PPR - Domain III Vocabulary

chat room

a ''virtual space" for the popular Internet activity of online chatting, in which computer users communicate in real time. While most chat software lets users communicate only by typing, more advanced products provide users with sound cards to speak to one another; ·

Internet Service Provider (IPS)

a business with a network of servers, routers, and modems connected to a high-speed Internet "backbone"connection. For a fee, users gain Intern.et access

digital camera/camcorder

a camera that stores images rather than recording them onfilm. After a picture has been taken, itcan be downloaded to a computer system and then manipulated.

Risk free environment

a classroom in which all learners feel that their opinions and contributions are valued; a place or situation in which one feels secure enough to take chances

multimedia

a combination of different media types, including text, pictures, sounds, video clips, and animation

nonverbal message

a communication expressed in body language, gestures, tone of voice, expression, etc.

Analogy

a comparison in which one describes similarities between concepts that are generally considered dissimilar

monitor

a device that accepts video signals from a computer and displays information (the computer's "TV screen")

firewall

a filtering system that stops navigation on particular Internet locations and' can stop spam or other unwanted solicitations from being delivered; can also protect district servers from being accessed and damaged by unauthorized users

probing question

a follow up question used to encourage deeper thinking through elaboration, clarification, justification, etc.

Digital Divide

a gap in access to technology; can limit future success of students who do not have equal access to technology

discovery learning

a lesson model in which information is not given in a direct or explicit way to students they must discover if themselves through inquiry or an inductive approach

Deductive strategy

a lesson that begins with the teacher giving students information, followed by students applying the concepts in guided and independent practice (such as a "direct teach" or lecture type lesson)

FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)

a list of questions on a Web site or home page that have been asked many times and that are normally followed by answers or links to answers

equilibrium

a mental balance between cognitive knowledge and information from the environment

disequilibrium

a mental imbalance between one's cognitive knowledge and information from the environment (new input is at odds with current knowledge)

drill and practice

a method of teaching that involves low level recall and repetition of skills or knowledge

internet

a network that allows people to communicate worldwide by sending and receiving information through smaller networks, all of Which have the same protocols or sets of operating processes

leading question

a non objective question in which the opinion of the person asking the question can be inferred

Intranet

a private network of computers that can be accessed only be specified users, as opposed to the large, public network of the Internet that can be accessed by anyone

intellectual property

a product of the intellect that has commercial value, included copyrighted property (literary or artistic works) and ideational property (patents; industrial processes; etc.)

divergent question

a question that has many possible answers

convergent question

a question that has one correct answer

reinforcement

a reward that results in an increase in a desired behavior

Teacher as a coach

a role in which teachers give immediate feedback and encouragement to students as new skills are attempted

Teacher as a facilitator

a role in which teachers provide a structure for learning and then help when there are questions or stumbling blocks

Teacher as an audience

a role in which the teacher is an observer when a student product is completed and then demonstrated, explained or performed by the students ·

Teacher as a guide

a role in which the teacher mediates and adjusts to help students obtain information on their own

anticipation guides

a set of questions used before reading a particular text to activate students' prior knowledge of a topic and to help them generate predictions about what they are preparing to read

network

a system of computers connected by telecommunication cables or wireless means

Learner centered (or student centered)

a teaching approach that places the focus of instruction· directly on the needs of the learner (rather than on the teacher or the subject area) and creates active learners

advance organizer

a technique usually used at the beginning of a lesson in which the teacher provides students with the structure, overview, and nature of the content of the upcoming learning experience

simulation

a type of scenario that involves abstractions from the real world, in which roles are often established and skills are used to work through a process to a goal

IRC (Internet Relay Chat)

a way of connecting to other Internet users to exchange written comments in real time; groups can also hold discussions

instructional strategy

a way of instructing that will meet the needs, goals, and objectives of learners; the "how will I teach particular information to students" component of the lesson plan

online

accessible via a computer or computer network; under the control of a central computer, as in a manufacturing process or an experiments

File Transfer Protocol

an Internet transmission protocol used to copy files between a client computer and an archive server It can be used to download shareware or freeware applications.

group processing

an activity in which members of a group reflect and evaluate their functioning as a group

liquid crystal display (LCD)

an electro-optical device used to display digits, characters, or images; commonly used in digital Watches, calculators, stand portable computers

distributed course delivery

an instructional model that allows the instructor, students and content to be located in different, non centralized locations such that instruction and learning occur independent of time and place

DVD (Digital Versatile/Video Disc)

an optical storage medium with more capacity and bandwidth than the compact disc; initially marketed for entertainment because it can "hold" an entire movie

laser pointer

an ultra-bright LED (Light Emitting Diode) pen, used as a pointing tool in presentations

filtering software

applications that limit an Internet user's access to inappropriate sites

computer

assisted instruction (CAl)-self-directed mastery program involving student interaction with technological, programmed instructional materials; normally, mastery of specific knowledge or skill must be demonstrated prior to proceeding

external locus of control

belief that one's successes and failures are caused by environmental factors over which one has little or no control

global classrooms

classrooms in different locales that work on.the same projects and exchange information

emoticons

clusters of punctuation, such as :) (a grin) or:( (a frown) that are used to set the tone for a sentence in e-mail or online chats, helping to prevent misinterpretation by the reader

monitoring

constantly gaining feedback from students about how their learning is progressing in order to make decisions about proceeding

Teacher centered

describes lessons in which the teacher imparts information and learners are passive receivers of knowledge rather than active learners

input devices

devices that transfer information from a user to the computer (mouse; keyboard,modem, microphone, scanner, touch screen;etc) .

discussion

educational situations in which students learn a great deI as they listen to other students who are formulating ideas and questions. Teachers must plan a discussion (just as they plan a lesson) to ensure that all students participate, that there are higher levels of thinking, and so forth.

flaming

expressing strong feelings in electronic communication (ex. typing in all caps or bold)

positive reinforcement

giving something valued (such as a reward) to increase a behavior punishment the introduction of:something that results in a decrease of an undesirable behavior

performance goals

goals based on doing well at one particular task in a particular time frame

Learning (or mastery) goals

goals based on improving abilities and learning with the focus on mastering knowledge or skills rather than the time it may take to reach them

database

holds records information in a way that allows users to sort easily based on specified criteria; can be used to create and maintain student information files, lists of materials, lesson plans; and so forth Teachers and students may manipulate data in many different areas, and students may create files for personal interest and for research or problem solving.

Self esteem

how one feels about one's perception of self

Acceptable Use Policy (AUP)

in conjunction with a technology plan, school and district. planners frequently develop an AUP tha.t addresses how students, staff, and community members use school provided software programs and Internet access. AUPs help to define acceptable behaviors with information systems

online help

information that can be accessed through the computer to help with functions or finding information. Help balloons may pop up when the cursor is placed over an icon or term, or one can find help information by searching with keywords or terms

Inductive strategy

instruction that begins with curious events, scenarios, "unknowns", or questions, then moves to "knowns", or finding the answers (such as in a discovery or inquiry lesson). This is a more student-centered approach in which the student actively searches for knowledge.

models of teaching

instructional strategies created for a particular purpose

modeling

learning that is a result of observing the behaviors and actions of others

Fair Use

legal issues regarding what constitutes public domain and what is copyrighted

distance education

linking students in various locations to instruction through various technologies (Internet, email, etc.)

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

model of motivation based on seven levels of human needs(ranging from basic deficiency needs (survival, safety, belonging, and self-esteem), each of which must be met prior to functioning at the next level, to growth needs (intellectual achievement, aesthetic appreciation, and self-actualization)

intrinsic motivation

motivation stemming from activities that are their own reward

extrinsic motivation

motivation stemming from the introduction of environmental factors (ex. rewards and punishment)

Run on questions

multiple questions asked at one time

electronic plagiarism

one negative consequence of the availability of information on the Internet is that students can cut and paste parts of others' materials without citing the source

Self concept

one's perception of oneself

divergent questions

open ended questions that can have many answers (opinions, hypotheses, and evaluations) and that require higher-level thinking

Internet predators

people who use technology to lure young people into unsavory or illegal· communication or acts

graphics

pictures, charts, graphs, drawings, signs; photographic representations, clip art, and symbols that can be used to enhance a product

Convergent questions

questions that have one correct answer, usually recalled from fact

negative reinforcement

removing something that is disliked m distasteful to increase a behavior

interactive multimedia

software packages that present information in a range of formats (text, film clips, photos, recordings, three dimensional presentations, and so forth) that can be easily manipulated by users

electronic whiteboard

software programs that allow multiple users to collaborate on the same. document at their own computers. The document can then be printed or saved electronically.

halt time

stopping the forward motion of the lesson completely to give students some time to "digest" the material

classroom discussion model

teaching strategy in which students read or listen while designing questions of their own at three levels of thinking to ask in a discussion group. They reread the selection to "set the information".

assistive technology

technology for groups that are specially challenged to assist in many areas of their daily lives (adaptive keyboards, "bionics", motorized chairs, voice input devices, etC.). A wide range of innovative technology allows students with learning and physical disabilities to be assisted in participating and learning. ARD committees must consider assistive technology as part of an IEP.

CDROM

technology that allows information to be "burned" or recorded on a disc for storage

pacing

the "feel" of the movement in time (or momentum) of the lesson

Self efficacy

the belief that one is capable of accomplishing something

internal locus of control

the belief that one's successes and failures are caused by one's own ability or efforts

stability

the degree to which a situation is believed to be changeable or not

desktop publishing

the design or layout and production of publications or written documents using personal computers; can include both text and graphics (important for school newsletters)

keypal(or epal)

the electronic equivalent of a pen pal, someone with whom to exchange electronic mail for the simple joy of communicating

learned helplessness

the expectation, based on previous experiences, that all efforts to succeed will fail

Home page

the first or "title" page of a Web site that introduces the site and may provide links to the information within the site

deficiency needs

the four lower level needs of Maslow's hierarchy of needs (survival, safety, belonging, and self-esteem)

hardware

the physical; tangible, material parts of a computer or other system. The term is used to distinguish these fixed parts of a system from the more changeable software or data components that the system executes, stores, or carries. Computer hardware typically consists chiefly of electronic devices (the CPU or central)processing unit, memory, display, etc.) with some electromechanical parts for input, output, and storage (keyboard, printer, disk drives, tape drives, speakers, etc.).

keyboarding

the process of using the alphabetic, numeric, punctuation, and symbol keys with fluency

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

the protocol used to transmit and receive data over the Web. When a Web address is typed into a browser, an HTTP request is sent to a: Web server to display a requested Web page.

font attributes

the size and style (italics, balding, underlining, etc.) of a typeface used in a document.

growth needs

the three higher-level needs of Maslow's hierarchy of needs (intellectual achievement, aesthetic appreciation, and self actualization). These can never be fulfilled only enhanced.

wait time

the time a teacher waits between asking a question and calling on a student; the longer the wait time, the more students raise their hands, and the more thoughtful the answers are

wait time

the time between asking a question and calling on a student for a response

metacognitive skills

thinking about one's own thinking (such as reflecting back on strategies that allow one to learn more easily)

Netiquette

using appropriate "behavior'', and particularly language, when sending electronic communications; a Web site that offers advice on appropriate electronic communication

roleplay

"becoming" specific people or placing oneself in·a particular situation and acting through a scenario as if it were actually happening