Potter & Perry: Chapter 48 (Tissue Integrity)

Inflammatory response(stage 1 of partial-thickness wound healing): Causes redness and swelling to the area with a moderate amount of _______ _______. This response is generally limited to the first __ hours after wounding.

serous exudate, 24

For patients weakened or debilitated by illness, nutritional therapy is especially important. A patient who has undergone surgery and is well nourished still requires at least 1_00 kcal/day for nutritional maintenance.

1500 kcal/day

The outer edges of a wound normally appear inflamed for the first

2 to 3 days, but this slowly disappears.

A goal frequently identified when working with a patient with a wound is to see wound improvement within a

2-week period

how long is a hydrocolloid dressing left on for?

3-5 days

A tetanus antitoxin injection is necessary if the patient has not had one within _ years.

5

partial-thickness wound healing: A wound left open to air can resurface within _ to _ days, whereas one that is kept moist can resurface in _ days.

6-7 days, 4 days

Acute wounds require close monitoring (every _ hours).

8

A disadvantage to hydrogel dressings is

A disadvantage is that some hydrogels require a secondary dressing, and the nurse must take care to prevent periwound maceration

hydrogel dressings are useful in _______ wounds because they are very soothing to the patient and do not adhere to the wound bed and cause little trauma during removal.

painful

An abrasion is superficial with little bleeding and is considered a __________________ wound.

partial-thickness

Hydrogel dressings are for

partial-thickness and full-thickness wounds, deep wounds with some exudate, necrotic wounds, burns, and radiation-damaged skin.

If scarring from secondary intention is severe, loss of tissue function is often

permanent

secondary, systemic factors that effect tolerance of the tissues: (4)

poor nutrition, increased aging, hydration status, and low blood pressure

the greater the degree to which the factors of shear, friction, and moisture are present, the more susceptible the skin will be to damage from

pressure

No single device eliminates the effects of

pressure on the skin. Repositioning is your friend.

Elevating the head of the bed to 30 degrees or less decreases the chance of

pressure ulcer development from shearing forces

main factor that contributes to the formation of pressure ulcers

pressure............. duh

A clean surgical incision with little tissue damage heals by

primary intention

the risk of infection in low in

primary intention

Too much inflammation also _________ healing because arriving cells compete for available nutrients.

prolongs

A large, open wound may expose bone or tissue that needs to be

protected.

Inspect the wound dressing and external drains only unless

provider orders a dressing change

The dermis, the inner layer of the skin: function

provides strength, support, and protection to the underlying muscles, bones, and organs.

Indications that a wound infection is present include the presence of

purulent drainage; change in odor, volume, or character of wound drainage; redness in the surrounding tissue; fever; and pain.

Types of wound drainage include

serous, sanguineous, serosanguineous, and purulent

stage III ulcers can be ________ or ________ depending on _________

shallow, deep, location

The extrinsic factors of _____, _______, & _______ affect the ability of the skin to tolerate pressure

sheer, friction, moisture

Hydrogels come in a

sheet dressing or a tube; the gel can be squirted directly into the wound base

A wound is infected if

purulent material drains from it, even if a culture is not taken or has negative results****** TEST QUESTION

hyperemia

redness- excessive blood in a part of the body

The necrotic tissue must be _________ to expose the wound base to allow for assessment

removed

eschar and slough must be

removed before a wound is able to heal

what causes a pressure ulcer?

result of prolonged ischemia (decreased blood supply) in tissues

Gauze can be saturated with solutions and used to clean and pack a wound. When used to pack a wound, the gauze is

saturated with the solution (usually normal saline), wrung out, unfolded, and lightly packed into the wound.

Full-thickness wounds heal by _____ formation because deeper structures do not regenerate

scar

Factors that affect the patient's perception of the wound include the presence of

scars, drains (drains are often necessary for weeks or months after certain procedures), odor from drainage, and temporary or permanent prosthetic devices.

It takes longer for a wound to heal by ________ intention, and the chance of infection is greater.

secondary

wound involving loss of tissue, such as a burn, pressure ulcer, or severe laceration, heals by

secondary intention.

skin assessment for wounds: Focusing on specific elements such as a patient's level of

sensation, movement, and continence status helps guide the skin assessment

Soft yellow or white tissue is characteristic of slough (stringy substance attached to wound bed), and it must be removed by a

skilled clinician before the wound is able to heal.

The nurse checks pressure dressings to ensure that they do not interfere with circulation to a body part. In order to accomplish this, the nurse assesses

skin color, pulses in distal extremities, the patient's comfort, and changes in sensation

Stage II ulcer should not be used to describe (5)

skin tears, tape burns, incontinence-associated dermatitis, maceration, or excoriation.

slough

slough is a yellow fibrinous tissue that consists of fibrin, and pus. Slough can be found on the surface of a previously clean wound bed and it is thought to be associated with bacterial activity.

excessive exudate _______ the would healing process

slows

A transparent film dressing is ideal for

small superficial wounds such as partial-thickness wounds or to protect high-risk skin. Can also be used for autolytic debridement of small wounds.

When cleaning the skin, the nurse should avoid

soap and hot water. Cleaners with nonionic surfactants that are gentle to the skin should be used.

a moist environment

speeds epithelial cell growth

moisture cream is indicated for what stage ulcer?

stage I ulcer

Stable (dry, adherent, intact without erythema or fluctuance) eschar on the heels serves as "the natural (biological) cover of the body" and should

stay there, not be removed

Hemostasis occurs within several minutes of the wound healing process unless

unless large blood vessels are involved or the patient has poor clotting function.

Layers of the skin (2)

Epidermis and dermis

why is tissue perfusion critical to wound healing?

Oxygen fuels the cellular functions essential to the healing process

Purposes of dressings

Protect the wound, promote healing, support wound site, and provide a moist environment

Evisceration

Protrusion of visceral organs through a wound opening

Protein needs especially are increased during would healing and are essential for

tissue repair and growth

desiccate

to remove moisture from

Stage I: pressure ulcer

Stage I: Nonblanchable erythema (redness) of intact skin.

Stage II: pressure ulcer

Stage II: partial thickness wound- skin loss or blister, shallow open ulcer, pink wound bed, without slough or bruising

1st step of taking a wound culture

The nurse cleans a wound first with normal saline to remove skin flora

___________ does not occur in patients with darkly pigmented skin

blanching

how do you asses hyperemia?

blanching

Tissues receive oxygen and nutrients and eliminate metabolic wastes via

blood

Dakin's solution

breaks down and loosens dead tissue in a wound

If infection develops, the area directly surrounding the wound becomes

brightly inflamed and swollen

An unstageable ulcer is a full-thickness tissue loss in which actual depth of the ulcer is completely obscured

by slough (yellow, tan, gray, green, or brown) or eschar (tan, brown, or black) in the wound bed.

The nurse checks pressure dressings to ensure that they do not interfere with ____________ to a body part.

circulation

Mechanical debridement is never used in a

clean, granulating wound

The inflammatory response is beneficial, and there is no value in attempting to cool the area or reduce the swelling unless the swelling occurs within a

closed compartment (e.g., ankle or neck).

Fibroblasts, which are responsible for ________ formation, are the only distinctive cell type within the ______

collagen, dermis

the dermis differs from the epidermis in that it contains mostly ___________ __________ and few skin cells

connective tissue

hydrogen peroxide is

cytotoxic

If the health care provider prefers to change the dressing, he or she assesses the wound at least

daily.

The wound often appears "weepy" because of plasma leakage from

damaged capillaries.

A hematoma near a major artery or vein is ________ because pressure from the expanding hematoma obstructs blood flow.

dangerous

Stage I ulcer may be difficult to detect in individuals with

dark skin tones

tissue ischemia

decreased blood supply to skin

if the erythematous area does not blanch (nonblanching erythema) when you apply pressure,

deep tissue damage is probable

When there is an increase in serosanguineous drainage from a wound, the nurse should be alert for the potential for

dehiscence.

Choose a dressing that controls exudate but does not __________ the ulcer bed.

desiccate

Choose a dressing that keeps the surrounding intact (periulcer) skin ___ while keeping the ulcer bed _____.

dry, moist

Sign of reestablishment of the epidermal layers (partial-thickness would healing): Cells slowly reestablish normal thickness and appear as

dry, pink tissue.

when is hemorrhage normal?

during and immediately after injury

A surgical incision healing by primary intention should have clean, well-approximated

edges

Within 7 to 10 days, a normally healing wound resurfaces with

epithelial cells, and edges close.

After a period of tissue ischemia, if the pressure is relieved and the blood flow returns, the skin

turns red

The epidermis, or the ___ layer, has several layers

top

examples of a stable wound

(e.g., after surgery or treatment)

functions of hydrocolloid dressings (6)

Absorbs drainage through the use of exudate absorbers in the dressing Maintains wound moisture Slowly liquefies necrotic debris Is impermeable to bacteria and other contaminants Is self-adhesive and molds well Acts as a preventive dressing for high-risk friction areas

hydrogel dressing: advantages (4)

Advantages: Is soothing and can reduce wound pain Provides a moist environment Debrides necrotic tissue (by softening the necrotic tissue) Does not adhere to the wound base and is easy to remove

Pressure intensity

Amount of pressure applied to tissue

when do you preform a wound assessment?

Before treatment, at the time of injury, and after therapy when the wound is relatively stable

Psychosocial impact of wounds

Body image changes often impose a great stress on the patient's adaptive mechanisms, self-concept, and sexuality

pressure ulcers are classified by

By the depth of tissue destroyed

what is found in the dermal layer (3)

Collagen (a tough, fibrous protein), blood vessels, and nerves are found in the dermal layer

Remodeling

Collagen scar continues to reorganize and gain strength for several months

Hematoma

Collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the skin or an organ........ a serious version of a bruise

Prolonged, intense pressure affects cellular metabolism by decreasing or obliterating blood flow, resulting in tissue ischemia and ultimately tissue ______.

DEATH. Turn your patients every 2 hours.

Inflammatory phase

Damaged tissues secrete histamine, capillaries vasodilate, and serum and white blood cells exudate into damaged tissues

Pressure ulcer assessment

Determine a patient's mobility, nutrition, presence of body fluids, and comfort level

symptoms of stage I pressure ulcer

Discoloration of the skin, warmer, edema, hardness, or pain may also be present

Serous drainage

Exudate composed of clear, watery plasma

Serosanguineous drainage

Exudate composed of serum and blood

Sanguineous drainage

Exudate containing red blood cells, indicates active bleeding

Exudate

Fluid, cells, or other substances that have been discharged from cells through small pores or breaks in membranes

Induration

Hardening of a tissue, particularly the skin, because of edema or inflammation

Complications of wound healing (4)

Hemorrhage, infection, dehiscence, and evisceration

Stages of full-thickness wound healing

Hemostasis, inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling

A goal frequently identified when working with a patient with a wound is to see wound improvement within a 2-week period. The outcomes of this goal can include the following:

Higher percentage of granulation tissue in the wound base No further skin breakdown in any body location An increase in the caloric intake by 10%

Hydrogel dressings: what do they do?

Hydrate wounds and absorb smaller amounts of exudate

partial-thickness would is stage __ ulcer

II

Until enough slough or eschar or both are removed to expose the base of the wound, the true depth cannot be determined, but it is either a stage

III or IV

the nurse takes wound cultures if

If purulent or suspicious-looking drainage is detected

osteomyelitis

Inflammation of bone caused by infection, generally in the legs, arm, or spine.

Stages of partial-thickness wound healing

Inflammatory response, epithelial proliferation and migration, and reestablishment of epidermal layers

Hemostasis

Injured blood vessels constrict, and platelets gather to stop bleeding

how should a nurse assess a wound in an emergency setting?

Inspect for bleeding, foreign bodies or containment, and size to determine care

3 factors of pressure ulcers

Intensity, duration, and tissue tolerance

The stratum corneum consists of

It consists of flattened, dead, keratinized cells.

how to assess wound closures

Look for irritation around the staple or suture site, and note whether closures are intact

how to manage a wound:

Manage infection, remove nonviable tissue, manage exudate, and maintain moist environment

notable characteristics of wound drainage

Note the amount, color, odor, and consistency of drainage

Factors influencing ulcer formation and wound healing

Nutrition, tissue perfusion, moisture, friction, infection, age, and psychosocial impact

effective treatments for atopic pruritus include

Oral and topical steroids

At the time of placement, a pin or clip is placed through the _______ drain to prevent it from slipping farther into a wound

Penrose

Primary intention

Primary union of the edges of a wound, progressing to complete scar formation without granulation

During this period, the wound contracts to reduce the area that requires healing. Finally, the epithelial cells migrate from the wound edges to resurface.

Proliferative phase

How does an Infection effect the wound healing process?

Prolongs the inflammatory phase (which leads to additional tissue distruction) and delays collagen synthesis

Debridement

Removal of dead tissue from a wound

Surgical debridement: how is it done?

Removal of devitalized tissue by using a scalpel, scissors, or other sharp instrument

Epithelialization

Resurface or repair of a wound

Abrasion

Scraping or rubbing away of epidermis resulting in localized bleeding and weeping of serous fluid

Partial-thickness wounds

Shallow wounds involving loss of the epidermis and possibly partial loss of the dermis

how to prevent pressure ulcers

Skin care and incontinence management, positioning and use of therapeutic surfaces, and education

Shear

Sliding movement of skin and subcutaneous tissue while underlying muscle and bone are stationary

Granulation tissue

Soft, pink, fleshy projections of tissue formed during the healing process. indicates progression toward healing.

Stage III: pressure ulcer

Stage III: Full-thickness skin loss (fat visible). Some slough may be present- may have undermining or tunneling

Stage IV: pressure ulcer

Stage IV: Full-thickness tissue loss (muscle or bone visible) slough may be present- may have undermining or tunneling

Penrose drain

Surgical device that lies under a dressing to remove drainage from wounds

Symptoms of suspected deep-tissue injury

The area may be preceded by tissue that is painful, firm, mushy, boggy, warmer, or cooler than adjacent tissue. May include a thin blister over a dark wound bed. The wound may evolve further and become covered by thin eschar

Mechanical debridement: how is it done?

The nurse places moistened gauze into the wound and allows the dressing to dry thoroughly before "pulling" the gauze that has adhered to the tissue out of the pressure ulcer. This is a nonselective method of debridement because both devitalized and viable tissues are removed, so it is not used routinely.

initial sign of pressure ulcer

The ulcer is characterized initially by inflammation and usually forms over a bony prominence

In a clean wound, the proliferative phase accomplishes the following:

The vascular bed is reestablished (granulation tissue), the area is filled with replacement tissue, and the surface is repaired (epithelialization).

hydrocolloid dressing is most useful for

This type of dressing is most useful on shallow to moderately deep dermal ulcers

Gauze sponges are used to

To provide moisture to the wound, yet to allow wound drainage to be wicked into the pad

Laceration

Torn, jagged wound

Self-adhesive, transparent film: uses for wounds

Traps moisture over the wound, providing a moist environment

what is a tunneling wound? what stage of pressure ulcer can have tunneling?

Tunneling wounds have channels that extend from a wound into and through subcutaneous tissue or muscle. Stage III or IV.

Unstageable/unclassified: pressure ulcer

Unstageable/unclassified: full-thickness skin or tissue loss—depth unknown (necrotic skin)

what should be used to clean a wound?

Use normal saline or commercial wound cleaner to cleanse and remove nonviable tissue. These cleaners are noncytotoxic

Autolytic debridement: how does it work?

Uses synthetic dressings over a wound to allow the eschar to be self-digested by enzymes present in wound fluids

Exposed bone or muscle is visible or directly palpable in what stage ulcer?

VI

Chemical debridement: different types

With the use of a topical enzyme preparation, Dakin's solution, or sterile maggots

Secondary intention

Wound closure with separated edges, granulation tissue in the gap, and epithelium over the tissue

Proliferative phase

Wound fills with granulation tissue, contracts, and resurfaces

Full-thickness wounds

Wounds that extend into the dermis involving both layers of tissue

can O2 pass though a transparent film dressing?

Yes, it allows the wound surface to "breathe" because oxygen passes through the transparent dressing

A strategy to prevent dehiscence is to place a

a folded thin blanket or pillow over an abdominal wound when the patient is coughing. This provides a splint to the area, supporting the healing tissue when coughing increases the intraabdominal pressure.

If the red area blanches (turns lighter in color) and the erythema returns when you remove your finger, the hyperemia is

transient, not permanent

Dehiscence frequently involves __________ surgical wounds and occurs after a sudden strain such as coughing, vomiting, or sitting up in bed

abdominal

Hydrocolloid dressings are

adhesive.T he wound contact layer of this dressing forms a gel as fluid is absorbed and maintains a moist healing environment. Hydrocolloids are available in various sizes and shapes.

Impairment of healing during the proliferative stage usually results from systemic factors such as

age, anemia, hypoproteinemia, and zinc deficiency.

If the drainage has a pungent or strong odor, the nurse should suspect

an infection.

Because removal of dressings can be painful, the nurse should consider giving an

analgesic at least 30 minutes before exposing a wound.

The first step in prevention is to

assess the patient's risk factors for pressure ulcer development.

The second factor related to tissue tolerance is the ability of the underlying skin structures (blood vessels, collagen) to

assist in redistributing pressure.

Lower numerical scores on the Braden scale indicate that a patient is

at high risk for skin breakdown.

Cellulitis

bacterial skin infection

Skin cells originate from the innermost epidermal layer, commonly called the _____ layer.

basal

why is a hematoma near a major artery or vein dangerous?

because pressure from the expanding hematoma obstructs blood flow

why can't you assign a pressure ulcer stage to a wound with necrotic tissue?

because the necrotic tissue is covering the depth of the ulcer

normal reactive hyperemia

blanchable hyperemia

An ______ is a slough or piece of dead tissue that is cast off from the surface of the skin, particularly after a burn injury, but also seen in gangrene, ulcer, fungal infections, necrotizing spider bite wounds,

eschar

With total separation of wound layers, _________ occurs.

evisceration

Moisture barriers are cream, gel, ointment or paste preparations formulated to protect the skin from

excessive moisture, due to incontinence, perspiration or wound drainage.

Evacuator units: how do they work?

exert a constant low pressure as long as the suction device (bladder or container) is fully compressed

Crusts often form along the wound edges from

exudate

assess for _____ during your wound inspection

exudate

what supporting structures (3) can a stage IV ulcer extend into?

fascia, tendon, or joint capsule

_______ is responsible for the semisolid character of a blood clot.

fibrin

Early suture removal reduces

formation of defects along the suture line and minimizes the chances of unattractive scar formation.

Clots form a fibrin matrix that later provides a

framework for cellular repair.

example of puncture wound

from knife or from nail

Hemostasis is the first of four phases of healing of a

full-thickness wound

Telfa gauze

has a shiny, nonadherent surface that does not stick to incisions or wound openings but allows drainage to pass through to the gauze topper.

If the wound is covered by a dressing and the health care provider has not ordered it changed, the nurse should not directly inspect it unless

he or she suspects serious complications

Healing occurs quickly, with minimal scar formation, as long as infection and secondary breakdown are prevented.

healing by primary intention

Usually scar tissue contains fewer pigmented cells (melanocytes) and has a lighter color than normal skin. In dark-skinned individuals, the scar tissue may be more

highly pigmented than surrounding skin.

For a patient who has a muscle sprain, localized hemorrhage, or hematoma, which wound care product helps prevent edema formation, control bleeding, and anesthetize the body part?

ice bag

chronic tissue hypoxia is associated with

impaired collagen synthesis and reduced tissue resistance to infection

Deficiencies in any of the nutrients result in

impaired or delayed healing

If fluid accumulates within the tissues, wound healing does not progress at an optimal rate, and this

increases the risk of infection.

Excessive exudate indicates the presence of

infection.

Extreme tenderness during stable wound palpation indicates

infection.

osteitis

inflammation of bone

the primary dangers of puncture wounds are

internal bleeding and infection.

Excessive exposure to water, particularly hot water, increases

irritation and scaling

eschar

is dead tissue that can be brown, tan or black in color, and it may also be filled with fluid.

what is an undermining wound? what stage of pressure ulcer can have tunneling?

it's a wider area of wounding that lies beneath the wound opening. Stage III or IV.

The staple provides more strength than nylon or silk sutures and tends to cause

less irritation to tissue

Any factor that interferes with blood flow interferes the function or ____ of the cells

life

Stage IV ulcers can extend into muscle or supporting structures (e.g., fascia, tendon, or joint capsule) or both, making

osteomyelitis or osteitis likely to occur.

__________ pressure and __________ pressure can both cause tissue damage.

low-density , high-density

excessive exudate can ________ the skin around the wound

macerate

The nurse should never _________ the reddened (hyperemic) areas. _________ing reddened areas increases breaks in the capillaries in the underlying tissues and the risk of injury to underlying tissue and pressure ulcer formation.

massage, massaging

The layers of the skin are separated by a

membrane, often referred to as the dermal-epidermal junction

A major drawback of a staging system is that one cannot stage an ulcer covered with _________ _______ because the __________ ________ is covering the depth of the ulcer

necrotic tissue, necrotic tissue

can you classify a pressure ulcer stage is there is necrotic tissue?

no

Wound infection is the second most common _________ infection

nosocomial

Stable (dry, adherent, intact without erythema or fluctuance(can be moved around)) eschar on the heels serves as "the natural (biological) cover of the body" and should

not be removed.

When the evacuator device is unable to maintain a vacuum on its own, the nurse

notifies the surgeon

Pressure ulcer

ocalized injury to the skin and other underlying tissue, usually over a bony prominence

Gauze sponges are the

oldest and most common dressing. 4x4 is the most common size.

The nurse needs to assess and prevent or manage _____ that occurs with debridement.

pain

When evisceration occurs, the nurse places

sterile towels soaked in sterile saline over the extruding tissues to reduce chances of bacterial invasion and drying of the tissues. If the organs protrude through the wound, blood supply to the tissues is compromised.

fastest method of debridement

surgical debridement

The presence of an evisceration is a

surgical emergency

A deep laceration requires

suturing

Nonadherent gauze dressing: example

telfa gauze

When the injury is a result of trauma from a dirty penetrating object, determine when the patient last received a

tetanus toxoid injection

Hydrocolloid dressings cannot absorb

the amount of drainage from heavily draining wounds, and some are contraindicated for use in full-thickness and infected wounds.

Ischemia develops when

the pressure on the skin is greater than the pressure inside the small peripheral blood vessels supplying blood to the skin.

Partial-thickness wounds heal by regeneration because epidermis regenerates. An example of this is

the repair of a clean surgical wound or an abrasion.

Wound irrigation is

the steady flow of a solution (normal saline) across an open wound surface to achieve wound hydration, to remove deeper debris, and to assist with the visual examination

The stratum corneum is

the thin, outermost layer of the epidermis.

a deep stage III pressure ulcer occurs in a part of the body where

there is excessive fat

a shallow stage III pressure ulcer occurs in a part of the body where

there isn't a lot of fat

If the patient has reduced sensation and cannot respond to the discomfort of the ischemia- the result of this can be

tissue death

Darkly pigmented skin may not have

visible blanching

When an accurate measurement of the amount of drainage within a dressing is needed, the nurse

weighs the dressing and compares it with the weight of the same dressing when clean and dry

common way skin shearing can occur in health care setting

when transferring a patient from bed to stretcher,

The nurse should ensure that the patient's personal and social resources for adaptation are a part of the

wound assessment.

Calories provide the energy source needed to support the cellular activity of

wound healing.

Other methods of mechanical debridement are

wound irrigation

can a NAP apply a sterile gauze pad?

yes

Suspected deep-tissue injury: pressure ulcer

—depth unknown. Purple or maroon localized area of discolored intact skin or blood-filled blister.