Portuguese Empire 1450-1750

3 major Portuguese people that helped Portugal expand greatly?

1. Prince Henry the Navigator 2. Bartolomeu Dias 3. Vasco Da Gama Im the PBV.

When was the Portuguese Empire founded.

1415.

So how did the Portuguese get the territory of modern day Brazil?

According to the Treaty of Tordesillas, that was part of Portugal.

What African state did the Portuguese attack during the 1600s?

During the 1620s, they began to attack to state of Ndongo.

Portuguese East India Company

Failed in the 1600s as the Portuguese were pushed out of Indian and East Asia by the Dutch and English. The VOC was far more successful and Portugal struggled to stay relevent in trading during this century.

Major reason the Portuguese sailed to Africa?

He wanted to find an all water route to the east so the Portuguese could have access to the Indian Ocean and the East Indies and he wanted African gold.

Portuguese Interaction in Africa during 1500.

In coastal Africa, small Islamic states along the coast of Mozambique, Kilwa, Brava and Mombasa were destroyed or became subjects or allies of Portugal by 1500. Part of their Trading Post Empire.

Why did the Portugal have problems with Morocco.

In the 1400s, Morocco was beginning to show weakness. As a result, the Portuguese attacked them and raiding the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. The Portuguese continued to raid more ports of Morocco's Atlantic coast.

Portuguese interaction in East Indies?

In the 1500s, a Portuguese admiral and governor of Portugal Indiab coasts attacked the Arab merchants in the island of Malacca in the East Indies and this person set up a factory for the Portuguese. By 1600s, the Dutch capture it.

Who did the Portuguese have troubles with when they first tried to enter Africa.

Morocco.

Homeland of the Portuguese Empire

Portugal

Ndongo (Angola) - Who ruled this?

Queen Ana Nzinga became the rule of the Ndongo state in 1624.

What type of empire was Portugal?

Sea-based empire.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Spain and Portugal fought over their colonies. As a result, the Pope drew an imaginary line down the center of the Atlantic Ocean in 1494. Spain got everything to the West of the line while Portugal got all lands to the East. Spain: Most of New World Portugal: Most of Old World

Had did the Portuguese win control of the Indian coasts by the 1500s.

The Battle of Diu.

Portuguese interaction East Asia.

The Portuguese visited China and Japan in the 1500s.

Why could the Jesuits not convert the Chinese?

The scholar-gentry and many Chinese elite and upper class viewed the Chinese as barbaric for trying to change their religions. The lower classes were easier to convert.

Economy of Europe.

Trade from its colonies and trading posts all over the world, such as the Indian Ocean and Brazil.

When did Queen Nzinga of Matamba and Ndongo die?

1663

Matteo Ricci

An Italian Jesuit who by his knowledge of Astronomy and science was accepted as a missionary of China. Matteo Ricci (1552-1610. He was the best-known Jesuit and European in China prior to the 20th century.

Why is Queen Nzinga important?

One of the great female rulers of Africa, Queen Anna Nzinga (1581-1663) of Matamba and Ndongo fought against the slave trade and European influence in the seventeenth century. Known for being an astute diplomat and visionary military leader, she resisted Portuguese invasion and slave raids for 30 years.

Government of Portugal.

One of the most powerful of the European colonial empires, the Portuguese Empire was ruled by an absolute monarch.

What did the Portuguese do to Queen Nzinga after they allied?

Portugal broke the alliance down, and Nzinga fled west to the state of Matamba.

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. Dias did not want to face any consequence from the government for pushing further, so he returned home.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. The Portuguese built ports in India and this allowed them to expand on trading in the Indian Ocean.

What did Queen Nzinga do to stop the choas in Ndongo?

Queen Nzinga became an ally of Portugal and she converted to Christianity.

But didn't the Dutch East India company have a monopoly in the Indian Ocean?

The Indian Ocean was dominated by the Portuguese in the 1500s through their Trading Post Empire. The Indian Ocean was dominated by the Dutch East India company in the 1600s. as they had a monopoly and pushed out the trading of all other Europeans, including the Portuguese.

Where did the Portuguese look to once the Dutch and English pushed them out of South Asia, ending their Trading Post Empire and Indian Ocean monopoly in the 1600s. They had more interaction with Africa again in the 1600s.

They began to look to colonize parts of Africa and they had massive slave raids.

Portuguese in Indian Ocean 1500s?

They created a Trading Post Empire in the Indian Ocean.

Spain and Portuguese conflict.

They were both racing to claim the New World but no one had any set territories.

What was traded in the Portugal Trading Post Empire

Trading of products from Asia and Europe. China - porcelain and silk India - luxurious textiles Java - Agricultural Goods Spices from many regions. - Made the Portugese very profitable.

Matamba

A pre-colonial African state located in what is now modern day Angola. It was a powerful kingdom that long resisted Portuguese colonization attempts.

Francis Xavier

Francis Xavier was a Spanish Jesuit. He went to South Asia (India) in the 1550s looking to convert people into Catholics. He then traveled to Southeast and East Asia converting more people into Catholics. From 1549-1551, he traveled to Japan as a Jesuit, and he died in 1552 but hoped to gain entry to China.

What did the Portuguese do after Queen Nzinga died?

In 1671 the Portuguese would again go to war against the Kingdom of Ndongo. On November 29, 1671, the Portuguese forces captured the fortress of Pungua Ndongo effectively ending the territorial integrity of the Kingdom of Ndongo and beginning its integration into the Colony of Angola. Portuguese invaded the African states a decade after she died and they had new large colony is Western Africa.

Why was the caravel an important development in navigation?

It gave the Portuguese an advantage oversea's and it allowed them to have a stronger navy, thus allowing them to explore Africa and to develop their Trading Post Empire of the 1500s in the Indian Ocean.

Did the Portuguese Trading post empire change the lifestyle of the merchants that traded bewteen states and empires?

Merchants in the Indian Ocean continued just as they did before; however, they needed permits and had to pay to sail in certain routes.

Morocco Religion

Muslim ran by Muslim government.

Were Jesuits successful in Japan.

No, they were all kicked out the Tokugawa Shogunate banned all trade with the Europeans.

So didn't the Portuguese destroy Morocco?

No. They could only raid the coast of the state. The Portuguese could not push inland in Morocco, thus they could not gain access to the gold trade in Africa.

Explain the Portuguese Trading Post Empire.

Portuguese trading posts were designed not to conquer territory but to control trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to stop and pay duties in the Indian Ocean. By the mid-16th Century, Portuguese merchants had built more than 50 trading posts between west Africa and east Asia. Based on small outposts, rather than large territories, and they controlled key points to tax foreigners. - Foreigners needed to buy permits.

So what did Queen Nzinga do to win against the Portuguese in Africa?

She had a large rebellion against Portugal in Ndongo, and she allied with the Dutch, offering freedom to the runaway slaves.

What did Queen Nzinga do in Matamba as she fled west from the Portuguese in Ndongo.

She took over Matamba and made it part of the state of Ndongo.

Social Class of Portugal

Small elite group, no middle class, and majority of peasants.

Why were Jesuits important for the Chinese?

The missionary efforts and other work of the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, between the 16th and 17th century played a significant role in continuing the transmission of knowledge, science, and culture between China and the West, and influenced Christian culture in Chinese society today.

Portuguese advanced navy.

They invented the caraval. The caravel was developed in about 1451, based on existing fishing boats under the sponsorship of Henry the Navigator of Portugal, and soon became the preferred vessel for Portuguese explorers

What do the Portuguese do in response to not being able to push inland in Morocco to the gold?

They sail down the western coast of Africa throughout the 1400s. They began to sail down the African coast in attempts to have more direct contact with gold producers.

Portuguese Religion

This country's religion is Catholic: gets them banned from Japan.

Portuguese Brazil (Colonial Brazil)

It was colonized in the 1500s by the Portuguese.

Prince Henry the Navigator.

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. - Never actually explored himself. - He created a research institute to study navigation. - Tried to use the Jewish cartographers as they produced incredibly accurate sea charts and maps. - Henry's staff improved these navigational instruments to make them more effective and easier to use. - Under him, Portugal replaced the overland slave trade with sea slave trade.

First empire to sail around Africa?

Portuguese.

When were Henry the Navigator and the Portuguese finally profitable in Africa?

Prince Henry needed a way to pay for research, ships, and expeditions before voyages were profitable. The Portuguese voyages finally became profitable when they sold Africans into slavery. The Gold Trade emerged to become extremely profitable and desirable for the Portuguese as well. - By 1457, the Portuguese took so much gold that their kingdom issued a new gold coin currency called the cruzado (meaning crusade). They traveled across the Sahara for the gold trade. - By 1500, over 80,000 Africans were captured by the Portuguese.

Issues Ana Nzinga and the Ndongo had?

1. Being pressured by Portugal and their massive slave raids. 2. Ndongo was being attacked by neigboring African kingdoms.

Importance of colonial Brazil to Portugal.

1. Brazil would become the most important colony of the empire, from which Portugal gathered resources such as gold, precious stones, sugar cane, coffee and other cash crops. 2. By 1888, an estimated four million slaves had been imported from Africa to Brazil, 40% of the total number of slaves brought to the Americas. These chattel slaves worked day and night, with no breaks. They were treated so poorly that the average life expectancy of a chattel slave in Brazil was in the young twenties. They had to import slave nonstop or else they would run out of the slaves very quickly.

Portugal interaction with Japan (Tokugawa Shogunate)

1. In 1543, the first Portugese explorers give the Japanese guns and firearms. Within a year, Japanese smiths were able to reproduce the mechanism and began to mass-produce the Portuguese arms. And just 50 years later, his armies were equipped with a number of weapons perhaps greater than any contemporary army in Europe. 2. Portugal traded with Japan, often acting as the middleman of trade, since the Japan emperors did not trade with China so the Portugese brought the Chinese goods. 3. In the early 1600s, Japan grew to 300,000 Japanese Christians and a few new Japanese priests as a result of the Jesuits. Some daiymos even converted. The Japanese were extremely influenced by the Jesuits and other missionaries in the late 1500s. 4. In 1614, it was declared that Christians were seeking to overthrow the shogunate, change the government, and seize land for themselves. The Christians were charged with a major crime. 5. By 1617, the Tokugawa Shogunate began to persecute Christians. 6. The Tokugawa Shogunate issued a series of decrees, between 1633-1639, ending European trade.

The Fall of the Portuguese Trading Post Empire by end of 1500s. WHY?

1. Portugal was such a small land and they could not supply the ships and labor needed to manage the whole Indian Ocean, and their dozens of trading posts in Africa, South Asia, and the East Indies. 2. Merchants ignored Portugal and traded indepedently. 3. The government officials of Portugal were corrupt.

Timeline of what Portugese did the China without dates.

1. Portuguese traders with little significance to China. Could not trade at first either. Then then expell the Portugese in 1522. 2. By 1557, the Portuguese have right to trade. Missionaires (not Jesuits) go with Portuguese traders and convert some Chinese. 3. Jesuits come and try to win the Chinese court and they wanted to convert the Chinese elite and the elite could then convince the peasants to convert. Other missionaries did not do this. 4. Jesuits impress Chinese with technologies and science. 5. Jesuits can not convert the people because of elite.

During the Age of Exploration, who were the two major maritime empires?

1. The Spanish Empire 2. The Portuguese Empire

Why did the Portuguese establish a presence mainly along the African coast?

1. They have a very tiny nation. They could not expand on land in their region because they were surrounded by the Spanish Empire. Portugal could only expand oversea. 2. The Portuguese wanted new contacts with the African rulers. 3. The Portuguese were interested the the potential for wealth. 4. Like always, the Europeans would make the excuse that they wanted to Christianize the Africans.

Why is Portugal an extremely important empire during this unit in regards to interaction across the Atlantic?

1. They were the first Europeans to begin exploration in the sea's sparking the Age of Exploration among all the European maritime empires. 2. They, at first, began to kidnapp Africas and chattel slaves once they reached the coasts of Africa and they created the Transatlantic Slave Trade that other nations quickly followed.

Describe a caravel.

1. sturdier 2. Triangular sails (stronger against the wind) 3. Large cargo area 4. Shallow draft (allowed to explore close to the shore) 5. Sextant (instrument used to determine longitude and latitude) - The caravels were extremely small, only ⅕ the size of large European ships and large Chinese junks. - Its size allowed it to enter very shallow coastal waters, and it had the ability to travel upriver. - They were the best for exploration during this unit.

Were the Jesuits successful in China?

In regards to converting people to Christianity, they did not succeed as they could not convert to many. At the same time, they were extremely successful as they were the first people to bring European cultures, ideas, technologies, and inventions to China. The Chinese and the Europeans shared each others cultures for the first time in world history. They influenced Christian culture in Chinese society today.Chinese scientific production was stimulated by the Jesuits.

Battle of Diu (1509) - Who involved.

The Battle of Diu was a naval battle fought on 3 February 1509 in the Arabian Sea, in the port of Diu, India. Portuguese, in short, defeated the Muslims and the Venetians, their European rival. - Portuguese Empire. - Sultan of Gujarat. - The Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt. - Zamorin of Calicut. - Republic of Venice. This was an incredibly diverse battle was the Venetians, Portuguese, Egyptians, and South Asian Indians.

Who challenged the Portuguese Trading Empire of the Indian Ocean?

The Dutch and English (British) took territories in East Asia, (Dutch take Malacca from Portugal). 1. The Dutch created their monopoly in East Asia and the whole region. 2. The English are pushed by the Dutch because they dominated the trade so they came the South Asia (India) and pushed out the Portuguese on the coasts.

Result of Battle of Diu and great significance.

The Portuguese victory was critical: the great Muslim alliance were soundly defeated, easing the Portuguese strategy of controlling the Indian Ocean to route trade down the Cape of Good Hope, circumventing the traditional spice route controlled by the Arabs and the Venetians through the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. After the battle, Portugal rapidly captured key ports in the Indian Ocean like Goa, Ceylon, Malacca and Ormuz, crippling the Mamluk Sultanate and the Gujarat Sultanate, greatly assisting the growth of the Portuguese Empire and establishing its trade dominance for almost a century. Allowed Portuguese to dominate the Indian Ocean in the 16th Century.

How did the Portuguese defend their Trading Post Empire during the 1500s.

They used their military superiority to take control as well as their advanced caravels. They built trading posts, that were armed, all along the trading routes of the Indian Ocean.

How did the Portuguese and Spanish make peace with each other?

Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494