacy B. Poor insurance C. Limited access to medical services D. Few prevention programs

ANS: A. Low health literacyThe lack of health-care literacy is the problem, particularly in older Americans with limited education. There is a causal relationship between low health literacy and poor health outcomes due to the lack of understanding of one's health problems. Poor insurance produces problems such as a lack of access to health services and inability to receive proper care. However, this is not the cause cited by the IOM research of the trends mentioned above. Limited access to medical services due to transportation or financial issues means poorer outcomes, but this is not the cause cited by the IOM research. Few prevention programs means more intervention programs are needed, but this is not related to the trends mentioned above.

A PHN notices the rising incidence of H1N1 (swine flu) in a geographic area. The nurse considers possible interventions, knowing that the preclinical phase of H1N1 lasts: A. One to two days B. Two to four days C. Three to four days D. Five to seven days

ANS: A. One to two days The preclinical phase of H1N1 lasts one to two days, and people that are infected can infect others on the first day. Symptoms develop rapidly, and intervention cannot prevent progression to the clinical phase.

4. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) stated in their report, The Future of the Public's Health, that there are three core functions that society carries out to collectively support the optimum conditions for public health. Which one of the following is not one of these functions? A. Prevention B. Assessment C. Policy development D. Assurance

ANS: A. Prevention Prevention is not considered a core function of public health, as assessment, policy development, and assurance have prevention as an implied goal of each function.

John Snow, considered the founder of epidemiology, realized the source of the London's cholera epidemic through: A. A residential pattern of death B. Mapping of the food supply C. Interviewing the families of the sick D. Performing autopsies

ANS: A. Residential patter of death Snow developed a frequency distribution of the number of human deaths by placing hash marks on a city street map and realized a cluster of deaths occurred near the Broad Street water pump

The obesity rate in a local neighborhood is the product of a poor quality grocery store and a lack of dedicated venues for exercise. This is an example of "upstream" determinants of public health determining the ecology of a community's health "downstream." The PHN understands that upstream determinants include social relations, neighborhoods and communities, institutions, and ____. A. Social and economic policies B. Availability of medicine C. Nursing interventions D. Government programs

ANS: A. Social and economic policies Upstream refers to determinants of health that are somewhat removed from the more downstream biological and behavioral bases for disease. Upstream determinants can include social and economic policies.

A nursing instructor is giving a lecture on community participation in an ecological public health system. She teaches that the benefits of this collaboration for participants in the community's public health are that their efforts increase effectiveness and productivity, empower the participants, strengthen social engagement, and ____. A. Decrease disease rates B. Ensure accountability C. Increase the number of medical facilities D. Monitor childhood illnesses

ANS: A. decrease disease rates Decreased disease rate is a definite sign that the ecology of a health population is improving. Community collaboration efforts are a good way to achieve this.

A nursing student is listening to a lecture on community assessment tools. The nursing instructor explains that PHNs have found that some of the best uses of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) include which of the following? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. A. To locate medical facilities B. To identify spatial data C. To display environmental risk factors and health risks D. To display demographic data E. To display socioeconomic data

ANS: B, C, D, E 1 This is incorrect. GIS is a computer-based program that can be used to collect, store, retrieve, and manipulate location-based information. 2 This is correct. The GIS has the capability to identify spatial data that is assigned by exact geographical location by geocoding, or address matching. 3 This is correct. The Toxic Release Inventory Program run by the EPA uses GIS to examine air emission sites from the Aerometric Information Retrieval System/AIRS Facility Subsystem (AIRS/AFS) database, which is a computer-based repository for information about air pollution in the U.S. 4 This is correct. GIS has the ability to retrieve noncapital data, such as the demographic data of a location, which aids identification of populations. 5 This is correct. GIS has the ability to retrieve noncapital data, such as the socioeconomic data of a location, which could aid proper placement of intervention programs.

Several nurses who work in the emergency room of an urban hospital notice that a sizable number of children in a certain ethnic population have come in with an illness, all presenting with similar symptoms. The nurses, who are not public health specialists, can intervene in the health of a community through their work with individuals by doing which of the following? Select all that apply. A. Increasing antibiotic therapy availability B. Identifying characteristics of the disease C. Grouping patients by diagnosis D. Giving classes on how to avoid infections E. Assessing the environment of the patients

ANS: B, C, D, E 1. Antibiotics may not be a necessary route of treatment for the diagnosis. 2. It would be important to note and compare symptoms, onset, and other information to ascertain whether this is the same illness. 3. Grouping the patients according to diagnosis will allow the health-care team to give better care and help create a care map. 4. Once the problem has been diagnosed, a class on avoiding infections would be a proper intervention. 5. Evaluating the environment of the patients may create an understanding of why the illness occurred and prevent a re-occurrence of the illness.

A public health nursing instructor educates a class that the Predisposing, Reinforcing and Enabling factors, and Causes in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation (PRECEDE) component of the PRECEDE-PROCEED begins with: A. An examination of administrative and organizational issues B. A comprehensive community assessment C. Preventative programs D. The implementation of behavior change

ANS: B. A comprehensive community assessment When a community uses the PRECEDE process, it begins with a comprehensive community assessment process.

A community's public health nurses (PHNs) are working on building community capacity, which includes all of the following except: A. Organizing assets and resources to improve the health of a community B. Assessing how many people the community clinic will contain at one time C. Working in partnerships and supporting decision making D. Identifying root causes of health problems and working on interventions and outcomes

ANS: B. Assessing how many people the community clinic will contain at one time Assessing the capacity of a clinic is not a part of building community capacity.

A nursing instructor describes one approach to conducting an assessment as a collection of data about the populations living within the community; an assessment of the assets within the community, such as the local health department capacity; and the identification of problems and issues in the community, such as unmet needs and health disparities, and opportunities for action. The instructor explains that this type of approach is called a: A. Rapid needs assessment B. Comprehensive community assessment C. Population-focused assessment D. Health impact assessment

ANS: B. Comprehensive community assessment This definition describes a comprehensive community assessment.

A PHN is using the MAPP model to conduct an assessment within the community and has reached Phase 3, the four assessments. The nurse understands that analysis of the legislation, technology, and other external positive and negative influences that have an impact on the promotion and protection of the public's health is called a: A. Community themes and strengths assessment B. Forces of change assessment C. Community health status assessment D. Local Public Health System Assessment (LPHSA)

ANS: B. Forces of change assessment A forces of change assessment evaluates what threat or opportunity might affect the health of the community or the local health system. It includes an analysis like the one described in this question.

As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), an example of a health promotion intervention is ____ whereas a health promotion, risk reduction is _ A. A health fair; funding a school health library B. Giving a free exercise class; offering coupons at a restaurant for healthy food C. A free antibiotic giveaway; a diet class for teenagers D. A tour of a hospital; a relaxation technique class

ANS: B. Giving a free exercise class; offering coupons at a restaurant for healthy food This is correct. A health promotion intervention creates an opportunity to improve health through participation, while a risk reduction refers to actions taken to reduce a person's risk for disease.

A PHN is studying a geriatric population in a high-rise building. As part of the community diagnosis, there are several factors to be examined, including the factor that is particularly significant to designing the program since it alters the outcome. This factor is called the: A. Causal factor B. Mediating factor C. Moderating factor D. Antecedent factor

ANS: B. Mediating factor Mediating factors occur between the causal factors and the outcomes and are important to designing the program since they alter outcomes.

A group of public health officials want to use the logic model for program design. In this model, when a program's intended outcome is achieved, this is referred to as successful: A. Input B. Output C. Outcome D. Impact

ANS: B. Output Output is the direct product of the activities of the program.

A nurse is working on a type of evaluation that examines how a program actually works and whether any outside environmental events might have an impact on the program. This type of evaluation is called a A. Formative evaluation B. Process evaluation C. Summative evaluation D. Program evaluation

ANS: B. Process evaluation A process evaluation studies the process of delivering the program and how the program actually works. It is also important for an evaluator to be aware of any outside environmental events that might influence the program.

A nursing student is listening to a lecture in which the instructor explains that a population pyramid is a way to visually compare a population for a certain demographic such as age. If a pyramid has a broad base and a small top, it represents: A. Slow growth B. Rapid growth C. Equal growth D. Mostly older people, with no growth

ANS: B. Rapid growth An expansive pyramid, one with a broad base and narrow top, represents a rapid rate of population growth.

The logic model can provide an analytical structure for better outcome development and program management and evaluation. This was applied to programs aimed at families at risk for homelessness. Researchers found that the main advantage to this model was that A. They were able to acquire government aid. B. They were able to more clearly define their goals to determine more immediate outcomes. C. They were able to get more material resources. D. They were able to build houses for those at risk.

ANS: B. They were able to more clearly define their goals to determine more immediate outcomes. The logic model streamlined their approach to program management and helped them to better define their goals.

The PHN recognizes that which of the following scenarios is not an example of community collaboration? A. A local service group working to organize disaster relief for tornado victims B. A city council passing an ordinance to stop smoking in restaurants C. An advocacy group working to improve health care for the mentally ill D. A school working with the local health department to start a school clinic

ANS: B. A city council passing ordinance to stop smoking in restaurants Community collaboration is considered non-governmental. A nongovernmental group can effect change in government but not legislate.

When comparing the body mass index (BMI) of obese women in two cities, it would be an erroneous assumption for the nurse to think that, based on these averages, since the average BMI of City A was higher than that of City B, a woman in City A will have a higher BMI than a woman in City B. This assumption is referred to as: A. An odds ratio B. An ecological fallacy C. A causality D. Relative risk

ANS: B. A ecological fallacy Ecological fallacy is the erroneous assumption that one can draw conclusions for individuals based on group findings, which occurs when the researcher draws conclusions at the individual level based solely on the observations made at the group level.

A nurse conducts a survey within several months to determine which children in a certain school have parents that smoke in order to study their risk for asthma. This type of study is called a(n): A. Case-control study B. Cross-sectional study C. Cohort study D. Outbreak investigation

ANS: B. Cross-sectional study The case-control study design allows the epidemiologist to compare the rate of disease in those exposed to a risk factor to the rate in those who were not exposed to a risk factor. A cross-sectional study examines risk factors and disease using data collected at the same point in time. Cohort studies are studies that follow a specific population, subset of the population, or group of people over a specified period of time.

When a health-care provider offers nutritional health teaching on portions, patterns, and choices, he or she is using which type of approach? A. Ecological B. Downstream C. Upstream D. Health promotion

ANS: B. Downstream This approach to health promotion is considered downstream since it does include environmental factors such as a lack of supermarkets in its focus. Upstream would include more environmental factors such as urban zoning for gardens.

Attributable risk is the proportion of cases or injuries that would be eliminated if a risk factor did not occur, but preventable fraction is: A. The number of cases that actually occur B. What could be achieved with a program implemented in a community setting within the at-risk population when community members actually participate in the program C. The number of cases that require intervention D. What the estimated number of cases with high-risk factors are

ANS: B. What could be achieved with a program implemented.... Preventable fraction is not the number of cases that actually occur. Preventable fraction includes the portion of the population at risk that actually participates in a program and the number of cases prevented. The preventable fraction includes the number of cases that have been prevented from happening, not the cases that now require intervention. The estimated number of cases with high-risk factors is included in attributable risk.

A nursing student is studying the National Prevention Council Action Plan. The student correctly identifies which one of the following interventions as not reflecting the strategic directions in this plan? A. Conducting bi-weekly visits to new mothers and newborn babies B. Paying for insurance for low-income families C. Providing nutrition classes which offer weekly fill-in guides for grocery shopping D. Building a health and exercise center in a hospital near the physical and occupational therapy areas

ANS: B. paying for insurance for low income families Providing financial health-care assistance for lower income families is not one of the strategic directions of the National Prevention Council Action Plan.

A PHN is assigned to an area to do a community assessment. The demographic data the nurse collects includes: A. Insurance company preference B. Religious affiliation C. Educational levels D. Medical results

ANS: C Educational levels Educational levels, as well as age, gender, socioeconomic indicators, and racial or ethnic distributions, are considered demographic data.

A nursing instructor explains to a nursing student that information about a community's health services and resources includes all of the following factors except: A. Service use patterns B. Treatment data C. Insurance costs D. Provider/client ratios

ANS: C Insurance costs Insurance costs are not considered part of a community's health services and resources.

In community organizing, the PHN recognizes that her role is that of a: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. A. Stakeholder B. Leader C. Listener D. Facilitator E. Developer of skills

ANS: C, D, E 1 This is incorrect. A stakeholder is someone that a program will directly impact. 2 This is incorrect. In community organizing, a nurse will want to grow leaders, but is not considered to be one. 3 This is correct. When a nurse becomes a listener, he or she can more easily digest information and direct it to the correct place. 4 This is correct. A nurse will need to be a facilitator and bring the community the resources that it needs. 5 This is correct. The nurse can train the community and help them develop the skills they need to improve their health situation.

Keeping in mind distal social determinants when helping a community, a nurse uses the resources available to: A. Build a better playground. B. Build a better clinic. C. Build a better school. D. Build a better community grocery store.

ANS: C. Build a better school. The distal social determinants are income, education, housing, and racism. The construction of a better school would change the distal social determinants by improving education and thus employment.

A relatively permanent statistical subdivision of a county that averages between 2,500 and 8,000 inhabitants is called a: A. Census block B. Secondary data C. Census tract D. Health-care sector

ANS: C. Census tract A census tract is a relatively permanent statistical subdivision of a county that averages between 2,500 and 8,000 inhabitants and is designed to be homogenous with respect to population characteristics and economic status.

According to the CHANGE model, the aspect of a community that includes community-wide efforts that have an effect on the social and built environments such as improving food access, walkability or bike-ability, tobacco use or exposure, or personal safety is called the: A. Community institution or organization sector B. Health-care sector C. Community-at-large sector D. Preventative sector

ANS: C. Community-at-large sector The community-at-large sector includes community-wide efforts to improve the social and built environments.

A nurse wants to use evidence-based practice (EBP) to develop a program aimed at preventing social isolation in older adults. The first step the nurse should take is to A. Do an assessment. B. Develop a community diagnosis. C. Consult the literature to create a rationale for intervention. D. Begin community organizing.

ANS: C. Consult the literature to create a rationale for intervention. Consulting the literature to create a rationale for intervention is the first step in EBP.

If the logic model is used for its linear reasoning in program design, the implementer will read the model like a map, from left to right, whereas stakeholders will read the steps: A. From left to right B. All at once C. From right to left D. By scanning

ANS: C. From right to left Stakeholders should read the steps from right to left, understanding the impact and outcomes first, then determining what activities and output are needed. Finally, they would establish what resources are necessary to implement the intended activities.

A PHN uses the Mobilizing for Actions through Planning and Partnerships (MAPP) strategic model because of its distinct use for assessing what particular aspect of a public health situation? A. Financial B. Mortality C. Intervention D. Geographic

ANS: C. Intervention The MAPP tool includes the full scope of health planning including assessment, diagnosis, developing an intervention, implementing the intervention, and evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention.

A nurse is planning for the community acceptance of a program, estimating resources, developing specific plans for activities, and establishing program management. The nurse is currently working on A. Project management B. Program evaluation C. Program implementation D. Program planning

ANS: C. Program implementation Program implementation encompasses the resources needed for a program as well as the mechanism for putting the program in place.

Due to health concerns for high-risk populations, Healthy People 2020 includes as one of its main goals: A. To provide better insurance programs B. To have collaboration among governmental agencies C. To provide access to preventive health-care services D. To improve assessment of services

ANS: C. To provide access to preventive health-care services The quickest method to aid high-risk populations is to give preventative health care and to avoid secondary and tertiary health problems.

In order to assess the predominance of a disease in a population, a public health nurse (PHN) looks at a prevalence pot, which is A. A way of estimating the amount of vaccine that needs to be produced B. A way of estimating the past number of cases of a specific disease in a given area C. A way of assessing the total number of cases of a disease that takes into account all of the stages of the disease D. A method of calculating the potential number of various diseases in a given area

ANS: C. A way of assessing the total number of cases of a disease that takes into account all the stages A prevalence pot is used for more epidemiological use than pharmaceutical use. A prevalence pot estimates current data, not past cases. A prevalence pot is a way of depicting the total number of cases of a disease in a population that takes into account issues related to duration of the disease and the incidence of the disease. A prevalence pot depicts the number of cases of one disease for a given population.

The nursing student is studying learning theories. He learns that television commercials are an example of which learning theory? A. Constructivism B. Cognitivist C. Bandura's theory of social learning D. Behaviorism

ANS: C. Bandura's theory of social learning Bandura's theory of learning specifically connects understanding, behavior, and environment. Whereas the other theories listed are based in behavior and cognitive frameworks, Bandura's theory stresses imitation and reinforcement in learning. In this example, the audience is encouraged to mimic the behavior seen on the commercial.

2. A nursing student is studying public health. She learns that, according to C.E.A. Winslow's definition, some of the goals of public health are disease prevention, promoting health, control of communicable infections, and ____. A. Risk assessment for disease B. Birth control C. Education on personal hygiene D. Governmental safety regulations

ANS: C. Education and personal hygiene Health education and the promotion of healthy lifestyles are essential parts of public health.

According to Issel, when planning a health intervention in a diverse community concerning improving diet, the factor that must be evaluated (which includes shared geographic origin, language and dialect, religious faith, folklore, and food preferences) is termed ____. A. Race B. Culture C. Ethnicity D. Custom

ANS: C. Ethnicity Ethnicity includes shared geographic origin, language and dialect, religious faith, folklore, and food preferences.

The PHN understands that which layer of government is responsible for issuing quarantines? A. Federal B. State C. Local D. All of the above

ANS: C. Local C Quarantines are mostly managed at the local level.

The PHN recognizes that which of these tests is not an indicator of health literacy? A. The Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) B. Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) C. National Quality Forum (NQF) D. Suitability Assessment of Material (SAM)

ANS: C. National Quality Forum (NFQ) The TOFHLA is a 50-item reading comprehension and numerical test available in English and Spanish that tests the ability of the patient to understand health-related materials. REALM is used to assess the reading skills of patients. The NQF is an agency for health-care quality, safety, and infection control, but not a test. SAM assesses health information for content and cultural appropriateness.

The history and development of epidemiology has gone through several developmental phases. The public health nursing student learns that these phases came about in history in what order? A. Risk factor phase, infectious disease phase, and sanitary phase B. Infectious disease phase, risk factor phase, and sanitary phase C. Sanitary phase, infectious disease phase, and risk factor phase D. Agent phase, host phase, and environment phase

ANS: C. Sanitary phase, infectious disease phase, and risk factor phase The first phase, the sanitary phase, was due to the theory that sanitation needed to be improved to aid health. During the next phase, the infectious disease phase, germ theory was developed and antibiotics came into production. The third phase, the risk factor phase, turned to reducing risk for disease and prevention.

If a nurse takes the number of new cases of a disease or illness among the contacts of initial (primary) cases and divides it by the number of people in the population at risk, he or she is calculating the: A. Prevalence B. Incidence C. Secondary attack rate D. Attack rate

ANS: C. Secondary attack rate Secondary attack rate is calculated this way. It is essentially the number of contacts of the initially ill who are now ill.

A PHN has a patient that has multiple medical issues that have developed over time. The nurse suspects that the issues are due to working in a chemical plant. The plant was monitored carefully, but a direct cause of his illness will be difficult to prove because: A. Safety records of the plant do not pertain to the health records of the patient. B. The patient has medical problems that could be caused by lifestyle decisions. C. Toxic substances often have thresholds below which exposures do not present human health risks but above which can prove to have adverse and sometimes fatal consequences. D. Some toxic substances are difficult to trace in medical tests.

ANS: C. Toxic substances often have thresholds...

In 2011, the National Prevention Strategy released a plan to increase the number of Americans who are healthy at every stage of life. The National Prevention Strategy was authorized by the: A. Department of Health and Human Services B. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention C. Affordable Care Act D. American Medical Association

ANS: C. affordable care act

The PHN understands that chronic diseases have replaced communicable diseases as the major disease classification for: A. Larger third world countries B. Low-income countries C. High-income countries D. Smaller, more primitive countries

ANS: C. high- income countries High-income countries have very few problems with communicable diseases but have significant problems with noncommunicable diseases—also called chronic or lifestyle diseases—such as heart disease and diabetes.

If a nurse is focusing on prevention and establishing a public health intervention for an illness by following the natural history of a disease, he or she is: A. Making sure that everyone in a certain area receives treatment B. Studying the biological components of the disease C. Looking at medical trends of clients who have had the disease D. Going to the autopsies of the patients who have died

ANS: C. looking at medical trends.... Following the natural history of a disease allows the nurse to identify who is at the greatest risk by looking at the groups who have had it.

A nursing instructor is giving a lecture on genetics and genetic testing. The instructor explains that there is a lot of controversy over testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2, the tumor suppressing genes that, if mutated, may indicate hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. The arguments against genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 include all of the following except: A. The cost of the test is high. B. The evidence to the effectiveness of the test is limited. C. The test is difficult to perform. D. Less than 10% of all breast cancers are genetically based.

ANS: C. the test is difficult to perform

In order to develop maintenance and survival strategies for a community in the event of an emergency, a PHN looks for useful places, persons, and systems. This part of the assessment is called: A. Capacity building B. Needs assessment C. Participatory research D. Asset mapping

ANS: D. Asset mapping Asset mapping is a combination of finding assets (useful qualities, persons, or things) and mapping—that is, exploring, planning, and locating where they are for a time when they are needed.

A PHN is looking for a tool to help conduct a community assessment. The nurse can get such a tool from the: A. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) B. Affordable Care Act (ACA) C. Institute of Medicine (IOM)'s report The Future of Public Health D. Community Health Assessment aNd Group Evaluation (CHANGE)

ANS: D. Community Health Assessment aNd Group Evaluation (CHANGE) This is correct. CHANGE has a tool that includes a process for conducting a comprehensive assessment of a community.

Pressure to slant or misuse the findings of an evaluation from the stakeholders would be what kind of problem? A. Moral B. Management C. Confidentiality D. Ethical

ANS: D. Ethical Ethics make up the code of behavior of a group and impact a social system. In this case, the ethics of the health program would be compromised.

A nursing student is learning about a type of sampling in which a list of the possible participants is present and the number needed for the sample is divided into the total population. From that point, n, every nth person is chosen for the sample. The student learns that this type of sampling is called: A. Quota sampling B. Convenience sampling C. Simple random sampling D. Systematic sampling

ANS: D. Systematic sampling Systematic sampling is used for large populations and involves the method described here.

If a PHN is working for the cause of social justice within a community, he or she will distribute a vaccine A. Only to children B. Only to the elderly C. Only to those who have insurance D. To everyone equally, according to the resources available

ANS: D. To everyone equally, according to the resources available Social justice dictates that everyone should have equal access to basic health services, according to the resources available.

A PHN was asked to come to a town that was having some noticeable health problems. Driving through town, the nurse noted that there were many for-sale signs, as well as very little green space and some trash in the street. This preassessment phase is called a: A. Community themes and strengths assessment B. Community Health Assessment aNd Group Evaluation (CHANGE) C. Community health status assessment D. Windshield survey

ANS: D. Windshield survey A windshield survey is a drive or walk through the community to observe the community.

If the international medical community was working to contain several worldwide pandemics, they would look to the World Health Organization (WHO), which is A. The public health arm of the United Nations B. Working to improve health and well-being for the global population C. Working with nurses to promote public health interventions D. All of the above

ANS: D. All of the above This is correct. The WHO is the public health arm of the United Nations and works toward both of the above mentioned goals.

According to O'Donnell's definition of health promotion, how could a public health nurse advise a company to encourage its employees to work toward good health? A. Lower insurance premiums for good health habits B. Have employee exercise classes or discounted health club memberships C. Have incentives for healthy eating D. All of the above

ANS: D. All of the above All of the options listed above promote good health and reduce the risk for illness.

A PHN would like to use the Dahlgren-Whitehead model to help herself and other local practitioners understand health in populations. She understands that the Dahlgren-Whitehead ecological model assumes that A. There are multiple determinants of health and thus, multiple strategies are needed. B. A population and environmental approach is essential. C. Linkages and relationships are crucial. D. All of the above

ANS: D. All the above The Dahlgren-Whitehead model is key to understanding the layers of influence and relationships regarding population health and how important environment is to said health. Thus, all of the answer choices together are correct.

nursing instructor is giving a lecture on public health and the importance of maintaining a population-focused perspective when administering care. Which of the following statements might a nursing student hear from the instructor? A. Individual health occurs within the context of the population. B. Individual health occurs within the context of the environment surrounding the individual. C. Individuals achieve health at the individual level through individualistic actions. D. Both 1 and 2

ANS: D. Both 1 and 2 Individual health occurs within the context of the population and the environment surrounding the individual.

An epidemiologist uses the epidemiological triangle to explain the occurrence of disease by looking at the three main components of the model: the host, the environment, and the agent. The PHN understands that the agent could be one of many types except: A. Biological and chemical B. Nutritive C. Physical D. Ecological

ANS: D. Ecological

A PHN is looking into the high rate of diabetes in the community. The nurse knows that there are three categories of risk factors in the field of epidemiology to be considered in the investigation. These categories include all of the following except: A. Prevalence B. Behavioral C. Environmental D. Genetic

ANS: D. Genetic Genetic risk is associated with the biological make-up of individuals that provides protective factors or risk factors for the development of disease.

A family does preconception testing for early identification of cerebral palsy to make childbearing decisions by using genetic markers. The PHN recognizes that this area of study is called: A. The Human Genome Project B. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) C. Ecological epidemiology D. Genomics

ANS: D. Genomics The field of genetic epidemiology that seeks to understand the inheritability of factors that have an impact on the development of illness and disease is called genomics.

The public health nurse (PHN) knows that he must approach a public health problem with an understanding of the related underlying risk factors in order to develop effective nursing interventions. He must also consider that these risk factors can be either ____ based or ____ based. A.Disease; individual B.Intervention; Government C.Epidemic; population D.Individual; population

ANS: D. Individual; population Nurses may work with patients to assess risk and intervene on a one-to-one, situational basis or as part of a larger health problem within a population.

The public health nursing student is studying outbreak investigations and disease trends. The student learns that the disease that has seen an increase in the last 30 years after a decline in the 1970s is: A. West Nile virus B. H1N1 virus C. Influenza D. Pertussis

ANS: D. Pertussis There has been a decrease in incidence of West Nile virus due to improved environmental conditions and insect management. H1N1, or swine flu, has decreased due to better education about personal hygiene. Influenza has decreased due to a public health vaccination program and better personal hygiene. The recent resurgence of pertussis in adults and older people is probably due to a less aggressive vaccination campaign.

In the traditional public health prevention framework, the level of prevention that includes early detection and initiation of treatment for disease, or screening, is referred to as the: A. Clinical level B. Primary level C. Tertiary level D. Secondary level

ANS: D. Secondary level

A public health nurse (PHN) is asked by the hospital administration to find out why there are so many pediatric asthma patients coming to the ER for treatment and to develop a plan to reduce admissions by 10%. The nurse needs to untangle the multiple risk factors involved in order to determine what type of intervention should be developed, so he or she uses: A. Descriptive data analysis B. The ecological model C. Demography D. The web of causation

ANS: D. The web of causation The web of causation is a framework that demonstrates the complexity of the multiple factors of illness, injury, and disease, which are determined by multiple causes.

Based on the ecological model of health, a nurse would evaluate which of the following to understand why a community is having a large incidence of recurring respiratory infections? A. Local health-care facilities B. Community health-care programs C. Medical tests results D. Living and employment situations

ANS: D. living and employment situations Based on the ecological model, the public health nurse would evaluate how, where, and with whom the patients spent most of their time.

A PHN is gathering evaluation information on a program to be used for several purposes, except A. To share with the media for public relations B. To make improvements on the program C. To redefine the population being served D. To share with funding agencies

ANS:A. To share with the media for public relations Evaluation information is generally used for the appropriate agencies that directly influence the program's welfare, not for public disclosure.

A nurse is volunteering with the local fire department and is sitting in on a class about dealing with wildfires. The instructor is talking about strategies for fighting a fire that is burning below the forest floor in the humus layer of the soil. This is known as what type of fire? A. Wildfire B. Ground fire C. Surface fire D. Crown fire

B. A ground fire burns below the forest floor, usually down in the humus layer of the soil. These fires are usually started by lightning strikes.

A nurse is speaking at a city council meeting in a coastal town on the northeastern coast of the United States. The nurse is explaining that in order to protect the rest of the town, the city council needs to restrict people from building homes along the immediate coastline. A resident stands up, angry, and demands to know why he can't purchase property there. The nurse replies: A. "People living along the coastline are at greater risk for property damage from seawater." B. "Deforestation along the coast can increase risk and severity of strong storm surges during hurricanes or coastal storms." C. "Remote areas can be more difficult to evacuate in case of an emergency." D. "All community members need to be able to access the coastline in case of an emergency evacuation."

B. Deforestation along the coast can increase risk and severity of strong storm surges during hurricanes or coastal storms.

A nurse is studying the increased infant mortality rate at a local hospital in a largely African American community. The nurse notes that there are very few options for prenatal care in the community and recognizes that this is an example of: A. Health disparity B. Health inequity C. Health injustice D. Social determinant of health

B. Health inequity

Researchers have found that investment in which of the following would have had a greater effect on health disparities than the investment in new medical technology? A. Improving quality of health care B. Increasing access to education for everyone C. Implementing universal health care D. Decreasing crime rate

B. Increasing access to education for everyone

A nurse is counseling a young man with obesity and diabetes. The nurse explains that in addition to direct medical costs, indirect costs will likely include: A. Costs of medication B. Lost wages and loss of employment productivity C. Decreased lifespan D. Increased costs of health insurance

B. Lost wages and loss of employment productivity

A nurse is performing an assessment of a very economically diverse community and realizes that while comparing income to health outcomes, the nurse must be careful to: A. Compare only the outcomes of the richest community members to the outcomes of the poorest community members. B. Recognize that income and outcomes exist on a scale, and look across the entire spectrum. C. Evaluate only the poorest health outcomes and where they land on the income spectrum. D. Evaluate only the poorest community members and their health outcomes.

B. Recognize that income and outcomes exist on a scale, and look across the entire spectrum.

A nurse is responding to the scene of a small plane crash in the community. First responders are on the scene treating victims, but they have asked the nurse to notify the appropriate federal authorities. The nurse informs: A. The FBI B. The FAA C. FEMA D. The Department of Homeland Security

B. The FAA has jurisdiction over all airplane crashes and accidents

A nurse is working with a local television station to work on a public service announcement meant to educate residents on how to prepare for tornados. What advice does the nurse give in the event that a tornado is imminent? A. Watch for the coming storm at the windows. B. Immediately take shelter in a basement away from any windows. C. Take shelter in a large room under a blanket. D. As soon as the alarm goes off, gather your emergency supplies and head to the nearest community shelter.

B. The best place to take shelter is in the basement or in a designated storm shelter. If neither is available, people should take shelter in an inside closet or bathroom with sometime heavy protecting the head

A nurse is assisting paramedics at the site of a large accident with many injured people. During the initial response, it is especially important to: A. Notify the media so they can assist in informing the community of what happened. B. Triage victims according to the severity of their injuries. C. Interview victims and witnesses to determine what happened. D. Notify clergy and mental health professionals to assist survivors at the site.

B. Triage is the most effective way to sort patients according to the severity of their treatment. It allows first responders to appropriately manage the care of a large number of people, and help get patients to where they will receive the best care.

Which of the following programs has been designed to work toward optimal health for all Americans? A. Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Health (REACH) B. Universal Health Care C. Healthy People D. EURO Health for All

C. Healthy People

A nurse manager has been working in a community health center for many years. In the recent months, the nurse manager has noticed a dramatic increase in the number of Hispanic clients coming in to the center with uncontrolled diabetes. Which of the following is the best way to address the situation? A. Speak with local providers about decreasing the length of time between follow-up visits. B. Involve pharmacists in counseling newly diagnosed patients about their insulin regimen. C. Perform a community assessment to determine why community members aren't properly caring for themselves. D. Develop several educational handouts about managing diabetes and have them translated into Spanish.

C. Perform a community assessment to determine why community members aren't properly

A nurse is looking at reasons why members of a community are more likely to die from heart disease. The nurse finds several studies that suggest that social factors, such as ____, are more important than behavioral choices. A. Smoking B. High-fat or high-sugar diets C. Poverty D. Lack of exercise

C. Poverty

Which of the following statements about Healthy People is correct? A. Healthy People 2010 was successful in reaching its goal of ending health disparities. B. Healthy People 2010 focused on climate change as one of the key factors contributing to health inequities. C. The goal of Healthy People 2020 was expanded to include improving the health of all ages and groups, and to eliminate all health disparities and inequities. D. The goal of Healthy People 2010 was to reduce health disparities and inequity.

C. The goal of Healthy People 2020 was expanded to include improving the health of all ages

A nurse is reviewing the disaster and emergency plans for the hospital before updating them. What characteristic needs to be addressed, as it is not helpful in a disaster preparedness plan? A. The plan is broad in scope and able to address multiple types of disasters. B. The plan is comprehensive and contains plans for advanced preparation, disaster management and post-disaster evaluation. C. The plan stresses autonomy and independence from nearby organizations. D. The plan includes information about long-term management of the after effects of the disaster.

C. The plan should stress collaboration and cooperation with nearby organizations. In addition, a disaster preparedness plan should be broad in scope and able to address multiple types of disasters, yet comprehensive and contain plans for advanced preparation, disaster management, and post-disaster evaluation. It should also include information about long-term management of the after effects of the disaster.

A nurse has been dispatched to communities along the New Madrid fault in Missouri because the area has seen a recent increase in seismic activity. The nurse is attempting to put policies in place that mitigate the potential damages from future earthquakes. Which of the following is an example of an effective policy change? A. Require a post-earthquake meeting to discuss the town's response. B. Create an emergency preparedness plan. C. Update building ordinances to be more resistant to seismic activity. D. Make the Director of the City Health Department in charge of all emergency response needs.

C. Updating building codes and ordinances to require that buildings are more resistant to seismic activity is an example of mitigation because it reduces the impact of the earthquake.

Abbreviation for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CDC

Strategic plan that describes the health of a community by data collection & analysis to educate & mobilize to improve community health

CHNA

A prison nurse has received notification that there is a powerful storm system approaching the prison that is likely to cause tornados in the area, putting the prison and prisoners at risk. The nurse is reviewing the emergency response plan, which should include: A. Plans for the safety of first responders B. Plans for the protection and safety of prisoners and staff C. Plans for the safety of the general public D. All of the above

D.

In a study performed by the Center for Economic and Political Studies, researchers found that between 2003 and 2006 the cost of health inequalities in the United States was approximately: A. $1 million B. $100 million C. $1 billion D. $1 trillion

D. $1 trillion

A public health nurse (PHN) is working with a community after a major wildfire. The fire has been completely contained and will be put out shortly. How does the nurse proceed? A. Return home and allow the local firefighters to finish putting the fire out. B. Contact the Federal Government to ask for assistance in managing the wildfire. C. Wait another day or two until the fire is confirmed to be out and then return home. D. Begin surveillance and assess for incidences of respiratory disease related to the fires.

D. It is known that respiratory illnesses increase after a major wildfire. The nurse should remain on site to monitor for and track respiratory disease cases until the numbers of such cases return to the community baseline

A nurse educator is preparing a lesson on the issues surrounding the Affordable Care Act and universal health care. In 2005, which organization passed a resolution that states that every person should be able to access health-care services regardless of economic status? A. The Supreme Court B. The World Health Organization C. The United Nations D. The World Health Assembly

D. The World Health Assembly

A nurse is at the beach with friends when one of them begins to complain about dizziness and fatigue. It is a particularly hot day in the middle of a heat wave. How should the nurse react? A. Call an ambulance. B. Tell her to close her eyes and rest. C. Give her some cool water. D. Leave the beach with the friend and have her sit in an air-conditioned car while drinking an electrolyte replacement drink.

D. The friend needs to cool off immediately. She should leave the beach and sit in an air-conditioned car. She also needs to rehydrate by drinking an electrolyte replacement solution.

A nurse is taking care of a several patients who were injured as a result of a pipe bomb explosion. The current patient has ruptured eardrums and traumatic injuries to his lower extremities due to flying debris. How does the nurse document these injuries? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Primary and secondary

D. The ruptured eardrums are a primary injury, and the injuries to his lower limbs that resulted from flying debris are secondary injuries.

What is qualitative data?

Data based off things other than numbers, unstructured and subjective.

The social and economic environment, the physical environment, and the person's individual characteristics & behaviors are ...

Determinants of health

Community preparedness is being used to plan for a disaster. Which of the following tasks is being implemented?

Developing an evacuation plan to remove individuals from danger

Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery are the four phases of

Disaster

What was the most important thing john snow did ?

Disease mapping

A health outcome is seen to a greater or lesser extent between populations.

Disparity

nterventions and strategies focus on providing equitable access to care and services to mitigate the negative impacts of disaters

Downstream

A process used to review, analyze, and translate the latest scientific evidence into practice

EBP

The study & analysis of the distribution, patterns & determinants of health & disease conditions in a population

Epidemiology

What are the 3 core functions targeting

Equity

What is assessment?

First step in development of health programs and interventions aimed at improving the health of community or population.

Modern founder of nursing, early pioneer in epidemiology

Florence nightingale

Degree to which people have the ability to find, understand, & use information & services to inform health-related decisions

Health literacy

What are the three characteristics regarding health status of a community ?

Health status of community, structure of community, and community competence.

Program that identifies public health priorities to help individuals, organizations, & communities across the United States improve health

Healthy People

What are the goals of health program planning?

Helps communities understand how to move from where they are (reality) to where they would like to be (vision)

Model used to demonstrate relationships between resources, activities, outcomes and intended effects of a program

Logic

Emergency preparedness:

Planning focused on avoiding or minimizing the risks and hazards resulting from a

What is Healthy People 2030?

Provides science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans.

What are the parts of a community diagnosis

The problem, population, what the problem is related to, and how the problem is demonstrated.

Interventions & strategies to improve social & economic structures aimed to decrease barriers & improve health potentials

Upstream

Why do acts of bioterrorism or natural disasters often have more casualties?

Victims have little time to make evacuation preparations.

The United Nations agency connecting nations & people to promote health, safety and serve the vulnerable

WHO

A drive-through or walkthrough the community to observe the community

Wind sheild survey

three components of the Epidemiological triangle

agent, host, environment

The best intervention or approach to address population needs based on efficacy and resources

best practices

The relationship of causes to the effects they produce

causality

Anything producing an effect or result

cause

A usually nonreversible pathological alteration in health resulting in residual disability, may require long term tx

chronic disease

Any factor, event, characteristic, other definable entity, that brings about change in a health condition or characteristic

determinant

Severe or catastrophic events that affect the health of a given area or population.

disaster

Prevalent in or peculiar to a particular locality or people.

endemic

Extrinsic factors such as geology & climate, biologic factors, socioeconomic issues like crowding, sanitation

environment

Seeks to ensure that no population will bear a disproportionate burden of negative human health & environmental impacts

environmental justice

An increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected

epidemic

he study & analysis of the distribution, patterns & determinants of health & disease conditions in a population

epidemiology

Process to systematically determine relevance, efficacy and impact of activities in relation to their objectives

evaluation

the occurrence of new cases of disease or injury in a population over a specified period of time

incidence

a generic term used in public health to describe a policy or program designed to have an impact on a health problem

intervention

The period of time between exposure to something that causes a disease and the onset of the health effect

latency

Any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being

morbidity

Number of deaths in a population within a prescribed time, expressed as either crude data or specific to a population

mortality rate

what is quantitative data?

numbers obtained by counting or measuring, is structured and considered unbiased (a matter of fact).

widespread occurrence of an infectious disease over a whole country or the world at a particular time.

pandemic

The number of people in a given area. This can be defined geographically or politically, ethnically

population

reflects the number of existing cases of a disease

prevalence

Separation or confinement of individuals, groups, animals, or transport of goods in order to limit spread of disease

quarantine

What is policy development

refers to efforts to develop policies that support the health of the population, including using a scientific knowledge base to make policy decisions

A nurse experiencing a stress reaction while working with the survivors of a disaster is likely to experience what problem?

refusing to follow orders

An attribute or exposure that increases the probability of disease or other specified outcome, a determinant.

risk factor

Animals or other living organisms that carry or transmit diseases (e.g., rats, mosquitoes, foxes)

vector

emphasises proximate determinants of disease amenable to intervention through individual level health care but taking into ac

web of causation

What does program planning require?

• Active involvement of the community as partner • Skill and time to complete an effective assessment • Shared conclusions of effectiveness of interventions